The association of domestic violence during pregnancy with maternal psychological well-being in the early postpartum period: A sample from women with low socioeconomic status in Eastern Turkey.

AIM: To examine the association of women's exposure to domestic violence during pregnancy with postpartum maternal psychological well-being (postpartum depression and anxiety) in the early postpartum period. METHODS: The sample of this descriptive correlational research study comprised 358 women. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Domestic Violence Screening Tool, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale. The one-way multivariate analysis of variance, and a multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to analysis of data. RESULTS: The mean scores of the HITS, the EPDS, and the PSAS were 6.00±16.00, 7.47±5.57, and 72.02±18.63 respectively. Considering the cut-off values of the scales, the women were found to be at risk for exposure to domestic violence (20.1%), postpartum depression (24%), and postpartum anxiety (11.2%). Education level and having social security was significantly associated with women's HITS and PSAS score.Women with high mean domestic violence scores had high mean postpartum depression and postpartum anxiety scores. Women's mean domestic violence and postpartum anxiety scores were significantly and positively associated with their mean postpartum depression scores (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed that women were frequently exposed to DV during pregnancy, education level and social security were important predictors of exposure to DV, and that DV associated with postpartum depression and postpartum anxiety. Exposure to DV and postpartum anxiety increased the risk of postpartum depression. It is recommended to integrate screening, guidance, and supportive counseling practices into routine antenatal care to improve the mental health of pregnant women at risk.

Health, mental health, and hearing indigenous voices.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the issues raised by the unsuccessful Voice referendum and propose removal of barriers to reporting and prevention of family violence in remote communities as the most ambitious measure of success in hearing First Nations voices. CONCLUSIONS: The Voice referendum was partly justified to improve the mental health of First Nations Australians, despite concern the process and its outcome might worsen both. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders revealed the tensions that arise between individual and communal interests when marginalised groups fight for self-determination. While a unified First Nation Voice is likely to amplify prominent messengers, we should also be interested in hearing diverse, dissenting voices. As the most marginalised group within a marginalised community, the ability to hear the voices of women and children subject to family violence in rural/remote Australian communities may be the best measure of success in overcoming the barriers that was the motivation for the referendum.

Conditional cash transfers and violence against women - Does the type of violence matter?

While there is scholarly consensus that cash transfer programs can reduce intimate partner violence (IPV), there is little evidence on the effect on other forms of violence against women (VAW). This study uses a regression discontinuity design to examine the effects of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program in the Philippines on three types of VAW: (i) IPV, (ii) domestic violence excluding IPV (such as own and husband's relatives), and (iii) violence outside home. Although the study finds no significant impacts on IPV or violence outside of home, it reports a measurable decline in emotional domestic violence. Suggestive evidence indicates that the impact could be driven by an increase in household wellbeing, and women's empowerment, bargaining power, and social capital. This evidence confirms the potential of CCT programs to mitigate VAW beyond IPV, such as domestic violence. At the same time, the study suggests that CCT programs' design and context in which they operate may affect their ability to mitigate IPV.

Association Between Health-Promoting Behaviors and Reproductive Health Needs in Women Experiencing Domestic Violence.

Violence against women is considered as one of the most serious social problems in all the societies. It is common that the abused women experience physical, psychological, and health problems, as well as reproductive health issues. Domestic violence affects women's health behaviors and ability to seek any form of health care. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health-promoting behaviors and reproductive health needs in women experienced domestic violence. This cross-sectional study was conducted from May 5 to September 21, 2021, on 380 abused women. Cluster sampling was performed in health centers of Karaj. Data were collected using demographic survey questions, Domestic Violence Survey, Reproductive Health Needs of Domestic Violated Women scale, and health-promoting behaviors questionnaire. The mean (standard deviation) scores for reproductive health needs and health-promoting behaviors were 158.88 (20.24) and 131.08 (20.53), respectively. Psychological violence had the highest (69.5%) prevalence among all types and 37.6% of women reported severe violence. The results of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test indicated that all dimensions of the reproductive health needs of abused women (men's participation, self-care, support and health services, and sexual and marital relationships) positively and significantly related to the total score and various dimensions of health-promoting behaviors (interpersonal relationship, health responsibility, physical activity, spiritual growth, nutrition, and stress management). The dimensions of health-promoting behaviors together can explain 21.6% of the changes in reproductive health needs based on linear regression. Violence is a global public concern and paying attention to the various health dimensions in abused women is an important aspect of the health policies. Developing health-promoting behaviors in abused women improves their reproductive health state and society as a whole.

A systematic literature review of protective factors mitigating intimate partner violence exposure on early childhood health outcomes.

AIM: The objective of this integrative review was to critically synthesize the evidence on protective factors in early childhood that buffer the effects of exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) on young children's health outcomes. METHODS: Studies were eligible for inclusion in this review if the article was (a) in English, (b) title or abstract discussed protective factors, buffering, resilience or mitigating factors in early childhood for young children who experienced IPV. RESULTS: A total of 23 articles of 492 manuscripts identified from the search from peer-reviewed journals from 2010 to 2022 were included. Individual-level protective factors for young children exposed to IPV and include emotional self-regulation, child temperament and child self-esteem. Family-level protective factors were maternal physical and mental health; warm, responsive parenting; knowledge of child development; socioeconomic advantage; caregiver employment; and maternal education. CONCLUSION: The results of this integrative review highlight the critical importance of a dyadic approach to early childhood intervention. Health and legal systems should not only focus solely on pathology of family violence but also conceptualize treatment and courses of action from a strength-based perspective in order to empower victims of IPV, and promote the safety, health and well-being of children. Future research should examine the role of system-level protective factors. IMPACT: This review adds to the growing body of the evidence of positive relational health as a key social determinant of health for children. This will be foundational to design interventions that shield children from further harm and promote health, flourishing and recovery from violence and trauma.

Qualitative study of the perspectives of women with lived experience of domestic and family violence on accessing healthcare.

AIMS: To explore the perceptions of women with lived experience of domestic and family violence on accessing healthcare and to identify how nurses can facilitate and support women experiencing domestic and family violence to receive the care they need. DESIGN: A qualitative single site study. METHODS: As part of an evaluation of a nurse-led domestic and family violence service, a 2-h focus group was conducted with four women with lived experience of domestic and family violence on 14 December 2021. The Levesque Framework provided a novel approach to identify barriers and facilitators to healthcare access. The focus group guide included eight open-ended questions. The audio recording was transcribed and analysed using Braun and Clark's thematic analysis process. RESULTS: The Levesque Framework helped highlight individual and structural challenges in accessing healthcare faced by women experiencing domestic and family violence. Dominant themes were first contact, comprehensiveness of services and domestic violence awareness. CONCLUSION: The growing incidences of domestic and family violence are confounding communities worldwide. Despite the high profile of domestic and family violence in Australia, access to healthcare remains problematic. These preliminary findings suggest that nurses have opportunities to facilitate access in relation to the approachability, acceptability and appropriateness of services. Realizing these opportunities requires education that enables nurses' capacity to provide an effective first contact and facilitate comprehensive care by embodying a no wrong door culture. We intend to explore these concepts in future focus groups. IMPACT: This study explored the factors impacting access to healthcare for women experiencing domestic and family violence. Accessing healthcare when experiencing domestic and family violence in Australia is problematic. Findings suggest that nursing has opportunities to facilitate the approachability, acceptability and appropriateness of services. These findings will be valuable to nurses across all healthcare settings, nursing education providers and health workforce planners.

Stay-Leave Decision-Making Among Women Victims of Domestic Violence in Israel: Background, Interactional, and Environmental Factors.

The study examined the factors that contribute to stay-leave decision-making of women who are domestic violence victims, focusing on background factors (origin, education, and occupational status); interactional factors (severity of violence, previous separations, and previous stays in a shelter); and social factors (social support and woman's expectations of the shelter). In addition, it examined the contribution of the interaction of woman's expectations of the shelter × psychological violence to the woman's decision to leave/stay with her partner. Six months after returning to the community, 221 women who had stayed in a shelter for at least 3 months were located: 92 were Israeli-born Jews (41.6%), 49 were Israeli-born Arabs (22.2%), 51 were Former Soviet Union immigrants (23.1%), and 29 were Ethiopian immigrants (13.1%). Of them, 56.6% reported returning to their partners, and 43.4% reported leaving their partners. Education, occupational status, psychological violence severity, previous shelter stays, familial support, and expectations of having concrete needs fulfilled by the shelter made a significant contribution to the woman's leaving the abusive relationship. Furthermore, Israeli Arab women were more likely to stay with their partners. Finally, the interaction of the expectation that concrete needs would be met × psychological violence made a significant contribution to leaving the relationship. The study emphasizes the need to expand the resources of domestically abused women and also highlights specific groups requiring special attention upon shelter entry: Arab women, women who previously stayed in shelters, and women characterized by a lack of resources and a high degree of psychological violence.

Co-occurrence of adult abuse and child abuse: analysis of the phenomenon.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the co-occurrence of adult and child abuse based on the reports collected from the Polish police and social welfare institutions. METHODS: The study involved data concerning 468 households in Szczecin (Poland) inhabited by children where acts of violence between adults took place. The presented data refer to the years 2012-2103. The data came from so called Blue Card files, i.e. documents issued by the police and social workers in cases of domestic abuse, providing information about its forms, perpetrators, and victims. RESULTS: Domestic violence usually occurs between spouses and cohabitees (78%). The perpetrator was usually a man (88%). Violence usually lasted from 1 up to 3 years (30.0%). The most common forms of physical abuse against adults and children included pushing (79.5% of adults, 22.4% of children) and hitting (64.7% of adults, 16.6% of children), and psychologically abusive behaviors were mostly insults (91.9% of adults, 27.5% of children) and criticism (79.1% of adults, 21.5% of children). This work has shown that the longer the psychological abuse between adults lasts, the greater probability is that it will also be used against children. Child abuse is also associated with putting up resistance to the police by perpetrators. CONCLUSIONS: Summing up, in households where violence between adults is observed, actions should be taken to prevent violence against children.

Nurturing Hope and Well-Being Among Survivors of Domestic Violence Within the Family Justice Center Model.

Family Justice Centers (FJCs) represent a multi-disciplinary coordinated approach co-located to serve survivors of domestic violence. This study examined the change in hope and well-being among 130 survivors receiving domestic violence services through seven FJCs. Using a pretest, posttest design, Analyses of Variance results indicated that survivors exhibited robust increases in hope, emotional well-being, and flourishing. Correlational analyses showed that survivor defined goal success has important relationships with hope and well-being. Finally, hierarchical regression analyses revealed hope contributed unique variance of survivor flourishing over-and-above survivor defined success and emotional well-being. These findings are discussed in the context that hope may be an important coping resource for survivors of domestic violence and offers a common conceptual framework for FJCs.

[Assessment of psycho-trauma caused by the aggressions committed by patients with psychosis against their family caregivers: across-sectional survey]. / Évaluation du psycho-traumatisme lié aux agressions commises par les patients psychotiques sur leurs aidants familiaux: enquête transversale dans la région de Sfax, Tunisie.

INTRODUCTION: the management of patients with psychosis is associated with a risk of exposure to violence which can affect all the stakeholders, in particular the family entourage. Caregiving role generates violence and this can have a psychological impact on the caregivers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of aggressions perpetrated by patients with psychosis on their family caregivers as well as to assess the psychological and traumatic impact on family caregivers and to identify factors associated with it. METHODS: family caregivers of patient with psychosis were interviewed. We used two psychometric scales: the perception of prevalence of aggression scale (POPAS) and the impact of event scale-revised. RESULTS: the whole number of participants was 95. Three out of four caregivers (75.8%) reported having been subjected to moderate to severe aggressions by their sick relatives during the past year. Moderate to severe aggressions were significantly more common among older male caregivers, parents of patients with psychosis living in a different home. Fifty-four point seven percent of caregivers had possible posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the risk of developing this disorder increased significantly as the perceived severity of aggressions increased. The same sociodemographic profile of the caregivers, related to the severity of the aggressions, was associated with a risk of developing PTSD in the caregivers. CONCLUSION: the aggressions committed by patients with psychosis against their family caregivers appear to have a significant psychological and traumatic impact. Interventions targeting violence committed by patients with psychosis in their family environment should also be integrated into patient management.

Escala de Crenças Sobre Violência Conjugal (ECV): versão brasileira / Beliefs Scale on Marital Violence (ECVC): brazilian version / Escala de Creencias Sobre Violencia Conyugal (ECVC): versión brasileña

Este estudo visou traduzir, adaptar e verificar evidências de validade da Escala de Crenças sobre Violência Conjugal (ECVC), bem como investigou diferenças nos índices de concordância com crenças legitimadoras de violência conjugal, considerando as variáveis gênero, escolaridade e possuir filhos. Os participantes foram adultos brasileiros (N = 1.337), maiores de 18 anos, sendo 66,34% pertencentes ao gênero feminino e 33,65% masculino. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias e exploratórias, e análise de comparação das médias através de uma ANOVA. Os 25 itens da escala apresentaram cargas fatoriais superiores a 0,46. A versão brasileira da escala apresentou estrutura unidimensional. Foi observado que os três indicadores utilizados para avaliar a consistência interna apresentaram valores satisfatórios. Por fim, identificou-se que participantes do gênero masculino, com menor escolaridade e com filhos apresentaram maior concordância com crenças legitimadoras de violência conjugal. Os resultados encontrados reforçam as qualidades psicométricas da escala indicando sua aplicabilidade. (AU)

This study aimed to translate, adapt, and verify the evidence of validity of the Belief Scale on Conjugal Violence (Escala de Crenças sobre Violência Conjugal - ECVC), as well as to investigate differences in the indices of agreement with legitimizing beliefs of conjugal violence, considering the variables gender, education, and having children. Participants were Brazilian adults (N = 1,337), over 18 years old, 66.34% of whom were women and 33.65% men. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted, as well as a comparison of means using ANOVA. The 25 items on the scale presented factorial loadings greater than 0.46. The Brazilian version of the scale had a unidimensional structure, and the three indicators used to assess internal consistency showed satisfactory values. Finally, results indicated that men with less education and with children showed greater agreement with beliefs legitimizing conjugal violence. The results reinforce the psychometric qualities of the scale, indicating its applicability. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo traducir, adaptar y verificar evidencias de validez de la Escala de Creencias sobre Violencia Conyugal (ECVC), así como investigar diferencias en los índices de concordancia con las creencias legitimadoras de violencia conyugal, considerando las variables género, educación y tener hijos. Los participantes eran adultos brasileños (N = 1.337), mayores de 18 años, de los cuales el 66,34% eran mujeres y el 33,65% hombres. Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios y exploratorios, y análisis de comparación de medias a través de ANOVA. Los 25 ítems de la escala presentaron cargas factoriales superiores a 0,46. La versión brasileña de la escala tenía una estructura unidimensional. Se observó que los tres indicadores utilizados para evaluar la consistencia interna presentaron valores satisfactorios. Finalmente, se identificó que los varones, con menor nivel educativo y con hijos, mostraron mayor acuerdo con las creencias legitimadoras de la violencia conyugal. Los resultados encontrados denotan las cualidades psicométricas de la escala, reforzando su aplicabilidad. (AU)

COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the global lockdown and its far-reaching effects.

COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the 11th of March 2020, leading to some form of lockdown across almost all countries of the world. The extent of the global pandemic due to COVID-19 has a significant impact on our lives that must be studied carefully to combat it. This study highlights the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on crucial aspects of daily life globally, including; Food security, Global economy, Education, Tourism, hospitality, sports and leisure, Gender Relation, Domestic Violence/Abuse, Mental Health and Environmental air pollution through a systematic search of the literature. The COVID-19 global lockdown was initiated to stem the spread of the virus and 'flatten the curve' of the pandemic. However, the impact of the lockdown has had far-reaching effects in different strata of life, including; changes in the accessibility and structure of education delivery to students, food insecurity as a result of unavailability and fluctuation in prices, the depression of the global economy, increase in mental health challenges, wellbeing and quality of life amongst others. This review article highlights the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown across the globe. As the global lockdown is being lifted in a phased manner in various countries of the world, it is necessary to explore its impacts to understand its consequences comprehensively. This will guide future decisions that will be made in a possible future wave of the COVID-19 pandemic or other global disease outbreak.

Assessment of intimate partner violence abuse ratings by recently abused and never abused women.

BACKGROUND: There are a paucity of directly reported intimate partner violence survivors' experiences, especially in women of color. This study measures recently/currently abused women's ratings of varied abuse events compared to ratings from never abused women. METHODS: Women in a single, urban, public hospital emergency department (ED) were screened for intimate partner violence using the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS). Two groups were identified - women abused within 1 year by an intimate partner or family member and those who screened negative for abuse. Using a two-group longitudinal survey and interview format, women completed visual analog scale ratings (0-100) for each of 20 abuse events/types. For analysis, each abuse type was placed on the 0-100 scale according to its designated rating. RESULTS: Average age of participants in the abuse group (n = 30) was 33. Never abused women averaged age 50 (n = 32). The majority of participants were African-American: abused 67% and never abused 94%. Abused women rated name-calling (p < 0.02) and put-downs (p < 0.01) as more severe than never abused women. Other non-physical and physical forms of abuse such as threats, control, burns or forced sex were perceived more similarly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Abused women perceive verbal abuse events differently compared to never abused women.

Behavioural Problems in a Nationally Representative Sample of Uruguay. Characterisation of Latent Profiles by Socioeconomic Status, Maternal Depression and Family Violence.

CBCL 1½-5 is one of the most widely used behavioural problem screening instruments internationally. However, few studies have explored its psychometric properties in national representative samples. Additionally, there is limited evidence on the existence of latent profiles of behavioural problems in preschool samples. This study aimed to analyse the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CBCL in a representative sample of children from Uruguay (n = 4210), identify latent profiles and characterise profiles according to sociodemographic and family environment variables (maternal depression and violence practices). Our results suggest that the CBCL 1½-5 is reliable. We replicate the seven-correlated-factor solution, which is invariant by sex and age. Three large profiles of behavioural problems were identified (high, medium and low risk) where membership in groups of higher risk was explained by the socioeconomic context, child's sex, maternal depression and, to a lesser extent, violent parental practices.

[Psychopathological consequences of confinement]. / Conséquences psychopathologiques du confinement.

The psychological effects of isolation have already been described in the literature (polar expeditions, submarines, prison). Nevertheless, the scale of confinement implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented. In addition to reviewing the published studies, we need to anticipate the psychological problems that could arise during or at a distance from confinement. We have gone beyond the COVID-19 literature in order to examine the implications of the known consequences of confinement, like boredom, social isolation, stress, or sleep deprivation. Anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidal or addictive behaviours, domestic violence are described effects of confinement, but the mechanisms of emergence of these disorders and their interrelationships remain to be studied. For example, what are the mechanisms of emergence of post-traumatic stress disorders in the context of confinement? We also remind the reader of points of vigilance to be kept in mind with regard to eating disorders and hallucinations. Hallucinations are curiously ignored in the literature on confinement, whereas a vast literature links social isolation and hallucinations. Due to the broad psychopathological consequences, we have to look for these various symptoms to manage them. We quickly summarize the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches already in place, such as telemedicine, which is undergoing rapid development during the COVID-19 crisis.

Violencia de género/familiar en tiempos de cuarentena: revisión crítica de la literatura / Gender/family violence in times of quarantine: critical review of the literature

INTRODUCCIÓN: Ante la crisis de salud mundial a causa del COVID-19, se han implementado medidas de salud pública para la mitigación de la pandemia tales como: i) Cuarentena: la cual consiste en la restricción de movimientos de las personas sanas para prevenir la propagación de una potencial infección y ii) Medidas de distanciamiento social: incluyen medidas en la comunidad para reducir el contacto entre la población como por ejemplo, la restricción de viajes, medidas en el entorno escolar, laboral y comunitario (1). La aplicación de estas medidas tienen como objetivo retrasar el momento de máxima incidencia y reducir el número total de casos de infectados. Sin embargo, tal como se ha venido alertando en medios de comunicación y a través de las líneas de emergencia de diferentes países, estas estrategias de mitigación han logrado visibilizar un incremento de casos de violencia familiar a nivel global, donde además, las principales víctimas son las mujeres y los menores de edad, los cuales ante una situación de cuarentena con sus perpretadores están expuestos a permanentes abusos físicos y psicológicos (2-11). Más aún, la situación de emergencia sanitaria dificulta la posibilidad de encontrar espacios de apoyo fuera del hogar, colocando a esta población en escenarios significativamente riesgosos. La presente revisión crítica de la literatura tiene como principal objetivo analizar y evaluar las diferentes fuentes de informacion sobre el tema de interés y proporcionar al lector un panorama sobre los diversos y posibles debates alrededor de la actual pandemia del COVID-19, como lo es la violencia doméstica y su impacto en la salud de la población. Es el propósito también que, a partir de la discusión presentada, se pueda evidenciar la mayor vulnerabilidad que aún hoy en día experimentan las mujeres y niños a nivel doméstico, así como alertar sobre su agravamiento en situaciones de aislamiento y confinamiento social, con la finalidad de generar estrategias de apoyo y atención, alineadas a la coyuntura actual y a las posibilidades que ésta permita. MÉTODOS: Se realizó búsquedas en Web Of Science y Scholar Google. Adicionalmente, se revisó manualmente los datos publicados por organismos nacionales e internacionales (Organización Mundial de la Salud-OMS, Organización de las Naciones Unidas-ONU Mujeres, Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables-MIMP) y las guías o reportes de experiencias de los países afectados por COVID-19. El grueso de la información sobre experiencias actuales de violencia doméstica se han basado en el análisis de literatura gris, principalmente de artículos y noticias de prensa y organismos vários. DISCUSIÓN: La pandemia del COVID-19 muestra que las poblaciones vulnerables como mujeres y niños, a nivel doméstico, podrían encontrarse en situaciones de riesgo ante la presencia de un agresor. Esta vulnerabilidad se ve reforzada ante desventajas económicas y el distanciamiento geográfico. Siendo el tema de violencia un problema importante de salud pública, llama la atención la carencia de planes colaterales a las estrategias de mitigación para reducir los casos de transmisión de COVID-19, en relación a los efectos de la cuarentena en poblaciones vulnerables. El hallazgo de esta carencia en la presente revisión, podría estar resaltando la necesidad de reforzar la visibilizacion de los problemas de violencia doméstica y principalmente, violencia hacia la mujer como temas prioritarios en la agenda de salud pública a nivel nacional. Desde un enfoque económico, la literatura resalta que la intersección de aspectos desventajosos para las mujeres en comparación a los hombres, tales como el acceso a la educación y oportunidades laborales, se sumarían al presente contexto de emergencia sanitaria en donde la salud física y emocional de muchas mujeres en el Perú se vería más afectada. Esta acumulación de desventajas podría reforzar situaciones de pobreza para este grupo poblacional y consecuencias desfavorables a lo largo del ciclo de vida. El acceso a plataformas virtuales seguras, amigables y disponibles permanentemente se presentan como una alternativa de comunicación para las víctimas ante la ausencia de redes de apoyo y aislamiento físico. Sin embargo, la conexión a servicios de Internet no es accesible para todos. Por lo tanto, la generación de canales de apoyo en donde estructuras y miembros de la comunidad (como por ejemplo, farmacias o bodegas cercanas) estén involucrados sería beneficioso. Finalmente, si bien el tema de violencia está relacionado a diversos aspectos individuales y comunitarios, no deja de ser también un tema político. Por lo tanto, estrategias para combatir esta epidemia de violencia deben ser dirigidas tanto a la víctima como al victimario con el objetivo de generar conciencia, sensibilidad pero también una institucionalización de la protección hacia las poblaciones más vulnerables. CONCLUSIONES: La actual crisis de salud mundial a causa del COVID-19, ha forzado a gobiernos de diversos países a implementar severas medidas de salud pública para la mitigación de la pandemia. Una de ellas es el confinamiento obligatorio. Sin embargo, tal como se viene observando a través de los medios de comunicación y redes sociales, esta medida viene reforzando vulnerabilidades y generando víctimas de diferentes tipos de violencia. Aunque tanto hombres como mujeres pudiesen ser víctimas de violencia, estas últimas constituyen el grueso de los casos de violencia en una relación de pareja y en el ámbito doméstico. Más aún, las experiencias de violencia para mujeres y niños son más frecuentes en espacios rurales y de aislamiento físico o geográfico, donde además las condiciones de desventaja económica, contribuyen a incrementar estas situaciones de vulnerabilidad. Ante la situación de emergencia actual, las opciones de soporte y ayuda se reducen a, si se tuviese acceso, llamadas telefónicas y a través del uso del Internet, siendo ésta última la más segura. Por lo tanto, la configuración de plataformas digitales amigables, asequibles y con disponibilidad de interactuar en tiempo real, posiblemente representen el camino hacia una estrategia de apoyo para las víctimas de violencia doméstica dada su mayor disponibilidad y privacidad, necesarias más aún en contextos de emergencia sanitaria como la que el Perú y el mundo viene combatiendo. No obstante, la implementación de redes de apoyo local deberían formar parte de planes de lucha contra la violencia evitando así desamparar y discriminar a aquellas personas sin acceso a servicios de conexión virtual. La situación de emergencia y su impacto en la salud mental y expresiones de violencia hacia poblaciones vulnerables no son excluyentes. Por lo tanto, un trabajo tanto con las víctimas como con los victimarios es necesario para buscar soluciones desde la raíz del fenómeno social.

Intention to Formally Report Family Violence in South Korea: Based on Black's Theory of Law.

Generally, filing a formal report of family violence is considered a difficult task, although it is the main source from which police can take action. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors predicting the intention to formally report family violence in South Korea, based on Black's theory of law. The data were drawn from the National Survey of Domestic Violence, collected from a representative sample of 5777 members of the South Korean population. The results indicated that people generally showed a greater intention to report violence that they witnessed in other families as opposed to their own family. Perceived gender roles and information about institutions where individuals might seek help for family violence were the strongest negative and positive predictors of the intention to report, respectively. The findings can be used as evidence when developing public education and practical guidelines to promote official reporting of family violence.