Medicolegal assessment of human trafficking victims. Descriptive study of a series of forensic cases in Catalonia (Spain). / Valoración médico-legal de las víctimas de trata de seres humanos. Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos forenses en Cataluña (España).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Human trafficking or contemporary slavery is the recruitment and transfer of people by force or deception for sexual, labour or other types of exploitation. Although the violence, abuse and deprivation that trafficking entails are a threat to the health of its victims, in Spain the clinical or forensic data available in this regard is scarce. At the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Catalonia (IMLCFC), a unit specialized in the forensic assessment of these victims was created. The objective of this work was to describe a series of forensic cases of trafficking victims. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study of victims in judicial cases opened for an alleged crime of human trafficking registered in the IMLCFC until 06/30/2023. RESULTS: 57 different victims were registered. The majority were women (71.9%). The average age was 30.5 years (s.d. 10.31). All the victims were foreigners, mostly from Latin America (45.5%). The exploitation was mainly sexual (61.4%). There were some sociodemographic differences and in the conditions and consequences of trafficking between victims of sexual exploitation and the rest. Mental health problems were very common in all victims at the time of the assessment (87.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The consequences of trafficking on health, especially mental health, are notable and the forensic assessment of victims is valuable in judicial proceedings. It is necessary to deepen our knowledge of the phenomenon in our environment.

Familial Abuse During Childhood and Later-Life Health: Exploring the Role of Victim-Perpetrator Relationships.

OBJECTIVES: Childhood abuse has been extensively studied in relation to later-life health, yet relatively little attention has been given to understanding the nuanced dynamics across victim-perpetrator relationships. This study addresses this gap by identifying typologies of familial perpetrators of childhood abuse in a national sample and examining their associations with various health outcomes, including physical and mental health as well as substance abuse. METHODS: We used 2 waves of data from the Midlife in the US Study (n = 6,295, mean age = 46.9 at baseline). The analysis was completed in 3 stages. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), we identified subpopulations of victims with distinct familial perpetrator histories. With assigned LCA memberships and propensity score weighting, we investigated the extent to which specific victim-perpetrator relationships are associated with health outcomes measured at baseline and a 10-year follow-up adjusting for other early-life risks. We evaluated whether the observed associations differ across the waves. RESULTS: Parental and sibling abuse commonly co-occur, surpassing the occurrence of single perpetrators. Although minimal health disparities are evident between sibling-only abuse and no/little abuse groups at baseline, parent-only abuse is associated with compromised health outcomes. Severe abuse from both siblings and parents is linked to the most adverse health outcomes. At the follow-up survey, the associations between familiar abuse and health outcomes weakened, particularly for substance abuse. DISCUSSION: This study, delving into family relationships, family violence, and health disparities, provides new evidence to augment our comprehension of the enduring link between childhood abuse and health within the family context.

Experiences of stress and social safety among sexual and gender minority youth by disability status.

BACKGROUND: Though separate bodies of research have shown sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth, and youth with disabilities, separately, face distinct social and health disparities, little is known about youth who both identify as SGM and have disabilities. OBJECTIVE: The current study examined differences in wellbeing among SGM youth by disability category (i.e., physical, developmental, psychiatric) across victimization, bullying, dating violence, school safety, and experienced stress. METHODS: Using self-reported data from 9418 SGM youth aged 13-17 in the United States, multivariate linear regressions were conducted to examine how stress and social safety experiences varied across disability status. RESULTS: Compared to SGM youth without a disability, SGM youth across all disability categories (physical, developmental, psychiatric) had greater odds of LGBT- and disability-based victimization, greater average stress, as well as lower levels of school safety. SGM youth with any disability, physical disability, or psychiatric disability also had greater odds of dating violence compared to SGM youth without a disability. CONCLUSION: SGM youth with disabilities may be in particular need of targeted programs that address both disability and sexual/gender identities, and may benefit from increased supports across developmental contexts (e.g., against bullying in school). Stakeholders should consider how such support can be improved, tailored, and implemented, for SGM youth and the diversity of disabilities they have.

Intimate Partner Violence and Help-seeking Behavior Among College Students Attending A Historically Black College and University.

This study provides critical evidence of the diversity of college students' experiences with intimate partner violence (IPV) and their informal and formal help-seeking behaviors at a historically Black college and university (HBCU). The study collected data on college students (N = 266) in fall 2021 using a one-site cross-sectional survey data. Findings revealed that many students at the HBCU reported IPV victimization (68.4%), IPV perpetration (68.0%), and coexperience of IPV victimization and perpetration (61.3%) in the past 12 months, but a few student survivors of IPV sought help from formal or informal support systems. Further, we found that IPV victimization types (e.g., physical, psychological, sexual abuse, and injury) with different severity levels (e.g., less severe or more severe) were differently related to the student survivor's help-seeking behaviors from formal and informal support systems. The findings of this study highlight the importance of supporting students attending HBCUs by addressing their perceptions of IPV help-seeking and coping with different types of IPV victimization via culturally tailored IPV prevention programs. HBCU campuses should promote physical health and mental health services for Black/African American survivors in HBCUs.

Vítimas de maus-tratos, negligência ou abandono em estado do Nordeste Brasileiro / Victims of bad treatment, negligence or abandonment in a Northeast Brazilian state / Víctimas de malos tratos, descuido o abandono en un estado del Noreste del Brasil

Objetivo: descrever a situação epidemiológica de pessoas que foram vítimas de maus-tratos, negligência ou abandono em um estado do nordeste brasileiro. Método: Trata-se de estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e dados retrospectivos, desenvolvido com dados obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Resultados: A população compreendeu pessoas atendidas e notificadas nos serviços próprios e conveniados ao Sistema Único de Saúde, por causas de maus-tratos, negligência ou abandono, entre 2015 e 2018. Observou-se que a maior parte era do sexo feminino (59,6%), na faixa etária de até 9 anos (56,4%) e residentes da zona urbana (79,1%). Quanto as pessoas que cometeram maus-tratos, negligência ou abandono, a maioria era do sexo feminino, não havia ingerido bebida alcóolica e a violência foi motivada por conflito geracional (20%). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se a necessidade de políticas públicas que proteja as crianças e as pessoas que estão em situação de vulnerabilidade.(AU)

Objective: describes an epidemiological situation of people who have been victims of abuse, neglect or abandonment in a state in northeastern Brazil. Method: This is an exploratory and descriptive study, with a quantitative approach and retrospective data, developed with data obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Results: The population comprised people attended and notified in the services themselves and under the Unified Health System, due to maltreatment, neglect or abandonment, between 2015 and 2018. It was observed that the majority were female (59, 6%), aged up to 9 years (56.4%) and residents of the urban area (79.1%). As for people who committed abuse, neglect or abandonment, the majority were female, had not drunk alcohol and violence was motivated by generational conflict (20%). Conclusion: The need for public policies to protect children and people who are in a situation of vulnerability was highlighted.(AU)

Objetivo: describe una situación epidemiológica de personas que han sido víctimas de abuso, negligencia o abandono en un estado del noreste de Brasil. Método: Se trata de un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo y datos retrospectivos, desarrollado con datos obtenidos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables. Resultados: La población estuvo conformada por personas atendidas y notificadas en los propios servicios y en el Sistema Único de Salud, por maltrato, negligencia o abandono, entre 2015 y 2018. Se observó que la mayoría eran mujeres (59, 6%), de hasta 9 años (56,4%) y residentes del casco urbano (79,1%). En cuanto a las personas que cometieron maltrato, abandono o abandono, la mayoría eran mujeres, no habían bebido alcohol y la violencia estuvo motivada por conflicto generacional (20%). Conclusión: Se destacó la necesidad de políticas públicas para proteger a la niñez y a las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad.(AU)

Peer victimization at school and associated factors in Campeche, Mexico / Victimización por pares en la escuela y factores asociados en Campeche, México

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the prevalence ofpeer victimization (VI-P) and to identify factors associated to it. Methods: a cross sectional study based on a state-representativesample; 2555 students from primary and secondary schools of Campeche, in the academic year 2015-2016 participated. They were interviewed face to face. VI-P was analyzed by sex, age and various school-related aspects with prevalence rate and 95% confidence interval. The analysis of interactions among the studied factors was carried out using a hierarchical log-lineal model. With the significant terms,a multiviarite analysis using a logistic model was performed. Based on this model, maximum and minimum predictive values for VI-P were calculated by odds inverse transformation. Results: the global prevalence of VI-P was 60.4% (CI95%= 58.6-62.3). The prevalence of violence physical, psycho-emotional, patrimonial, and sexual, were 28.8, 52.9, 26.5, and 8.7%, respectively. Students in the first year, who were male, had classes scheduled in the evening, attended a public school and resided in a municipality of high/highest margination index, had the highest probability (75.3%) of suffering VI-P. Conclusions: given the high levels of VI-P found, and its possible effects, it is necessary implement truly effective measures to prevent it.

Resumen Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia de la victimización por pares (VI-P) e identificar factores asociados. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra representativa de las escuelas del estado de Campeche; se entrevistaron 2555 estudiantes de primaria y secundaria del ciclo escolar 2015-2016. Los alumnos fueron entrevistados cara a cara. Se analizó la tasa de prevalencia de VI-P según sexo, edad y varios aspectos relacionados con la escuela, con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. Las interacciones entre los factores estudiados se analizaron mediante un modelo jerárquico log-linear saturado. A partir de los términos que resultaron significativos, se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante un modelo logístico. Con base en este modelo, se calcularon los valores predictivos máximo y mínimo para la VI-P mediante la transformación inversa de probabilidades. Resultados: la prevalencia global de VI-P fue 60.4% (CI95%= 58.6-62.3). Las prevalencias de violencia física, psicoemocional, patrimonial y sexual fueron: 28.8, 52.9, 26.5 y 8.7%, respectivamente. Los estudiantes de primer grado, hombres, del turno vespertino, que asisten a una escuela pública, y de municipios con alto/muy alto índice de marginación, tuvieron la mayor prevalencia de VI-P (75.3%). Conclusiones: dados los altos niveles de VI-P encontrados, y considerando sus posibles efectos, es necesario implementar medidas realmente efectivas para prevenir este tipo de violencia.

Bullying among adolescents: are the victims also perpetrators?

Objective: To analyze factors associated with the prevalence of maltreatment and bullying and to identify types of involvement (verbal, physical, social, sexual, cyberbullying) among high school students aged 15 to 19 years. Methods: A cross-sectional, school-based epidemiological survey was performed. The sample included 2,293 adolescents from public and private schools in the Greater Vitoria area (state of Espírito Santo, Brazil). A modified version of the Brazilian Portuguese Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used. Results: Among maltreatment behaviors, 43.3% of adolescents reported having been victims vs. 40.4% reporting to be aggressors. Among bullying behaviors, 41% reported victimization and 29.1% aggression. The most frequent types of bullying were verbal (victim = 33.8%, bully = 23.1%), social (victim = 21.8%, bully = 16.9%), and physical bullying (victim = 15.1%, bully = 8.7%). Of those reporting to be victims, 37.5% stated that they did not react as frequently as they were attacked. Almost half of the students (50.9%) identified themselves as victims, without practicing any type of aggression against another schoolmate. School network (public or private) and gender were significantly associated with victimization and aggression behaviors. Conclusion: The adolescents identified as victims did not generally attack other students, i.e., did not identify themselves as perpetrators. The high prevalence of maltreatment and bullying detected in this study, especially the verbal, social, and physical types, underscores the need for interventions addressing bullying in schools.

Does cyberbullying occur simultaneously with other types of violence exposure?

Objective: Our study aimed to verify whether cyberbullying victimization among adolescents occurs concomitantly with other forms of violence exposure (at home, at school and in the community). Methods: A collaborative longitudinal study by Norwegian and Brazilian researchers was conducted in Itaboraí, a low-income city in southeast Brazil. At baseline, trained interviewers applied a semi-structured questionnaire to a population-based sample of 669 in-school adolescents (11-15 years old). The investigated types of violence exposure included cyberbullying, traditional bullying, severe physical punishment by parents and community violence (victimization and eye-witnessed violent events outside the home and school). Results: In the previous six months, 1.9% of the adolescents had been victims of cyberbullying, and 21.9% had been victims of physical aggression, verbal harassment and/or social manipulation by peers. However, only 5.5% of the adolescents considered themselves bullying victims. In the previous 12 months, 12.4% of adolescents had suffered severe physical punishment, 14.0% had been victims of community violence, and 20.9% eye-witnessed community violence. Multivariable regression analysis showed that victimization by multiple types of traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying victimization were correlates of cyberbullying victimization, while suffering violence at home and in the community were not. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of an association between cyberbullying, traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying among low-income Brazilian adolescents.

Prevalência de bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros, 2015 / Prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren in 2015

Resumo O estudo analisou a prevalência de sofrer bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros. Trata-se de análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2015 em amostra nacional com 102.301 alunos do 9º ano. Foi calculada a prevalência de sofrer bullying e foi feita inicialmente análise bivariada com estimativas de razões de chance (OR) e IC95% para estimar as associações entre vitimização e variáveis sociodemográficas, contexto familiar, violência familiar, saúde mental e comportamentos de risco. Posteriormente, procedeu-se ao modelo de regressão logística múltipla, inserindo as variáveis de interesse com (p < 0,20). No modelo final ajustado (ORa) permaneceram variáveis com p < 0,05. A prevalência de bullying foi de 7,4%. A análise multivariada mostrou que quem tem maior chance de sofrer bullying são os escolares do sexo masculino, com 13 anos, da escola pública, filhos de mães sem escolaridade, que trabalham, com relato de solidão, sem amigos, com insônia; que sofreram agressão física dos familiares, faltaram as aulas sem avisar aos pais, usaram tabaco. Predominaram vítimas de 13 anos, com contexto social e familiar desfavorável, mostrando cenário de vulnerabilidades, demandando apoio de redes de proteção social, escolar e famíliar.

Abstract This study analyzed the prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren using data produced by the 2015 National School Health Survey (PeNSE, acronym in Portuguese) consisting of a national sample of 102,301 eighth grade students. The prevalence of bullying was calculated and bivariate analysis was performed using a 95% confidence level to determine the association between victimization and socio-demographic variables and other variables relating to family background, mental health, and risk behaviors. Multivariate analysis was then conducted using the biologically plausible variables of interest. For the final model, variables that obtained p-values of < 0.05 were maintained. The prevalence of bullying was found to be 7.4%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that boys aged 13 years studying in public schools who worked and whose mother did not have any schooling were more likely to be bullied, as were schoolchildren who felt lonely, had no friends, suffered from insomnia, skipped lessons without parental permission, and who smoked. Victims of bullying were predominantly 13-year-olds from an unfavorable social and family background, painting a picture of vulnerability that calls for support from social protection networks, schools and families alike .

Violência urbana e fatores de risco relacionados ao feminicídio em contexto amazônico brasileiro / Violencia urbana y factores de riesgo relacionados con el feminicidio en el contexto amazónico brasileño / Urban violence and risk factors for femicide in the Brazilian Amazon

Resumo: Apesar de sua gravidade, o feminicídio é pouco investigado e suas estimativas dependem das estratégias usadas à sua caracterização, do contexto sociocultural e político. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os homicídios intencionais de mulheres, com enfoque nos feminicídios, destacando suas características e fatores de risco. Estudo transversal, baseado em vigilância diária de homicídios na imprensa e em registros de mortalidade. Foram consideradas vítimas fatais por agressões, mortes de mulheres maiores de 11 anos, residentes em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, em 2016-2017. A classificação de feminicídios baseou-se na Lei nº 13.104/2015. O risco relativo foi estimado mediante regressão de Poisson e um modelo hierárquico foi empregado para a introdução das variáveis nos modelos. As análises foram efetuadas no software R. De 138 vítimas fatais por agressões, 52 foram feminicídios, 37,7% (IC: 29,4-45,5). A cada acréscimo unitário de idade o risco de feminicídio reduzia em 3% (IC: 0,95-0,99). O risco de feminicídio foi 40% menor (IC: 0,40-0,90) nas mulheres com até sete anos de escolaridade, em comparação às que tinham oito anos ou mais; as mulheres agredidas mediante força corporal tiveram risco 5,5 (IC: 2,6-11,3) vezes maior de feminicídio, em comparação às que foram agredidas com arma de fogo; e risco de feminicídio de 1,4 (IC: 1,1-2,7) nas que foram mortas durante o dia, em relação às que morreram de noite. A proporção de feminicídio deste estudo foi inferior a estimativas prévias no Brasil e a carga local da criminalidade urbana parece explicar parte desta divergência. Este trabalho demonstrou que idade, escolaridade, uso da força corporal e turno da agressão estão associados ao feminicídio.

Resumen: A pesar de su gravedad, el feminicidio ha sido poco investigado y sus estimaciones dependen de las estrategias usadas para su caracterización, así como del contexto sociocultural y político. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los homicidios intencionales de mujeres, centrándose en los feminicidios, destacando sus características y factores de riesgo. Se trata de un estudio transversal, basado en la vigilancia diaria de homicidios en prensa y en registros de mortalidad. Se consideraron víctimas fatales por agresiones, muertes de mujeres mayores de 11 años, residentes en Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, entre 2016-2017. La clasificación de feminicidios se basó en la Ley nº 13.104/2015. El riesgo relativo se estimó mediante regresión de Poisson y se empleó un modelo jerárquico para la introducción de las variables en los modelos. Los análisis se efectuaron en el software R. De 138 víctimas fatales por agresiones, 52 fueron feminicidios, un 37,7% (IC: 29,4-45,5). Con cada aumento unitario de edad, el riesgo de feminicidio se reducía en un 3% (IC: 0,95-0,99); el riesgo de feminicidio fue un 40% menor (IC: 0,40-0,90) en las mujeres con hasta siete años de escolaridad, en comparación con las que tenían ocho años o más; las mujeres agredidas mediante fuerza corporal tuvieron un riesgo 5,5 (IC: 2,6-11,3) veces mayor de feminicidio, en comparación con las que fueron agredidas con arma de fuego; y un riesgo de feminicidio de 1,4 (IC: 1,1-2,7) quienes fueron asesinadas durante el día, en relación con quienes murieron de noche. La proporción de feminicidio de este estudio fue inferior a las estimaciones previas en Brasil y la carga local de la criminalidad urbana parece explicar parte de esta divergencia. Este estudio demostró que la edad, escolaridad, uso de la fuerza corporal y período del día de la agresión están asociados al feminicidio.

Abstract: Femicide has received relatively little research attention, despite its severity. Estimates of femicide depend on the strategies used to define it within the sociocultural and political context. This study aimed to assess intentional homicides of women, focusing on femicides, highlighting the characteristics and risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study based on daily surveillance of homicides in the press and mortality records. The study considered fatal victims of assault in women over 11 years of age in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, in 2016-2017. Classification of femicide was based on Brazil's Law n. 13,104/2015. Relative risk was estimated by Poisson regression, and a hierarchical model was used to include variables in the models. Analyses were performed in the R statistical package. Of 138 fatal victims of assault, 52 were cases of femicide, or 37.7% (CI: 29.4-45.5). Each unit addition of age reduced the risk of femicide by 3% (CI: 0.95-0.99). Risk of femicide was 40% lower (CI: 0.40-0.90) in women with up to seven years of schooling, when compared to those with eight years or more. Women killed by bodily force showed 5.5 times higher risk (CI: 2.6-11.3) of femicide, compared to those killed with firearms. Relative risk of femicide was 1.4 (CI: 1.1-2.7) in women killed in daytime, compared to those killed at night. The proportion of femicide in this study was lower than in previous estimates in Brazil, and the local burden of urban crime appears to explain part of this discrepancy. This study showed that age, schooling, use of bodily force, and time of day when the assault occurred are associated with femicide.

Evidences of the association between individual attributes and bullying: a cross-sectional study with adolescents from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Evidências da associação entre atributos individuais e bullying: um estudo transversal em adolescentes de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Evidencias de asociación entre atributos individuales y bullying: un estudio transversal con adolescentes de Florianópolis, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of bullying and to verify the association between nutritional status, demographic and socioeconomic factors, and individual attributes among schoolchildren aged from 11 to 14 years. This is cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 975 adolescents attending public and private schools in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Bullying was investigated with a self-administered questionnaire by applying Item Response Theory and dichotomized according to victimization or not. Body mass index (BMI) was classified according to the World Health Organization criteria. Data such as age, school type and location, household income, as well as the education background of the parents were collected by a questionnaire given to the parents. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed using logistic regression. The prevalence of victims of bullying and of overweight/obese adolescents was 13.2% and 29%, respectively. No association was found between bullying and age, sex, school type, mother's education, household income, and overweight/obesity. The crude analysis model indicated that overweight/obese adolescents and those with individual attributes (fat, thin, tall, short, good-looking, ugly, from a different ethnic background, rich, poor, with a disability and/or other) had a greater chance of being bullied. In the analysis model adjusted by household income and stratified by sex, boys were discriminated for being fat, good-looking, ugly, or for having a disability, while girls were discriminated for being fat, tall, short, ugly, rich, poor, among other individual attributes.

O estudo teve como objetivos estimar a prevalência de bullying e verificar a associação entre estado nutricional, fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos e atributos individuais em escolares entre 11 e 14 anos de idade. O estudo transversal usou uma amostra probabilística de 975 adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. O bullying foi investigado com um questionário auto-administrado, aplicando a Teoria da Resposta ao Item, e dicotomizado de acordo com a presença ou ausência de vitimização. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi classificado de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Dados como idade, tipo e localização da escola, renda familiar e escolaridade dos pais foram coletados com um questionário entregue aos pais ou responsáveis. A regressão logística foi usada para as análises brutas e ajustadas. As taxas de prevalência de vitimização pelo bullying e de sobrepeso/obesidade foram 13,2% e 29%, respectivamente. Não houve associação entre bullying e idade, gênero, tipo de escola, escolaridade materna, renda familiar ou sobrepeso/obesidade. A análise não-ajustada indicou que os adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade e aqueles com determinados atributos individuais (gordo, magro, alto, baixo, bonito, feio, pertencente a outro grupo étnico, rico, pobre, portador de deficiência e/ou outros) tinham maior probabilidade de sofrerem bullying. Na análise ajustada para renda familiar e estratificada por gênero, os meninos eram discriminados por serem gordos, bonitos, feios, ou por serem portadores de deficiência, enquanto as meninas eram discriminadas por serem gordas, altas, baixas, feias, ricas ou pobres, entre outros atributos individuais.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de bullying y verificar la asociación entre estatus nutricional, factores demográficos y socioeconómicos, así como atributos individuales, entre escolares con edades comprendidas entre los 11 a los 14 años. Este estudio transversal con una muestra probabilística de 975 adolescentes inscritos en escuelas públicas y privadas en Florianópolis, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. El bullying se investigó mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado, a través de la aplicación de la teoría respuesta al ítem y con dicotomización, según la existencia de victimización o no. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) se clasificó según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se recogieron datos como: edad, tipo de escuela y ubicación, ingresos por hogar, así como formación educativa de los padres mediante un cuestionario entregado a los padres. Se realizaron análisis crudos y ajustados usando regresión logística. La prevalencia de víctimas de bullying y los adolescentes con sobrepeso/obesos fue de un 13,2% y un 29%, respectivamente. No se encontró asociación entre el bullying y la edad, sexo, tipo de escuela, educación de la madre, ingresos por hogar, y sobrepeso/obesidad. El modelo de análisis crudo de adolescentes con sobrepeso/obesos y aquellos con atributos individuales (gordo, flaco, alto, bajo, guapo, feo, procedente de un grupo étnico diferente, rico, pobre, con una discapacidad y/u otros) tenían mayores probabilidades de sufrir bullying. En el análisis del modelo ajustado por ingresos por hogar, y estratificado por sexo, los chicos fueron discriminados por ser gordos, guapos, feos, o por sufrir una discapacidad, mientras que las chicas lo fueron por ser gordas, altas, bajas, feas, ricas, pobres entre otros atributos individuales.

Intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault and its association with alcohol consumption / Agresión sexual intrafamiliar y extrafamiliar y su asociación con el consumo de alcohol

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze the prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault in adolescents of Peru and its association with alcohol consumption. METHODS We used a two-step and stratified probabilistic sampling to select male and female students in secondary education from all over Peru. The study included data from 54,756 students with information on demographics, alcohol and drug use, and sexual assault. The statistical analysis considered the complex sampling and we conducted two independent analyses by type of sexual assault (intrafamilial and extrafamilial), stratified by the sex of the victim. RESULTS The prevalence of life of intrafamilial sexual assaults (5.4%, 95%CI 5.0-5.8) was similar to that of extrafamilial sexual assaults (6.1%, 95%CI 5.6-6.6). Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults that occurred in the same period after adjusting for confounders. Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with non-physical and physical forms of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults in the disaggregated analysis by type of assault. Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with extrafamilial rape only among females (ORa = 2.8; 95%CI 1.3-5.9). CONCLUSIONS Sexual assault against adolescent males and females by family members is a frequent form of victimization that is associated with alcohol consumption in Peru. It is important to examine this form of victimization among adolescents, especially those who consume alcohol.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar la prevalencia de las agresiones sexuales intrafamiliares y extrafamiliares en adolescentes del Perú y su asociación con el consumo de alcohol. MÉTODOS Se utilizó un muestreo probabilístico bietápico y estratificado para seleccionar estudiantes varones y mujeres de educación secundaria de todo el Perú. Los datos de 54,756 estudiantes que incluían información demográfica, sobre consumo de alcohol y drogas, y agresión sexual fueron incluidos en el estudio. En el análisis estadístico se consideró el muestreo complejo y se condujeron dos análisis independientes por el tipo de agresión sexual (intrafamiliar y extrafamiliar), estratificado por el sexo de la víctima. RESULTADOS La prevalencia de vida de las agresiones sexuales intrafamiliares (5.4%, IC95% 5.0-5.8) fue similar al de las agresiones extrafamiliares (6.1%, IC95% 5.6-6.6). El consumo de alcohol en el último año se asoció con las agresiones sexuales intrafamiliares y extrafamiliares que ocurrieron en el mismo periodo después de ajustar por los factores de confusión. El consumo de alcohol en el último año se asoció a las formas no físicas y físicas de agresión sexuales intrafamiliares y extrafamiliares en el análisis desagregado por tipo de agresión. El consumo de alcohol en el último año se asoció con las violaciones sexuales extrafamiliares sólo entre las mujeres (ORa = 2.8; IC95% 1.3-5.9). CONCLUSIONES La agresión sexual de adolescentes mujeres y varones por miembros familiares es una forma frecuente de victimización que se asocia al consumo de alcohol en el Perú. Es importante indagar por esta forma de victimización en adolescentes, especialmente los que consumen alcohol.

Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities / Violencia contra personas mayores en tres municipios brasileños / Violência contra idosos em três municípios brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the police reports filed by older adults who suffered abuse in order to identify the socio-demographic characteristics of victims and aggressors, type of violence, location, as well as to compare rates in three Brazilian cities in the period from 2009 to 2013. Method: Ecological study, in which 2,612 police reports registered in Police Stations were analyzed. An instrument was used to obtain data from the victim, the aggressor and the type of violence. Results: Psychological abuse predominated and most cases occurred in the older adults own home. In the cities of Ribeirão Preto and João Pessoa, the older adults presented similar rates for both gender. Regarding the standardized rates, in João Pessoa, there was a rise of this type of abuse in the two first years, and later there was a certain stability. In the city of Teresina, there was an increase, also observed in the city of Ribeirão Preto in the three first years, followed by a decrease. Conclusion: Older adults abuse is a cultural phenomenon difficult to be reported by them, since it occurs in the family context.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las denuncias policiales registradas por los ancianos que han sufrido violencia, con el fin de identificar las características sociodemográficas de las víctimas y de los autores, los diversos tipos de violencia y los lugares del suceso, así como también comparar el índice de violencia entre tres municipios brasileños durante el período comprendido entre 2009 y 2013. Método: Estudio ecológico, en el que se analizaron 2.612 denuncias registradas en Comisarías de Familia. Se utilizó un determinado instrumento para obtener datos de la víctima, del agresor y del tipo de violencia. Resultados: La violencia predominante es la psicológica y en la mayoría de los casos ocurre en la residencia de la persona mayor. En Ribeirão Preto y João Pessoa, el porcentaje de violencia contra los ancianos más jóvenes era igual entre ambos sexos. Comparando las tasas estándar, en João Pessoa el índice fue más alto en los dos primeros años, estabilizándose tras ese periodo. En Teresina y Ribeirão Preto el porcentaje aumentó en los tres primeros años y luego fue disminuyendo. Conclusión: La violencia es un fenómeno cultural de difícil notificación de parte de la persona mayor, ya que ocurre en el contexto familiar.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os boletins de ocorrência registrados por idosos que sofreram violência, a fim de identificar características sociodemográficas das vítimas e dos agressores, tipo de violência, local, bem como comparar as taxas em três municípios brasileiros no período de 2009 a 2013. Método: Estudo ecológico, em que foram analisados 2.612 boletins de ocorrência registrados em Delegacias do Idoso. Utilizou-se um instrumento para obter dados da vítima, do agressor e tipo de violência. Resultados: Predominou a violência psicológica, na maioria dos casos na própria residência do idoso. Em Ribeirão Preto e João Pessoa, os idosos mais jovens apresentaram taxas semelhantes entre ambos os sexos. Na comparação das taxas padronizadas, em João Pessoa, houve ascensão deste tipo de violência nos dois primeiros anos, e, posteriormente, certa estabilidade. Em Teresina, houve ascensão, também observada em Ribeirão Preto nos três primeiros anos, seguida de decréscimo. Conclusão: A violência é um fenômeno cultural de difícil notificação pelo idoso, por ocorrer no contexto familiar.

Previous experience of family violence and intimate partner violence in pregnancy

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate differential associations between the exposure to violence in the family of origin and victimization and perpetration of intimate partner violence in pregnancy. METHODS A nested case-control study was carried out within a cohort study with 1,120 pregnant women aged 18-49 years old, who were registered in the Family Health Strategy of the city of Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, between 2005 and 2006. The cases were the 233 women who reported intimate partner violence in pregnancy and the controls were the 499 women who did not report it. Partner violence in pregnancy and previous experiences of violence committed by parents or other family members were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were modeled to identify differential associations between the exposure to violence in the family of origin and victimization and perpetration of intimate partner violence in pregnancy. RESULTS Having seen the mother suffer intimate partner violence was associated with physical violence in childhood (OR = 2.62; 95%CI 1.89-3.63) and in adolescence (OR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.01-2.13), sexual violence in childhood (OR = 3.28; 95%CI 1.68-6.38) and intimate partner violence during pregnancy (OR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.01 - 2.12). The intimate partner violence during pregnancy was frequent in women who reported more episodes of physical violence in childhood (OR = 2.08; 95%CI 1.43-3.02) and adolescence (OR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.07-2.47), who suffered sexual violence in childhood (OR = 3.92; 95%CI 1.86-8.27), and who perpetrated violence against the partner (OR = 8.67; 95%CI 4.57-16.45). CONCLUSIONS Experiences of violence committed by parents or other family members emerge as strong risk factors for intimate partner violence in pregnancy. Identifying and understanding protective and risk factors for the emergence of intimate partner violence in pregnancy and its maintenance may help policymakers and health service managers to develop intervention strategies.

Intimate partner violence trends in Brazil: data from two waves of the Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey

Objective: To compare intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence rates in 2006 and 2012 in a nationally representative household sample in Brazil. The associations between IPV and substance use were also investigated. Methods: IPV was assessed using the Conflict Tactic Scale-R in two waves (2006/2012) of the Brazilian Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Weighted prevalence rates and adjusted logistic regression models were calculated. Results: Prevalence rates of IPV victimization decreased significantly, especially among women (8.8 to 6.3%). The rates of IPV perpetration also decreased significantly (10.6 to 8.4% for the overall sample and 9.2 to 6.1% in men), as well as the rates of bidirectional violence (by individuals who were simultaneously victims and perpetrators of violence) (3.2 to 2.4% for the overall sample). Alcohol increased the likelihood of being a victim (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6) and perpetrator (OR = 2.4) of IPV. Use of illicit drugs increased up to 4.5 times the likelihood of being a perpetrator. Conclusions: In spite of the significant reduction in most types of IPV between 2006 and 2012, violence perpetrated by women was not significantly reduced, and the current national rates are still high. Further, this study suggests that use of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs plays a major role in IPV. Prevention initiatives must take drug misuse into consideration.

Vitimização por crime na infância e adolescência segundo registros oficiais: coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Victimización por delitos durante la infancia y adolescencia según registros oficiales: la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil / Criminal victimization in childhood and adolescence according to official records: the Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study

Resumo: Descrição dos diferentes tipos de vitimização registrados oficialmente para as 5.249 crianças da coorte de nascimento da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Dados oficiais foram obtidos na Secretaria de Segurança Pública e no Juizado da Infância e Juventude. A vitimização ocorreu em 1.150 membros, com 1.396 ocorrências registradas até 31 de dezembro de 2012. A taxa de incidência da vitimização total foi 15,7 por 1.000 pessoas/ano, sendo a maioria por vitimização violenta (12,7 por 1.000 pessoas/ano). A vitimização aumentou gradualmente na infância e rapidamente ao longo da adolescência. As maiores incidências foram entre mulheres (p < 0,05), mais pobres (p < 0,05), com mães adolescentes (p < 0,001) e sem companheiro (p < 0,05). Vitimização violenta mais incidente foi por crimes com lesões corporais, roubo e crimes contra a liberdade individual; a não violenta foi por crimes de furto. Estudos como o presente permitiriam identificar fatores de risco e protetores ao longo da vida do indivíduo, salientando a importância da implementação de medidas de vigilância e controle da violência.

Resumen: Descripción de los diferentes tipos de victimización registradas oficialmente en 5.249 niños de la cohorte de nacimientos de la ciudad de Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los datos oficiales fueron obtenidos en la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública y en el Juzgado de la Infancia y Juventud. La victimización se produjo en 1.150 miembros, con 1.396 casos registrados hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2012. La tasa de incidencia de la victimización total fue 15,7 por 1.000 personas-año, siendo la mayoría por victimización violenta (12,7 por 1.000 personas-año). La victimización aumentó gradualmente en la infancia y rápidamente a lo largo de la adolescencia. Las mayores incidencias fueron entre mujeres (p < 0,05), pobres (p < 0,05), con madres adolescentes (p < 0,001) y sin compañero (p < 0,05). La victimización violenta más incidente fue debida a crímenes con lesiones corporales, robo y crímenes contra la libertad individual; la no violenta por delitos de hurto. Estudios como el actual permitirían identificar factores de riesgo y protectores a lo largo de la vida del individuo, resaltando la importancia de la implementación de medidas de vigilancia y control de la violencia.

Abstract: This article describes different types of officially recorded victimization among 5,249 children in the 1993 birth cohort in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Official data were obtained from the Secretariat for Public Security and the Special Court for Children and Youth. Victimization was registered for in 1,150 cohort members, with 1,396 incidents recorded as of December 31, 2012. The total incidence of victimization was 15.7 ocorrences per 1,000 person-years, with the majority involving violent victimization (12.7 per 1,000 person-years). Victimization increased gradually in childhood and rapidly throughout adolescence. The highest incidence rates were among females (p < 0.05), the poor (p < 0.05), children of adolescent mothers (p < 0.001), and children of single mothers (p < 0.05). The most common violent victimization types were physical injuries, robbery, and crimes against personal freedom; non-violent victimization mainly involved theft. Studies like this help identify lifetime risk and protective factors for victimization, highlighting the importance of surveillance and control measures against violence.

Alternativas de seguridad de una población víctima de desplazamiento forzado: el caso de la comuna 8 de Medellín / Security choices of a population, victim of forced displacement: the case of the 8th commune in medellin

¿Es posible que poblaciones que viven en condiciones socioeconómicas precarias y en contextos violentos, puedan proveer se una seguridad diferente a la ofrecida por el Estado y por actores armados ilegales? Es la pregunta que responde este artículo, con base en la investigación realizada en Medellín, con población víctima de desplazamiento forzado de la comuna 8, que trabaja con enfoque de seguridad humana y metodología desde abajo. Analiza las políticas de seguridad del Estado, contrastándo las con las iniciativas comunitarias para enfrentar sus inseguridades mediante estrategias de acción y agendas comunitarias para proveer seguridad humana y conformarse como ciudadanos y colectivos sociales empoderados políticamente. Seña la limitaciones y potencialidades de una propuesta de seguridad aplicada por un grupo poblacional altamente vulnerado y vulnerable.

Is it possible that populations living in precarious socio-economic conditions and in violent contexts, can provide a different security from that offered by the State and illegal armed actors? It is the question that this article answers, based on a research carried out inMedellin, with victims of forced displacement of the Commune 8, which works with a focus on human security and methodology from the bottom. It analyzes the policies of the State security, contrasting them against the community initiatives in order to address their insecurities through action strategies and community agendas and thus provide human security and settle as citizens and social collectives empowered politically. It points out limitations and potentialities of a proposal of security applied by a highly violated and vulnerable population group.

Estado actual de los derechos a la identidad, a la vida y la vivienda en la población víctima del desplazamiento forzado en Antioquia / Current state of the rights to identity, to life, and to housing, in the population victim of forced displacement in Antioquia

El siguiente artículo es un informe de investigación que expone el diseño metodológico de una serie de indicadores que permiten establecer el estado del Goce Efectivo de Derechos (GED) de la población en situación de desplazamiento en el departamento de Antioquia. El informe GED fue realizado a partir de mandatos emanados de la Corte Constitucional colombiana en aras de la superación del estado de cosas inconstitucional de la atención de la población víctima del desplazamiento. En el artículo, el segundo de una serie de cuatro entregas, se expondrá tanto el diseño como la medición de tres indicadores: derecho a la vida, derecho a una vivienda digna y derecho a la identidad de la población estudiada.

The following article is a research report that exposes the methodological design in a series of indicators that allow you to set the state of the Effective Enjoyment of Rights (EER) of the population in situation of displacement in the State of Antioquia. The EER report was made from mandates arising from the Colombian Constitutional Court in the interest of the overcoming of the unconstitutional state of affairs for the attention of the population victim of displacement. In the article, the second in a series of four issues, both the design and the measurement of three indicators will be exposed: right to life, the right to decent housing, and right to identity of the studied population.

Anos potenciais de vida perdidos por mulheres vítimas de homicídio na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil / Years of potential life lost by female homicide victims in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil

This cross-sectional epidemiological study aimed to calculate the potential years of life lost by female homicide victims in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2003-2007. A database was used from the Operational Division for Information on Births and Deaths under the Recife Municipal Health Department. All death certificates for childbearing-age women were reviewed for the five-year period. The results showed a total of 12,120 potential years of life lost by these women, mostly young, black (88 percent), with unknown levels of schooling (78.2 percent), single (80 percent), in District III of the city, and murdered with firearms in their own homes. The specific mortality rate was 10.8 homicides per 100,000 childbearing-age women. The 43.3 years of life lost per woman express the city's characteristics, poverty levels, unemployment, population density, residential instability, and social inequality, exposing residents to social strife, crime, and violence.

Estudo epidemiológico, transversal, objetivando calcular os anos potenciais de vida perdidos por mulheres vítimas de homicídio na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, no quinquênio 2003-2007. Utilizou-se de um banco de dados da Gerência Operacional de Informação de Mortalidade e Natalidade da Secretaria de Saúde do Recife, e foram revisadas todas as declarações de óbitos das vítimas de homicídio, com idade fértil no quinquênio analisado. Os resultados revelaram que houve 12.120 anos potenciais de vida perdidos, no período, por mulheres jovens, negras (88 por cento), de escolaridade desconhecida (78,2 por cento), solteiras (80 por cento), mortas na Região Político-administrativa III, que foram assassinadas com uso de arma de fogo, no próprio domicílio. A taxa de mortalidade específica, no período, correspondeu a 10,8 por 100 mil mulheres em idade fértil. Os 43,3 anos de vida perdidos por cada vítima refletem, entre outros aspectos, as características do município, relativas ao nível de pobreza, desemprego, densidade populacional, instabilidade residencial, desigualdade social, que expõem seus habitantes a crises sociais, crimes e violência.