The prevalence and patterns of exposure to interpersonal violence among men and women in Estonia.

BACKGROUND: To understand better the total burden of interpersonal violence on society, it is useful to assess the prevalence of interpersonal violence among both, men and women. Exposure to multiple forms of interpersonal violence, referred to as polyvictimization, has been associated with more severe health consequences than exposure to any form separately. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual interpersonal violence in childhood, adulthood and at both childhood and adulthood among men and women in Estonia, analyze the patterns of interpersonal violence and socio-demographic correlates of polyvictimization in adulthood by gender. METHODS: The analysis was based on two population-based, cross-sectional, self-administered surveys carried out among men and women in Estonia in 2014. In both surveys, the NorVold Abuse questionnaire was used to measure exposure to interpersonal violence. Men and women aged 18-44 were included to the analysis. RESULTS: Among men 66.6% and among women 54.2% had been exposed to at least one form of interpersonal violence during lifetime. Men had been more often exposed to isolated physical interpersonal violence, among women the distribution of different forms of interpersonal violence was more even and exposure to sexual violence was more common. The prevalence of polyvictimization in adulthood was two times higher among women compared to men and more socio-demographic correlates, were associated with it. Exposure to violence in childhood was associated with polyvictimization in adulthood across gender. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of interpersonal violence in Estonia is high among men and women. The most prevalent forms and patterns of interpersonal violence, however, differ by gender, as do the socio-demographic correlates. Screening for interpersonal violence, in childhood and adulthood, and gender-specific interventions are needed, especially for high-risk groups identified in this study. Primary prevention of childhood violence should be a priority, as it was associated with higher risk for exposure to violence later in life across gender.

Secular Trends of Global Burden of Violence, 1990-2015: In Spite of Successes, Women and Children Are Highly Affected in Low- and the Middle-Income Countries.

BACKGROUND: Violence is a challenging modern epidemic worldwide. Less evidence is available on the populations most affected by violence in recent decades. The aim of the study was to ecologically investigate temporal trends of the global burden of violence according to gender, age group, and socio-demographic development. METHODS: Data on the age- and gender-specific rates of country-level disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to different types of violence i.e. interpersonal violence (IV), and collective violence (CV) and legal interventions were retrieved from online database provided by the global burden of diseases project. Countries were categorized according to their socio-demographic index (SDI). Incidence rate ratio (IRR) per one year was estimated according to age groups, genders and SDI categories applying Poisson regression modeling. RESULTS: The highest decrease of the DALYs attributable to IV was observed for the under-five-years age group and then for 5-14-years in both genders, globally. Considering the CV, estimated IRRs were significant only for the under-five-years age group, which was at 1.30 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.40, per 10 years) for girls and 1.29 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.39, per 10 years) for boys. CONCLUSION: The rate of DALYs due to IV has been more decreasing among women and children during the recent decades. By the next 10 years, the attributed DALYs to CV would increase up to 120%. Children, adolescents and women are highly affected by CV in countries with middle-low and middle social development in the recent decades.

Risk assessment tools in criminal justice and forensic psychiatry: The need for better data.

Violence risk assessment tools are increasingly used within criminal justice and forensic psychiatry, however there is little relevant, reliable and unbiased data regarding their predictive accuracy. We argue that such data are needed to (i) prevent excessive reliance on risk assessment scores, (ii) allow matching of different risk assessment tools to different contexts of application, (iii) protect against problematic forms of discrimination and stigmatisation, and (iv) ensure that contentious demographic variables are not prematurely removed from risk assessment tools.

Special Considerations for Mass Violence Events in Senior Living Facilities: A Case Report on the Pinelake Health and Rehab Center Shooting.

The 2009 Pinelake Health and Rehab Center shooting in Carthage, North Carolina, presents a unique case study for examining the specific considerations for mass violence events in senior living facilities. A variety of factors, including reduced sensory perception, reduced mobility, and cognitive decline, may increase the vulnerability of the populations of senior living facilities during mass violence events. Management of response aspects such as evacuation, relocation, and reunification also require special consideration in the context of mass violence at senior living facilities. Better awareness of these vulnerabilities and response considerations can assist facility administrators and emergency managers when preparing for potential mass violence events at senior living facilities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:150-152).

Revista de Saúde Pública in scientific publications on Violence and Health (1967-2015).

This article retrieved the publications from the Revista de Saúde Pública journal (from 1967 to 2015) on violence and health, on the SciELO and PubMed bases, by searching for the terms "violence", "suicide", "aggression", "bullying", and "external causes", registered in any part of the text. We found 130 articles (the first one published in 1974). We observed: increase of publications over time, with decrease in the last five years; similar production volume in lethal and non-lethal violence; later publication of the latter; few studies in qualitative research; mostly descriptive production; and visualization of the problem more by the acts than by contexts or motivations and aggressors. Social markers were little approached, appearing, from largest to smallest frequency, social class, gender, race/ethnicity, and generation. Human rights were little used and only recently used as analytical framework, connected more to gender than to social class. Although Revista de Saúde Pública has registered the theme in its publications, consolidating it as scientific production line, there is still great explanatory theoretical rarefaction and little intersectionality between violence, social inequalities, and human rights. RESUMO A produção da Revista de Saúde Pública (de 1967 até 2015) sobre violência e saúde foi recuperada nas bases SciELO e PubMed utilizando-se os termos "violência", "suicídio", "agressões", "bullying" e "causas externas", registrados em qualquer parte do texto. Foram encontrados 130 artigos (o primeiro deles publicado em 1974). Constatou-se: aumento das publicações no tempo, com decréscimo nos últimos cinco anos; volume similar de produção em violência letal e não letal; publicação mais tardia desta última; poucos estudos em pesquisa qualitativa; produção majoritariamente descritiva; e visibilização do problema, mais pelos atos que pelos contextos ou motivações e agressores. Os marcadores sociais foram pouco tematizados, aparecendo da maior para a menor frequência, classe social, gênero, raça/etnia e geração. Direitos humanos foi pouco, e apenas recentemente, usado como referencial analítico, conectado mais ao gênero do que à classe social. Embora a Revista de Saúde Pública tenha inscrito o tema em suas publicações, consolidando-o como linha de produção científica, há, ainda, grande rarefação teórica explicativa e pouca interseccionalidade entre violência, desigualdades sociais e direitos humanos.

Criminal victimization in childhood and adolescence according to official records: the Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. / Vitimização por crime na infância e adolescência segundo registros oficiais: coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

This article describes different types of officially recorded victimization among 5,249 children in the 1993 birth cohort in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Official data were obtained from the Secretariat for Public Security and the Special Court for Children and Youth. Victimization was registered for in 1,150 cohort members, with 1,396 incidents recorded as of December 31, 2012. The total incidence of victimization was 15.7 ocorrences per 1,000 person-years, with the majority involving violent victimization (12.7 per 1,000 person-years). Victimization increased gradually in childhood and rapidly throughout adolescence. The highest incidence rates were among females (p < 0.05), the poor (p < 0.05), children of adolescent mothers (p < 0.001), and children of single mothers (p < 0.05). The most common violent victimization types were physical injuries, robbery, and crimes against personal freedom; non-violent victimization mainly involved theft. Studies like this help identify lifetime risk and protective factors for victimization, highlighting the importance of surveillance and control measures against violence.

Revista de Saúde Pública in scientific publications on violence and health (1967-2015) / A Revista de Saúde Pública na produção bibliográfica sobre violência e saúde (1967-2015)

ABSTRACT This article retrieved the publications from the Revista de Saúde Pública journal (from 1967 to 2015) on violence and health, on the SciELO and PubMed bases, by searching for the terms "violence", "suicide", "aggression", "bullying", and "external causes", registered in any part of the text. We found 130 articles (the first one published in 1974). We observed: increase of publications over time, with decrease in the last five years; similar production volume in lethal and non-lethal violence; later publication of the latter; few studies in qualitative research; mostly descriptive production; and visualization of the problem more by the acts than by contexts or motivations and aggressors. Social markers were little approached, appearing, from largest to smallest frequency, social class, gender, race/ethnicity, and generation. Human rights were little used and only recently used as analytical framework, connected more to gender than to social class. Although Revista de Saúde Pública has registered the theme in its publications, consolidating it as scientific production line, there is still great explanatory theoretical rarefaction and little intersectionality between violence, social inequalities, and human rights.

RESUMO A produção da Revista de Saúde Pública (de 1967 até 2015) sobre violência e saúde foi recuperada nas bases SciELO e PubMed utilizando-se os termos "violência", "suicídio", "agressões", "bullying" e "causas externas", registrados em qualquer parte do texto. Foram encontrados 130 artigos (o primeiro deles publicado em 1974). Constatou-se: aumento das publicações no tempo, com decréscimo nos últimos cinco anos; volume similar de produção em violência letal e não letal; publicação mais tardia desta última; poucos estudos em pesquisa qualitativa; produção majoritariamente descritiva; e visibilização do problema, mais pelos atos que pelos contextos ou motivações e agressores. Os marcadores sociais foram pouco tematizados, aparecendo da maior para a menor frequência, classe social, gênero, raça/etnia e geração. Direitos humanos foi pouco, e apenas recentemente, usado como referencial analítico, conectado mais ao gênero do que à classe social. Embora a Revista de Saúde Pública tenha inscrito o tema em suas publicações, consolidando-o como linha de produção científica, há, ainda, grande rarefação teórica explicativa e pouca interseccionalidade entre violência, desigualdades sociais e direitos humanos.

Vitimização por crime na infância e adolescência segundo registros oficiais: coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Victimización por delitos durante la infancia y adolescencia según registros oficiales: la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil / Criminal victimization in childhood and adolescence according to official records: the Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study

Resumo: Descrição dos diferentes tipos de vitimização registrados oficialmente para as 5.249 crianças da coorte de nascimento da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Dados oficiais foram obtidos na Secretaria de Segurança Pública e no Juizado da Infância e Juventude. A vitimização ocorreu em 1.150 membros, com 1.396 ocorrências registradas até 31 de dezembro de 2012. A taxa de incidência da vitimização total foi 15,7 por 1.000 pessoas/ano, sendo a maioria por vitimização violenta (12,7 por 1.000 pessoas/ano). A vitimização aumentou gradualmente na infância e rapidamente ao longo da adolescência. As maiores incidências foram entre mulheres (p < 0,05), mais pobres (p < 0,05), com mães adolescentes (p < 0,001) e sem companheiro (p < 0,05). Vitimização violenta mais incidente foi por crimes com lesões corporais, roubo e crimes contra a liberdade individual; a não violenta foi por crimes de furto. Estudos como o presente permitiriam identificar fatores de risco e protetores ao longo da vida do indivíduo, salientando a importância da implementação de medidas de vigilância e controle da violência.

Resumen: Descripción de los diferentes tipos de victimización registradas oficialmente en 5.249 niños de la cohorte de nacimientos de la ciudad de Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los datos oficiales fueron obtenidos en la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública y en el Juzgado de la Infancia y Juventud. La victimización se produjo en 1.150 miembros, con 1.396 casos registrados hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2012. La tasa de incidencia de la victimización total fue 15,7 por 1.000 personas-año, siendo la mayoría por victimización violenta (12,7 por 1.000 personas-año). La victimización aumentó gradualmente en la infancia y rápidamente a lo largo de la adolescencia. Las mayores incidencias fueron entre mujeres (p < 0,05), pobres (p < 0,05), con madres adolescentes (p < 0,001) y sin compañero (p < 0,05). La victimización violenta más incidente fue debida a crímenes con lesiones corporales, robo y crímenes contra la libertad individual; la no violenta por delitos de hurto. Estudios como el actual permitirían identificar factores de riesgo y protectores a lo largo de la vida del individuo, resaltando la importancia de la implementación de medidas de vigilancia y control de la violencia.

Abstract: This article describes different types of officially recorded victimization among 5,249 children in the 1993 birth cohort in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Official data were obtained from the Secretariat for Public Security and the Special Court for Children and Youth. Victimization was registered for in 1,150 cohort members, with 1,396 incidents recorded as of December 31, 2012. The total incidence of victimization was 15.7 ocorrences per 1,000 person-years, with the majority involving violent victimization (12.7 per 1,000 person-years). Victimization increased gradually in childhood and rapidly throughout adolescence. The highest incidence rates were among females (p < 0.05), the poor (p < 0.05), children of adolescent mothers (p < 0.001), and children of single mothers (p < 0.05). The most common violent victimization types were physical injuries, robbery, and crimes against personal freedom; non-violent victimization mainly involved theft. Studies like this help identify lifetime risk and protective factors for victimization, highlighting the importance of surveillance and control measures against violence.

Factores causales de la explotación sexual infantil en niños, niñas y adolescentes en Colombia / Causal factors of child sexual exploitation in boys, girls, and adolescents in Colombia

El propósito de la presente investigación fue identificar factores causales de laexplotación sexual comercial en la infancia y la adolescencia en Colombia. Para ello se analizaron tres casos de estudio: Medellín, Sincelejo y Magangué. Se realizaron talleres y se aplicaron encuestas en cada una de las ciudades en Instituciones gubernamentales encargadas de intervenir el fenómeno y en algunas instituciones educativas, con la participación de funcionarios, profesionales, docentes, directivosy estudiantes. Para el análisis de datos se realizó una matriz explicativa con laparticipación de 4 jurados. Las categorías de análisis fueron factores medioambientales, familiares e individuales.

The purpose of this piece of research aimed to identify causal factors of trade sexual exploitation on children and adolescents in Colombia. For this purpose, three case studies were analyzed: Medellín, Sincelejo, and Magangué. Workshops wereconducted and surveys were implemented in each of the cities in both governmental institutions, in charge of intervening the phenomenon and in some educationalinstitutions, with the participation of officials, professionals, teachers, directors, and students. As for the data analysis, an explanatory matrix was carried out, with the participation of 4 judges. The categories of analysis were those related to the environment, the family, and the individual.

[Violence and social distress among transgender persons in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Violência e sofrimento social no itinerário de travestis de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

The authors conducted an ethnographic research with transgender persons in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 2012, using participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and following their everyday lives. These individuals invariably experienced physical and symbolic violence and the resulting distress, a condition they had to deal with in their careers and daily practices and tasks. The article discusses the violence experienced by transvestites (in the family, school, police precincts, and health services), specifically seeking to understand how such violence relates to their experiences with health services and how the latter respond.

Assessment of aggression in inpatient settings.

The threat of violence is a major concern for all individuals working or receiving treatment in an inpatient psychiatric setting. One major focus in forensic psychology and psychiatry over the past several decades has been the development of risk assessments to aid in the identification of those individuals most at risk of exhibiting violent behavior. So-called second- and third-generation risk assessments were developed to improve the accuracy of decision making. While these instruments were developed for use in the community, many have proven to be effective in identifying patients more likely to exhibit institutional aggression. Because the purpose of risk assessment is the reduction of violence, dynamic factors were included in third-generation risk instruments to provide opportunities for intervention and methods for measuring change. Research with these instruments indicates that both static factors (second-generation) and dynamic factors (third-generation) are important in identifying those patients most likely to engage in institutional aggression, especially when the aggression is categorized by type (impulsive/reactive, organized/predatory/instrumental, psychotic). Recent research has indicated that developing a typology of aggressive incidents may provide insight both into precipitants to assaults as well as appropriate interventions to reduce such aggression. The extant literature suggests that both static and dynamic risk factors are important, but may be differentially related to the type of aggression exhibited and the characteristics of the individuals exhibiting the aggression.

Gustavo Rojas Pinilla: dictadura o presidencia: la hegemonía conservadora en contravía de la lucha popular / Gustavo Rojas Pinilla: dictatorship or presidency: the conservative hegemony in contravention with the popular fight

El presente texto derivado de investigación, tiene como objetivo analizar los discursos de Rojas Pinilla y la influencia que tuvo sobre ellos, los aires fascistas de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX y como crearon enemigos del pueblo, con el fin de justificar su accionar sobre sectores de la sociedad por parte del ejército,como garantizador de un orden social.

The current text, derived from a piece of research, aims to analyze the discourses of Rojas Pinilla and the influence played by the fascist hints of the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century and how they created enemies of the people in order to justify their actions on sectors of society by the army as a guarantor of a social order.

Factores de riesgo para el desplazamiento, protección de tierras y garantías de no repetición en zonas vulnerables de antioquia / Socio-demographic profile of Displaced population in antioquia

El siguiente artículo es un informe de investigación que recoge apartes del documento sobre el estado actual del Goce Efectivo de Derechos de la población víctima del desplazamiento Forzado en Antioquia. El artículo se centra, en particular, en establecer de manera estadística tanto el comportamiento anual del desplazamiento forzado desde 1997 como de algunos indicadores del conflicto armado en territorios vulnerables del departamento (reconocidos como aquellos sobre los cuales han recaído alertas tempranas). Para tal efecto el artículo da cuenta de la metodología utilizada para dimensionar el nivel de protección que cuentan los territorios, ofrece un balance de algunas afectaciones que vulneran la seguridad de tales zonas (acciones armadas, homicidios, eventos de minas antipersona) y establece el estado y alcance actual de la protección de tierras en Antioquia.

This article contains the main results of a research oriented to the carrying out of a demographic characterization of the population victim of displacement in Antioquia. In order to carry out a rigorous exercise that would pick up the conditions of life of this population, the research team designed a methodological strategy starting from the crossing of different official databases. Such a strategy enabled the characterization of reliable, up-to-date and verifiable data on more than the third part of the population.

Impactos del paramilitarismo en la región urabá/chocó 1998-2006. claves para la lectura de las afectaciones colectivas / Horizontality, expression, and shared knowledge: an approach on pproach on psychological processes of acccompanient to victm of political violence in colombia

Este informe de investigación recoge los resultados de una exploración sobre la naturaleza de las afectaciones de un grupo armado, lo paramilitares, en una región colombiana; este ejercicio ha sido la antesala para planteamiento de una investigación que, recientemente aprobada, se propone ofrecer pautas para dar cuenta de aquellos impactos de la guerra que puedan ser definidos como “daño colectivo”. En este orden de ideas, este artículo se propone exponer de la los resultados de esta aproximación preliminar que, a la manera de un estudio de caso, permiten establecer los alcances y limites analíticos de las aproximaciones de este carácter para dar cuenta de la dimensión de los daños colectivos a partir de la inspección de los tipos y naturaleza de las acciones paramilitares en el Chocó y Urabá antioqueños, durante el periodo 1998-2006.

The following article presents a deep discussion about the processes of psychosocial intervention with victims of political violence, in the light of their life stories in a context of research on the role of memory in the reconstruction of the social fabric. The category of the psychosocial emerged as a result of these life stories and discussion groups and allowed a critical look at the intervention processes that take place in Colombia, from the voice and the testimony of the participants. Finally, it also collects proposals from this same voice, that of the people, and forms of action involving a revision to the individualistic, pathological, vertical, technocratic, and bureaucratic models of the action, to propose comprehensive and systemic actions for the recovery of dignity and the subjective transformation from participation, dialogue of knowledge, playful and performative expression, and horizontal relationships, mutual support and construction of citizenship and subjectivity of rights.

la acción y el enfoque psicosocial de la intervención en contextos sociales: ¿podemos pasar de la moda a la precisión teórica, epistemológica y metodológica? / The action and the psychosocial approach of the intervention in social contexts: can we move from the fashion to the theoretical, epistemological, and methodological precision?

El siguiente artículo derivado de investigación, se plantea la pregunta en torno a una realidad que viene creciendo en Colombia: el incremento de los proyectos de intervención psicosocial en diversos sectores sociales, especialmente con víctimas del conflicto armado, violencia social, violencia de género e intrafamiliar, entre otras; además de población en situación de pobreza extrema, desplazamiento forzado y víctimas de catástrofes naturales. En relación con esta lógica de intervención y de acción, la reflexión académica aún sigue siendo escasa, poco clara y repetitiva de concepciones y disquisiciones internas de las disciplinas sociales, especialmente de la psicología. Por lo tanto, desde la experiencia de trabajo, desde la propia investigación y desde los procesos de acompañamiento psicosocial desarrollados por cerca de 15 años, el autor presenta una propuesta de reflexión, que implica una mirada desde el pensamiento crítico social y una postura que permita darle un marco a la acción psicosocial en una perspectiva emancipatoria.

The following article, derived from research, poses the question about a growing issue in Colombia: the increase in projects of psychosocial intervention in diverse social sectors, particularly with victims of the armed conflict, social violence, violence of gender and family, etc., as well as population in a situation of extreme poverty, forced displacement and victims of natural disasters. In relation to this logic of intervention and action, the academic reflection tends to be scarce, unclear and repetitive of concepts and internal disquisitions of the social disciplines, especially of psychology. Therefore, from the work experience, from the research itself and from the processes of psychosocial accompaniment for about 15 years, the author presents a reflective proposal, which implies a look from the social critical thought and a stance that allows to give a framework for the psychosocial action in an emancipatory perspective.

A confirmatory study of violence risk assessment tool (M55) and demographic predictors of patient violence.

AIM: The aims of this study were to confirm the usefulness of Violence Risk Assessment Tool (M55) for prospectively identifying violent patients in medical-surgical units and to explore predictors of Code-55 activation for violent behaviour or physical attack. BACKGROUND: A previous retrospective case-controlled study claimed moderate sensitivity and high specificity of the M55 in identifying potentially violent patients. However, the usefulness of M55 needs to be confirmed in a prospective study before wide adoption. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of patients in medical-surgical units of a hospital in southern California was conducted from August 2009 to December 2009. A checklist containing the M55 was completed on admission. Following a violent event or just prior to discharge, the violent event outcome section of the data collection tool was completed. The sensitivity and specificity of M55 for identifying the violent patients were calculated using the original M55 flagging criteria. RESULTS: Of 2063 patients, 32 (1·6%) had a violent event of Code-55 activation (12), physical attack (26) or both (6). The M55 showed a low sensitivity (41%) and acceptable specificity (99%) for prospectively identifying violent patients. The multivariate logistic regression model indicated higher odds of violent events for patients ≥70 years of age [odds ratio (OR) = 2·3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0·9-5·7], males (OR = 2·7; 95% CI: 1·2-6·1) or Caucasian (OR = 3·4; 95% CI: 0·8-14·7). CONCLUSION: The M55 does not appear to be useful for prospectively identifying violent patients in medical-surgical units because of low sensitivity. Older, male or Caucasian patients had higher odds of becoming violent.

Población en situación de desplazamiento en antioquia: El papel del enfoque de derechos en los aspectos técnicos para el diseño y medición de indicadores: (parte 1) / Population in situation of displacement in antioquia: The role of the approach of rights in the technical aspects for the design and the measurement of indicators: (part 1)

Este artículo, expone los resultados y lineamientos metodológicos derivados de una investigación realizada por el Observatorio Departamental de Desplazamiento Forzado de Antioquia (ODDIF) para estimar el estado del Goce Efectivo de Derechos (GED) de la población víctima de desplazamiento forzado en el Departamento. Esta investigación fue realizada en respuesta a los Autos de Seguimiento y a las órdenes impartidas en la sentencia T-025 de 2004 de la Corte Constitucional. El Auto 116 de 2008, estableció los parámetros de medición a adoptar por parte de los entes territoriales para rendir cuentas sobre la garantía de los derechos de esta población. Con el objeto de ofrecer elementos de análisis tanto para las instituciones como para las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, tanto nacionales como internacionales, que analizan y siguen el comportamiento de las situación socioeconómica de las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia, en una serie de cuatro artículos, se cubrirán tanto la metodología de medición como algunos de los resultados hallados en el GED de Antioquia. En esta entrega, en particular, serán expuestos el marco normativo del informe, el enfoque teórico de los indicadores tratados y las principales consideraciones técnicas y metodológicas para su medición. A manera de resultado de investigación, en esta entrega del informe se señala las diferencias -tanto en las metodologías como en las cifras- que hay en la medición de la situación sociooeconómica de la población en situación de desplazamiento realizada por el DNP y la medición de esta realizada por el Observatorio

This article introduces the results and the methodological guidelines derived from a piece of research carried out by the State Observatory of Forced Displacement in Antioquia (ODDIF), in order to estimate the state of Full Possession of Rights of the population victim of forced displacement in the State of Antioquia. This piece of research was carried out as a response to the Proceedings of Follow-up and the orders given in the sentence T-025 as of 2004 of the Constitutional Court. The Proceeding 116 of 2008 established the parameters of measurement to be adopted by the territorial entities, in order to render accounts about the guarantee of the rights of such a population. With the object of offering elements of analysis both for the institutions and the organizations of the civil society, both national and international ones, which analyze and follow the behavior of the socio-economic situation of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia, in a series of four articles, the methodology of measurement and some results found in the Full Possession of Rights in Antioquia will be covered. In this issue, in particular, the normative framework of the report, the theoretical approach of the indicators treated and the main technical and methodological considerations for their measurement will be exposed. By way of result of research, in this issue, both methodological and figure differences, which are used for the measurement of the socio-economic situation of the population who is in a situation of displacement carried out by the National Planning Department and its measurement carried out by the Observatory, are established

Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment.

Agitation among psychiatric inpatients (particularly those diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder) is common and, unless recognized early and managed effectively, can rapidly escalate to potentially dangerous behaviors, including physical violence. Inpatient aggression and violence have substantial adverse psychological and physical consequences for both patients and providers, and they are costly to the healthcare system. In contrast to the commonly held view that inpatient violence occurs without warning or can be predicted by "static" risk factors, such as patient demographics or clinical characteristics, research indicates that violence is usually preceded by observable behaviors, especially non-violent agitation. When agitation is recognized, staff should employ nonpharmacological de-escalation strategies and, if the behavior continues, offer pharmacological treatment to calm patients rapidly. Given the poor therapeutic efficacy and potential for adverse events associated with physical restraint and seclusion, and the potential adverse sequelae of involuntary drug treatment, these interventions should be considered last resorts. Pharmacological agents used to treat agitation include benzodiazepines and first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Although no currently available agent is ideal, recommendations for selecting among them are provided. There remains an unmet need for a non-invasive and rapidly acting agent that effectively calms without excessively sedating patients, addresses the patient's underlying psychiatric symptoms, and is reasonably safe and tolerable. A treatment with these characteristics could substantially reduce the clinical and economic burden of agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting.

[Psychopathology, characteristics of violence and dropout in male batterers treatment programs: results of an intervention service]. / Psicopatología, características de la violencia y abandonos en programas para hombres violentos con la pareja: resultados en un dispositivo de intervención.

This paper deals with male violence toward female partners and the analysis of some variables related to this aggressive behavior. We study the type of violence perpetrated and some indicators of psychopathology, such as personality disorders, previous psychiatric or psychological care, substance abuse and jealous behavior, among others. In addition, we examine the relationship between these variables and the fact that the men do not complete the treatment program. For this purpose, we employed a sample of 118 men who voluntarily participated in an intervention service, and we carried out an ex post facto analysis. With regard to possible relations of dependence or independence among the variables considered, the results show dependence between the possibility of dropping out of the treatment and the presence of psychological or psychiatric history, and patterns of alcohol consumption and consumption of other drugs. In contrast, the existence of personality disorders, jealous behavior, type of violence used, onset or duration of violent behavior are independent of the possibility of dropping out of the treatment program.

Identifying victims of violence using register-based data.

AIMS: The aim of this study was twofold. Firstly we identified victims of violence in national registers and discussed strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Secondly we assessed the magnitude of violence and the characteristics of the victims using register-based data. METHODS: We used three nationwide registers to identify victims of violence: The National Patient Register, the Victim Statistics, and the Causes of Death Register. We merged these data and assessed the degree of overlap between data sources. We identified a reference population by selecting all individuals in Denmark over 15 years of age that had not been exposed to violence. For the study population and the reference population, socioeconomic and demographic information were retrieved from Statistics Denmark. We used logistic regression models in a cross-sectional analysis to identify characteristics of victims of violence. RESULTS: In 2006, 22,000 individuals were registered as having been exposed to violence. About 70% of these victims were men. Most victims were identified from emergency room contacts and police records, and few from the Causes of Death Register. There was some overlap between the two large data sources. We found significant differences between victims and non-victims according to socio-economic status, education, marital status, and ethnic origin, and also between victims by source of identification. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a study population consisting of individual victims of violence that opens for further studies on violence. The use of different data sources is a strength but also a potential weakness to epidemiological, health economic, and other analyses using these data.