Perfil lipídico e fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em idosos acompanhados na atenção primária à saúde / Lipid profile and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in older people seen in primary health care / Perfil lipídico y factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en ancianos seguidos en la atención primaria de salud / Lipid profile and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in older people seen in primary health care

Introdução: As dislipidemias estão entre os fatores de riscos mais importantes para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), além de estarem relacionadas a outras patologias que predispõem às DCV. Em função da elevada prevalência e da incidência de complicações associadas à cronicidade da doença, as dislipidemias representam elevados custos ao setor da saúde e da previdência social. Diante disso, ressalta-se a importância do Sistema Único de Saúde, representado pela Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), em prover práticas de prevenção, diagnóstico e acompanhamento dos pacientes dislipidêmicos, a fim de desonerar o sistema financeiro e promover o envelhecimento saudável. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de perfil lipídico alterado entre os idosos. Além disso, pretendeu-se caracterizar a amostra quanto aos aspectos sociodemográficos, de saúde e de comportamento, bem como analisar os fatores associados à distribuição do perfil lipídico alterado e às características da amostra. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados secundários, obtidos de agosto de 2021 a julho de 2022, tendo como população pacientes idosos em acompanhamento na APS do município de Marau (RS). Todos os dados foram coletados dos prontuários eletrônicos da rede de APS e, após dupla digitação e validação dos dados, a amostra foi caracterizada por meio de estatística descritiva. Foi calculada a prevalência de perfil lipídico alterado com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e foi verificada sua distribuição conforme as variáveis de exposição, empregando-se o teste do χ2 e admitindo-se erro tipo I de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de dislipidemia proporcional entre os sexos foi maior no feminino (33%). A cor de pele predominante foi a branca (76,7%). Cerca de 20% dos pacientes apresentavam colesterol total, colesterol HDL-c e triglicerídeos alterados, enquanto cerca de 15% apresentavam o colesterol HDL-c anormal. Constatou-se que os pacientes dislipidêmicos apresentam mais diabetes e hipertensão em relação aos não dislipidêmicos, ocorrendo a sinergia de fatores de risco para as DCV. Conclusões: A caracterização exercida neste estudo serve de base científica para a compreensão da realidade local e, também, para o direcionamento de políticas públicas na atenção primária que atuem de forma efetiva na prevenção e no controle das dislipidemias e demais fatores de risco cardiovascular.

Introduction: Dyslipidemias are among the most important risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in addition to being related to other pathologies that predispose to CVD. Because of the high prevalence and incidence of complications associated with the chronicity of the disease, dyslipidemias represent high costs for the health and social security sector. This highlights the importance of the Unified Health System, represented by primary health care (PHC), in providing prevention, diagnosis and follow-up practices for dyslipidemic patients to relieve the financial system and promote healthy aging. Objective: The study aimed to describe the prevalence of altered lipid profile among older people. In addition, we sought to characterize the sample in terms of sociodemographic, health and behavioral aspects, as well as to analyze the factors associated with the distribution of the altered lipid profile and the characteristics of the sample. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with secondary data, from August 2021 to July 2022, with older patients being followed up at the PHC in the city of Marau (RS) as the study population. All data were collected from the electronic medical records of the PHC network, and after double-typing and validation, the sample was characterized using descriptive statistics. The prevalence of altered lipid profile was determined with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI), and its distribution was verified according to the exposure variables, using the chi-square test and a type I error of 5%. Results: The prevalence of proportional dyslipidemia between sexes was higher in females (33%). The predominant skin color was white (76.7%). About 20% of the patients had altered total cholesterol, HDL-C and triglycerides, while about 15% had abnormal HDL-C. It was found that more dyslipidemic patients had diabetes and hypertension than non-dyslipidemic patients, with a synergy of risk factors for CVD. Conclusions: The characterization carried out in this study serves as a scientific basis for understanding the local reality and also for directing public policies in PHC that act effectively in the prevention and control of dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors.

Introducción: las dislipidemias se encuentran entre los factores de riesgo más importantes para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), además de estar relacionadas con otras patologías que predisponen a ECV. Debido a la alta prevalencia e incidencia de complicaciones asociadas a la cronicidad de la enfermedad, las dislipidemias representan altos costos para los sectores de salud y seguridad social. Frente a eso, se destaca la importancia del Sistema Único de Salud, representado por la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS), en la provisión de prácticas de prevención, diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes dislipidémicos, con el fin de descongestionar el sistema financiero y promover el envejecimiento saludable. Objetivo: El estudio tiene como objetivo describir la prevalencia del perfil lipídico alterado entre los ancianos. Además, se pretende caracterizar la muestra en cuanto a aspectos sociodemográficos, de salud y conductuales, así como analizar los factores asociados a la distribución del perfil lipídico alterado y las características de la muestra. Métodos: estudio transversal con datos secundarios, de agosto de 2021 a julio de 2022, con pacientes ancianos en seguimiento en la APS del municipio de Marau (RS) como población. Todos los datos fueron recolectados de la historia clínica electrónica de la red de la APS y, luego de doble digitación y validación, la muestra fue caracterizada mediante estadística descriptiva. Se calculó la prevalencia de perfil lipídico alterado con un intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) y se verificó su distribución según las variables de exposición, utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado y admitiendo un error tipo I del 5%. Resultados: la prevalencia de dislipidemia proporcional entre sexos fue mayor en el sexo femenino (33%). El color de piel predominante fue el blanco (76,7%). Alrededor del 20% de los pacientes tenían colesterol total, colesterol HDL-C y triglicéridos alterados, mientras que alrededor del 15% tenían colesterol HDL-C anormal. Se encontró que los pacientes dislipidémicos tienen más diabetes e hipertensión que los pacientes no dislipidémicos, con una sinergia de factores de riesgo para ECV. Conclusiones: la caracterización realizada en este estudio sirve de base científica para comprender la realidad local y también para orientar políticas públicas en atención primaria que actúen de manera efectiva en la prevención y control de la dislipidemia y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Doença falciforme: cuidado com pessoas com úlcera da perna nos serviços de atenção à saúde / Sickle cell disease: caring for people with leg ulcers in heal-thcare services / Enfermedad falciforme: cuidado de personas con úlcera de pierna en los servicios de atención a la salud

Objetivo: identificar o local e os cuidados diretos recebidos por pessoas com úlceras da perna por doença falciforme nos serviços de atenção à saúde. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em 11 centros, no período de agosto de 2019 a abril de 2020. Fizeram parte do estudo 72 pessoas com úlcera da perna ativa. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultado: apresentavam anemia falciforme 91,7% dos participantes, com mediana de três anos de existência da úlcera; 77,8% eram redicivantes; 40,3% compravam os insumos; 66,7% trocavam o próprio curativo no domicílio; 52,8% realizavam uma ou mais trocas diárias; 45,8% dos tratamentos foram prescritos pelo médico; 37,5% eram pomada (colagenase ou antibiótico); 89% não utilizavam compressão para o manejo do edema. Conclusão: a maioria dos participantes não estava inserida na Rede de Atenção à Saúde para o tratamento da úlcera, e não recebia assistência sistematizada e nem insumos apropriados.

Objective: to identify the location and direct care received by people with leg ulcers due to sickle cell disease in health care services. Method: a cross-sectional study carried out in 11 centers from August 2019 to April 2020. The study included 72 people with active leg ulcers. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: a total of 91.7% of the participants had sickle cell anemia, with a median of three years of ulcer existence; 77.8% were recurrent; 40.3% bought the supplies; 66.7% changed their own dressings at home; 52.8% did one or more changes a day; 45.8% of the treatments were prescribed by physician; 37.5% were ointments (collagenase or antibiotics); and 89% did not use compression to manage edema. Conclusion: most of the participants were not included in the Health Care Network for ulcer treatment and did not receive systematized care or appropriate supplies.

Objetivo: identificar el lugar y los cuidados directos recibidos por personas con úlceras de pierna por enfermedad falciforme en los servicios de atención a la salud. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en 11 centros, en el período de agosto de 2019 a abril de 2020. Participaron 72 personas con úlcera de pierna activa. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultado: presentaban anemia falciforme 91,7% de los participantes, con una mediana de tres años de existencia de la úlcera; 77,8% eran recidivantes; 40,3% compraban los insumos; 66,7% cambiaban su propio vendaje en el domicilio; 52,8% realizaban uno o más cambios diarios; 45,8% de los tratamientos fueron prescritos por el médico; 37,5% eran pomada (colagenasa o antibiótico); y 89% no utilizaban compresión para el manejo del edema. Conclusión: la mayoría de los participantes no estaba integrada en la Red de Atención a la Salud para el tratamiento de la úlcera, y no recibía asistencia sistematizada ni insumos apropiados.

Efectos de la COVID-19 en la calidad de la atención de los servicios de salud en Colombia: Revisión de literatura / Effects of COVID-19 on the quality of health care services in Colombia: a literature review / Efeitos da covid-19 na qualidade dos serviços de saúde na colômbia: revisão da literatura

Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha afectado significativamente la calidad de los servicios de cuidado de la salud. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos en los atributos de la calidad en salud de los servicios de atención de enfermedades diferentes a la COVID-19 en Colombia, durante el periodo 2020-2022. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 24 artículos de alcance nacional y otros específicos de departamentos como Antioquia, Córdoba, Santander y Cundinamarca. Resultados: La pandemia por COVID-19 impactó la calidad de los servicios en la atención de enfermedades como cáncer, accidentes cerebrovasculares y de eventos como la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. Conclusión: La calidad de la salud se vio afectada en todas sus dimensiones durante las fases de la pandemia, especialmente en la población con enfermedades crónicas y relacionadas con la salud infantil y materna. Además, se destacaron respuestas como el uso de la telemedicina y de la atención domiciliaria para contribuir a la calidad de la salud en Colombia.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the quality of health care services. Objective: To analyze the effects of COVID-19 on the quality of health care services focused on treating diseases other than COVID-19 in Colombia during the 2020-2022 period. Materials and methods: 24 articles were analyzed, which included some studies focused on national issues and others specific to the departments of Antioquia, Cordoba, Santander, and Cundinamarca. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the quality of health services caring for diseases such as cancer, strokes, and critical circumstances like voluntary termination of pregnancy. Conclusion: All dimensions of health care were affected during the pandemic, especially impacting populations with chronic diseases and diseases related to child and maternal health. It is important to highlight that telemedicine and home care contributed to improving the quality of health in Colombia.

Introdução: A pandemia de COVID-19 afetou significativamente a qualidade dos serviços de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos da COVID-19 nos atributos de qualidade em saúde dos serviços de atenção a outras doenças além da COVID-19 na Colômbia, durante o período 2020-2022. Materiais e métodos: foram analisados 24 artigos de âmbito nacional e outros específicos de departamentos como Antioquia, Córdoba, Santander e Cundinamarca. Resultados: A pandemia da COVID-19 impactou a qualidade dos serviços no cuidado de doenças como câncer, acidente vascular cerebral e eventos como a interrupção voluntária da gravidez. Conclusão: A qualidade da saúde foi afetada em todas as suas dimensões durante as fases da pandemia, especialmente na população com doenças crônicas e doenças relacionadas à saúde infantil e materna. Além disso, foram destacadas respostas como o uso da telemedicina e do atendimento domiciliar para contribuir para a qualidade da saúde na Colômbia.

Manual de organización y funciones de la Dirección de Monitoreo Estratégico de Servicios de Salud / Manual of organization and functions of the Directorate of Strategic Monitoring of Health Services

Las funciones de monitoreo a los servicios de salud, se ven fortalecidas por los sistemas de información en salud, en ese sentido el exitoso avance y consolidación del Sistema Integrado de Salud, la conectividad y funcionalidad del 98% de los establecimientos de salud del Ministerio, permiten ahora continuar con las siguientes etapas del proceso buscando la edificación, expansión, mantenimiento y mejora con el objeto de consolidar la gestión de la información como pieza clave en los procesos de evaluación, monitoreo y toma de decisiones. La Dirección de Monitoreo Estratégico de Servicios de Salud, es partícipe directa en el proceso de planificación, implementación, monitoreo, evaluación y seguimiento del Sistema Integrado de Salud y apuesta por su fortalecimiento como una herramienta efectiva y ágil para la ejecución del monitoreo estratégico

The monitoring functions of health services are strengthened by health information systems, in that sense the successful advancement and consolidation of the Integrated Health System, the connectivity and functionality of 98% of the Ministry's health facilities, They now allow us to continue with the next stages of the process seeking construction, expansion, maintenance and improvement in order to consolidate information management as a key piece in the evaluation, monitoring and decision-making processes. The Directorate of Strategic Monitoring of Health Services is a direct participant in the process of planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and follow-up of the Integrated Health System and is committed to its strengthening as an effective and agile tool for the execution of strategic monitoring

Social participation in health: analysis of progress and challenges for the Region of the Americas / Participación social en materia de salud: análisis de los avances y desafíos para la Región de las Américas / Participação social em saúde: análise do progresso e desafios para a Região das Américas

[ABSTRACT]. This article analyzes the state of social participation in health in the Region of the Americas, framing it within the regional context and commitments assumed by the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization. It aims to provide regional input to the discussion of a resolution on social participation for universal health coverage, health, and well-being at the 77th World Health Assembly in 2024. In the Americas, social participation has evolved from a utilitarian approach to a fundamental aspect of health system governance, enshrined within legal frameworks and recognized as a citizen’s right. Regional resolutions emphasize inclusive policies and intersectoral action to tackle health inequities, meanwhile the World Health Organization handbook on social participation underscores the need for inclusive governance mechanisms and addressing power imbalances. Informed by Member States’ recommendations and scientific literature, the article emphasizes the importance of addressing power imbalances, strengthening legal frameworks, and enhancing capacities of governments and populations. It stresses adapting social participation mechanisms to diverse cultural contexts and ensuring meaningful community involvement in decision-making. Finally, the article advocates for a comprehensive approach to social participation grounded in principles of equity, democracy, and human rights; and fundamentally as an essential component of the primary health care approach. It calls for integrating social participation into health system governance, policy dialogues, capacitybuilding, and evaluation to ensure effective participatory processes.

[RESUMEN]. En este artículo se analiza el estado de la participación social en materia de salud en la Región de las Américas dentro del marco del contexto regional y los compromisos asumidos por los Estados Miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. El objetivo es proporcionar aportes regionales para las deliberaciones en torno a una resolución sobre la participación social para la cobertura universal de salud, la salud y el bienestar en la 77.a Asamblea Mundial de la Salud en el 2024. En la Región de las Américas, la participación social ha evolucionado de un enfoque utilitarista a ser considerada un aspecto fundamental de la gobernanza de los sistemas de salud, consagrado en los marcos jurídicos y reconocido como un derecho ciudadano. Las resoluciones regionales hacen hincapié en las políticas inclusivas y las medidas intersectoriales para abordar las inequidades en materia de salud, mientras que el manual de la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre participación social destaca la necesidad de mecanismos de gobernanza inclusivos y el abordaje de los desequilibrios de poder. Basándose en las recomendaciones de los Estados Miembros y la bibliografía científica, el artículo subraya la importancia de abordar los desequilibrios de poder, fortalecer los marcos jurídicos y mejorar las capacidades de los gobiernos y las poblaciones. Hace hincapié en adaptar los mecanismos de participación social a contextos culturales diversos y garantizar una participación trascendente de la comunidad en la toma de decisiones. Por último, el artículo aboga por un enfoque integral de la participación social basado en principios de equidad, democracia y derechos humanos; y, fundamentalmente, como un componente esencial del enfoque de atención primaria de salud. Insta a integrar la participación social en la gobernanza del sistema de salud, los diálogos sobre las políticas, la creación de capacidad y la evaluación para garantizar procesos participativos eficaces.

[RESUMO]. Este artigo analisa a situação da participação social em saúde na Região das Américas tendo em conta o contexto regional e os compromissos assumidos pelos Estados Membros da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. O objetivo é oferecer contribuições regionais para a discussão de uma resolução sobre participação social para cobertura universal de saúde, saúde e bem-estar na 77ª Assembleia Mundial da Saúde, em 2024. Na Região das Américas, a participação social evoluiu, deixando de ser uma abordagem utilitarista para se tornar um aspecto fundamental de governança do sistema de saúde, consagrada por marcos legais e reconhecida como um direito dos cidadãos. As resoluções regionais enfatizam políticas inclusivas e ações intersetoriais para combater iniquidades em saúde, e o manual da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre participação social ressalta a necessidade de contar com mecanismos inclusivos de governança e abordar desequilíbrios de poder. Com base nas recomendações dos Estados Membros e na literatura científica, o artigo destaca a importância de abordar desequilíbrios de poder, reforçar marcos legais e fortalecer as capacidades dos governos e das populações. Além disso, enfatiza a necessidade de adaptar mecanismos de participação social a diversos contextos culturais e assegurar um envolvimento significativo da comunidade na tomada de decisões. Por fim, o artigo defende uma abordagem abrangente de participação social com base em princípios de equidade, democracia e direitos humanos e, fundamentalmente, como um componente essencial da abordagem de atenção primária em saúde. O artigo urge a integração da participação social na governança do sistema de saúde, em diálogos sobre políticas, no desenvolvimento de capacidades e na avaliação, a fim de assegurar processos participativos efetivos.

Medicamentos de alto costo: el difícil equilibrio entre los derechos individuales y los derechos colectivos / High-cost medicines: the difficult balance between individual and collective rights

[RESUMEN]. Los medicamentos son bienes especiales que cubren necesidades de salud de la población. En las últimas décadas, la industria farmacéutica modificó su estrategia de investigación y desarrollo, y migró su interés desde la exploración de fármacos destinados a enfermedades crónicas padecidas por gran parte de la población hacia la búsqueda de medicamentos para pocas personas que tienen enfermedades raras. Esta falta de masividad en los consumidores se traduce en una oferta selectiva de pocos productos dirigidos a ciertas patologías que tienen un precio muy elevado, lo cual hace difícil tanto el acceso de los pacientes como el brindar cobertura desde los financiadores de la salud. En este artículo se recorre la temática de los medicamentos de alto precio y se incorpora al debate el contexto sanitario, cultural, jurídico, político y económico que la rodea. Se hace hincapié en las diferencias existentes entre los distintos fármacos en términos de eficacia para cambiar el curso natural de las enfermedades para los cuales son indicados, en la construcción del precio al cual estos medicamentos se venden en el mercado, en las consecuencias que tiene ese precio para los financiadores de la salud, y en la relación costo-oportunidad de tener que pagar por ellos en desmedro de otros recursos considerados esenciales. Por último, se reflexiona sobre los derechos legítimos de cada individuo a reclamar el acceso a medicamentos de alto precio por considerarlos fundamentales para recuperar su salud, y de cómo garantizar esa cobertura puede afectar los derechos colectivos de la población, y se aportan ejemplos concretos que ilustran esta situación.

[ABSTRACT]. Medicines are special goods that cover the health needs of the population. In recent decades, the pharmaceutical industry has changed its research and development strategy, shifting its focus from the exploration of medicines for chronic diseases affecting a large part of the population to the search for drugs for rare diseases that affect a small number of people. This lack of a mass consumer base is reflected in a selective offer of a few very high-cost products aimed at certain diseases, which hinders both patient access and financial coverage. This article reviews the issue of high-cost medicines, including its cultural, legal, political, economic, and health aspects. It emphasizes the differences between various medicines in terms of their efficacy in changing the natural course of diseases, their market price, the consequences of their cost for healthcare funders, and the cost-opportunity ratio of having to pay for them at the expense of other essential resources. Finally, the article reflects on the legitimate rights of each individual to claim access to high-cost medicines when they are considered essential to recover a person’s health, and on how guaranteeing such coverage can affect the collective rights of the population. Concrete examples that illustrate this situation are provided.

[RESUMO]. Medicamentos são bens especiais que atendem às necessidades de saúde da população. Nas últimas décadas, a indústria farmacêutica mudou sua estratégia de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, deixando de explorar medicamentos para doenças crônicas que afetam grande parte da população e passando a buscar medicamentos para poucas pessoas com doenças raras. Esse número limitado de consumidores se reflete em uma oferta seletiva de poucos produtos de preço elevado para determinadas doenças, dificultando o acesso dos pacientes e a obtenção de cobertura dos agentes financiadores da saúde. Neste artigo, analisa-se a questão dos medicamentos de alto custo e incorpora-se ao debate o contexto sanitário, cultural, jurídico, político e econômico. São enfatizados os seguintes aspectos: diferenças entre os diferentes medicamentos em termos da eficácia em mudar o curso natural das doenças para as quais são indicados; determinação do preço pelo qual esses medicamentos são vendidos no mercado; consequências desse preço para os agentes financiadores da saúde; e a relação custo-oportunidade de ter de pagar por esses medicamentos em detrimento de outros recursos considerados essenciais. Por fim, reflete-se sobre os direitos legítimos de cada indivíduo de reivindicar acesso a medicamentos de alto custo, por considerá-los essenciais para recuperar a própria saúde, e como a garantia dessa cobertura pode afetar os direitos coletivos da população; também são fornecidos exemplos concretos que ilustram essa situação.

Improving spatial accessibility to health care services in Cali, Colombia: stakeholder assessment of an innovative platform / Mejora de la accesibilidad espacial a los servicios de atención de salud en Cali, Colombia: evaluación de una plataforma innovadora por las partes interesadas / Melhoria da acessibilidade espacial aos serviços de saúde em Cali, Colômbia: avaliação de uma plataforma inovadora pelas partes interessadas

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To (i) ascertain stakeholders’ perceptions of the contextual factors and resources necessary to successfully implement the AMORE platform, a tool that provides accessibility assessments for health care services, considering factors such travel time and traffic conditions, and (ii) identify potential barriers to and facilitators for enhancing spatial accessibility to health care services within the Colombian urban context. Methods. In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of seven key stakeholders. The sample was drawn from individuals involved in development of policies in Colombia, service providers, and users, among others, who had expertise in the field. Interviews were conducted until saturation was reached. Results. The participants had positive views on the appearance of the AMORE platform, highlighting its user-friendly visualization. Suggestions were made about the variables used in the dashboard, the implementation of the platform, potential usage areas, and barriers and facilitators to implementation and use. Barriers included economic, political, and personnel challenges, while facilitators included creating a minimum viable product at a low cost and building interinstitutional and international cooperation. Conclusions. Innovations such as the AMORE platform have the potential to support decision-making processes across various sectors, including public policies and internal processes within private organizations, academia, and the community. However, implementing such a tool has financial, contextual and environmental challenges. The study identified key factors that were considered prerequisites for successfully implementing the AMORE platform in Colombian cities.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. i) Determinar las percepciones de las partes interesadas sobre los factores contextuales y los recursos necesarios para implementar con éxito la plataforma AMORE, una herramienta que proporciona evaluaciones de accesibilidad para los servicios de atención de salud, teniendo en cuenta factores como el tiempo de desplazamiento y el estado del tráfico; y ii) determinar los posibles factores que obstaculizan o favorecen las mejoras en la accesibilidad espacial a los servicios de atención de salud en el contexto urbano en Colombia. Métodos. En este estudio cualitativo, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en una muestra intencional de siete partes interesadas. La muestra se obtuvo a partir de responsables del diseño de políticas en Colombia, prestadores de servicios y usuarios, entre otras personas, con conocimientos en la materia. Las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo hasta llegar al punto de saturación. Resultados. Los participantes tenían una opinión favorable sobre el aspecto de la plataforma AMORE, de la que resaltaban su fácil visualización. Se formularon sugerencias sobre las variables utilizadas en el panel de información, la implementación de la plataforma, las posibles áreas de uso y los elementos que podrían obstaculizar o favorecer su implementación y uso. Los obstáculos incluían desafíos económicos, políticos y de personal, mientras que entre los elementos facilitadores estaban la creación de un producto mínimo viable a bajo costo y el establecimiento de lazos de cooperación interinstitucional e internacional. Conclusiones. Innovaciones como la plataforma AMORE tienen el potencial de brindar apoyo para los procesos de toma de decisiones en diversos sectores, como las políticas públicas y los procesos internos en las organizaciones privadas, el sector académico y la comunidad. Sin embargo, la implementación de una herramienta de este tipo plantea desafíos económicos, contextuales y ambientales. El estudio determinó los factores clave que se consideran requisitos previos para implementar con éxito la plataforma AMORE en las ciudades colombianas.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Os objetivos do estudo foram: i) avaliar as percepções das partes interessadas sobre os fatores contextuais e os recursos necessários para implementação bem-sucedida da plataforma AMORE, uma ferramenta que fornece avaliações sobre a acessibilidade dos serviços de saúde considerando fatores como tempo de deslocamento e condições de trânsito; e ii) identificar possíveis barreiras e facilitadores para melhorar a acessibilidade espacial a serviços de saúde no contexto urbano da Colômbia. Métodos. Neste estudo qualitativo, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com uma amostra intencional de sete partes interessadas principais. A amostra foi composta por indivíduos envolvidos na elaboração de políticas na Colômbia, prestadores de serviços e usuários, entre outros, que tinham conhecimento especializado na área. As entrevistas foram realizadas até se alcançar a saturação. Resultados. Os participantes tiveram opiniões positivas sobre a aparência da plataforma AMORE, destacando a visualização fácil de usar. Foram feitas sugestões sobre as variáveis usadas no painel, a implementação da plataforma, potenciais áreas de uso e barreiras e facilitadores para sua implementação e utilização. As barreiras englobavam dificuldades econômicas, políticas e relacionadas ao pessoal. Já os facilitadores incluíam a criação de um produto mínimo viável de baixo custo e o desenvolvimento de cooperação interinstitucional e internacional. Conclusões. Inovações como a plataforma AMORE têm o potencial de apoiar processos decisórios em vários setores, incluindo políticas públicas e processos internos em organizações privadas, no meio acadêmico e na comunidade. No entanto, a implementação dessa ferramenta envolve desafios financeiros, contextuais e ambientais. O estudo identificou os principais fatores que foram considerados pré-requisitos para o sucesso da implementação da plataforma AMORE em cidades colombianas.

Combating Chronic Disease with Barbershop Health Interventions: A Review of Current Knowledge and Potential for Big Data.

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) using barbershop interventions is an emerging approach to address health disparities and promote health equity. Barbershops serve as trusted community settings for health education, screening services, and referrals. This narrative mini-review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding CBPR employing barbershop interventions and explores the potential for big data involvement to enhance the impact and reach of this approach in combating chronic disease. CBPR using barbershop interventions has shown promising results in reducing blood pressure among Black men and improving diabetes awareness and self-management. By increasing testing rates and promoting preventive behaviors, barbershop interventions have been successful in addressing infectious diseases, including HIV and COVID-19. Barbershops have also played roles in promoting cancer screening and increasing awareness of cancer risks, namely prostate cancer and colorectal cancer. Further, leveraging the trusted relationships between barbers and their clients, mental health promotion and prevention efforts have been successful in barbershops. The potential for big data involvement in barbershop interventions for chronic disease management offers new opportunities for targeted programs, real-time monitoring, and personalized approaches. However, ethical considerations regarding privacy, confidentiality, and data ownership need to be carefully addressed. To maximize the impact of barbershop interventions, challenges such as training and resource provision for barbers, cultural appropriateness of interventions, sustainability, and scalability must be addressed. Further research is needed to evaluate long-term impact, cost-effectiveness, and best practices for implementation. Overall, barbershops have the potential to serve as key partners in addressing chronic health disparities and promoting health equity.

Does the digital economy improve comprehensive total factor productivity in China?

Total factor productivity is an important symbol of high-quality economic development. At present, the question of whether the digital economy can infuse fresh impetus into enhancing total factor productivity has emerged as a prominent concern in China. This paper constructs a new undesirable output to measure comprehensive total factor productivity (CTFP) with the slack-based measure (SBM) undesirable Malmquist-Luenberger index by using 2011-2020 Chinese provincial panel data. Then, this paper explores the impact of the digital economy (DIG) on CTFP with a fixed effects (FE) panel model and a mediating effect model. The results show that CTFP increases by an average of 3.9%, technical efficiency contributes -1.1%, and the contribution rate of technological progress is 5.0%. Technological progress is the main source of CTFP growth. The empirical findings show that the DIG has a positive and significant impact on CTFP. This paper conducts various robustness tests, and the results remain consistent with the previous conclusion. Moreover, mechanism tests suggest that the promoting effect of the DIG on CTFP can be attributed to three main effects: technological innovation, the factor endowment structure and the educational level. Furthermore, the results of heterogeneity analysis demonstrate that the promoting effect of the DIG on CTFP exists in China's eastern, central and western regions. The findings of this research can serve as a valuable reference for informing decision-making processes related to environmental governance and high-quality economic development in China.

Occupational therapy's role in promoting the "Learn the Signs. Act Early." developmental monitoring program to public health employees.

Background: Occupational therapists can play a key role in early identification of delay at the population health level by providing education to public health employees on how to implement developmental monitoring with caregivers of children birth to age 5. Methods: A pretest posttest design was utilized to assess the online education and training that was provided to Department of Public Health employees (N = 339), including Head Start, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, Home Visiting, and Early Intervention. Results: Analysis of pretest-posttest survey data showed significant results for all 12 key learning outcomes. Six out of 12 outcomes were found to have a large effect size (d > 0.8), 4 outcomes indicated a medium effect size (d > 0.5), and 2 outcomes had a small effect size (d > 0.2). Participants gained knowledge of the "Learn the Signs. Act Early." (LTSAE) developmental monitoring program, the difference between developmental monitoring and screening, the state's referral system and age-appropriate parental engagement activities through knowledge of child development. Conclusions: Occupational therapists are child development specialists who can provide education on developmental monitoring and activities for parental engagement. The online course proved to be an effective platform to promote LTSAE within state agencies.

[Homozygous Variant of FANCM of the Fanconi Anemia Pathway Causes Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Investigation of the Pathogenic Mechanism]. / 范科尼贫血通路FANCMåŸºå› çº¯åˆçªå˜å¯¼è‡´æ—©å‘æ€§åµå·¢åŠŸèƒ½ä¸å ¨çš„è‡´ç— æœºåˆ¶.

Objective: Infertility affects approximately one-sixth of the people of childbearing age worldwide, causing not only economic burdens of treatment for families with fertility problems but also psychological stress for patients and presenting challenges to societal and economic development. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to the loss of ovarian function in women before the age of 40 due to the depletion of follicles or decreased quality of remaining follicles, constituting a significant cause of female infertility. In recent years, with the help of the rapid development in genetic sequencing technology, it has been demonstrated that genetic factors play a crucial role in the onset of POI. Among the population suffering from POI, genetic studies have revealed that genes involved in processes such as meiosis, DNA damage repair, and mitosis account for approximately 37.4% of all pathogenic and potentially pathogenic genes identified. FA complementation group M (FANCM) is a group of genes involved in the damage repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), including FANCA-FANCW. Abnormalities in the FANCM genes are associated with female infertility and FANCM gene knockout mice also exhibit phenotypes similar to those of POI. During the genetic screening of POI patients, this study identified a suspicious variant in FANCM. This study aims to explore the pathogenic mechanisms of the FANCM genes of the FA pathway and their variants in the development of POI. We hope to help shed light on potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the affected individuals. Methods: One POI patient was included in the study. The inclusion criteria for POI patients were as follows: women under 40 years old exhibiting two or more instances of basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels>25 IU/L (with a minimum interval of 4 weeks inbetween tests), alongside clinical symptoms of menstrual disorders, normal chromosomal karyotype analysis results, and exclusion of other known diseases that can lead to ovarian dysfunction. We conducted whole-exome sequencing for the POI patient and identified pathogenic genes by classifying variants according to the standards and guidelines established by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Subsequently, the identified variants were validated through Sanger sequencing and subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Plasmids containing wild-type and mutant FANCM genes were constructed and introduced into 293T cells. The 293T cells transfected with wild-type and mutant human FANCM plasmids and pEGFP-C1 empty vector plasmids were designated as the EGFP FANCM-WT group, the EGFP FANCM-MUT group, and the EGFP group, respectively. To validate the production of truncated proteins, cell proteins were extracted 48 hours post-transfection from the three groups and confirmed using GFP antibody. In order to investigate the impact on DNA damage repair, immunofluorescence experiments were conducted 48 hours post-transfection in the EGFP FANCM-WT group and the EGFP FANCM-MUT group to examine whether the variant affected FANCM's ability to localize on chromatin. Mitomycin C was used to induce ICLs damage in vitro in both the EGFP FANCM-WT group and the EGFP FANCM-MUT group, which was followed by verification of its effect on ICLs damage repair using γ-H2AX antibody. Results: In a POI patient from a consanguineous family, we identified a homozygous variant in the FANCM gene, c.1152-1155del:p.Leu386Valfs*10. The patient presented with primary infertility, experiencing irregular menstruation since menarche at the age of 16. Hormonal evaluation revealed an FSH level of 26.79 IU/L and an anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level of 0.07 ng/mL. Vaginal ultrasound indicated unsatisfactory visualization of the ovaries on both sides and uterine dysplasia. The patient's parents were a consanguineous couple, with the mother having regular menstrual cycles. The patient had two sisters, one of whom passed away due to osteosarcoma, while the other exhibited irregular menstruation, had been diagnosed with ovarian insufficiency, and remained childless. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a deletion of four nucleotides (c.1152-1155del) in the exon 6 of the patient's FANCM gene. This variant resulted in a frameshift at codon 386, introducing a premature stop codon at codon 396, which ultimately led to the production of a truncated protein consisting of 395 amino acids. In vitro experiments demonstrated that this variant led to the production of a truncated FANCM protein of approximately 43 kDa and caused a defect in its nuclear localization, with the protein being present only in the cytoplasm. Following treatment with mitomycin C, there was a significant increase in γ-H2AX levels in 293T cells transfected with the mutant plasmid (P<0.01), indicating a statistically significant impairment of DNA damage repair capability caused by this variant. Conclusions: The homozygous variant in the FANCM gene, c.1152-1155del:p.Leu386Valfs*10, results in the production of a truncated FANCM protein. This truncation leads to the loss of its interaction site with the MHF1-MHF2 complex, preventing its entry into the nucleus and the subsequent recognition of DNA damage. Consequently, the localization of the FA core complex on chromatin is disrupted, impeding the normal activation of the FA pathway and reducing the cell's ability to repair damaged ICLs. By disrupting the rapid proliferation and meiotic division processes of primordial germ cells, the reserve of oocytes is depleted, thereby triggering premature ovarian insufficiency in females.

WHO and its transformation - A journey from 1978 to 2024.

The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 was a historic hallmark in the history of public health of the 20th century. It stressed on comprehensive primary health care and led to the slogan of "Health for All by 2000 A.D." The Conference documents made it clear that primary health care was essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country could afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. It was proclaimed to form an integral part of a country's health system. In addition, as a consequence, the overall social and economic development of the community depended on its survival. It was regarded as the first level of contact of individuals, the family, and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work. Instead of disease-centred vertical programs, it emphasised to adopt the horizontal community-based programs. Though the worldwide stir caused by the historic Alma-Ata Conference (1978), giant MNCs of the world remained hibernated for some time but never gave up to turn "health" into "health care" as commodity. Intriguingly enough, health was "forgotten" when the Covenant of the League of Nations was drafted after the First World War. Only at the last moment, world health was included, leading to the Health Section of the League of Nations. Recently, Intergovernmental Negotiating Body has drafted a new Pandemic Treaty which might become disastrous for general well-being and rightful living for citizens in future. All these observations are very much relevant if family medicine and primary care are given due importance at the present moment.

Experiences of patients, parents, and healthcare professionals in the process of transitioning from hospital to community after inpatient pediatric rehabilitation among children with special health care needs.

PURPOSE: Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) may experience disruptions in education due to extended hospitalizations. The purpose of this study was to describe how CSHCN experience educational supports during inpatient rehabilitation and identify the ongoing challenges when planning to return to school. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semi-structured focus groups were conducted with parents (n = 12), former patients (n = 20), and rehabilitation professionals (n = 8). RESULTS: Through qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology, we developed three themes: 1) Inpatient educational support such as instruction and schoolwork helped reduce the learning loss during hospitalization. However, these supports were sometimes complicated by lags in school approvals and challenges in coordination between systems. 2) Transition planning involved establishing necessary services to support CSHCN's educational and healthcare needs at school re-entry. However, families reported limited information and guidance as key barriers. 3) Dynamic courses of school re-entry required continued support after discharge. The participants recommended that reassessment and adjustment of transition plans were often necessary to account for evolving developmental and educational needs but were not always received. CONCLUSIONS: There is an ongoing need to improve communication between clinicians and educators, information for families, and long-term follow-up on the changing educational needs for CSHCN after rehabilitation.

School re-entry after extended hospitalization is challenging for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) due to school disruption, social disconnection, and change in functional abilities.The hospital-to-school transition processes include inpatient educational programs during hospitalization, pre-discharge transition planning, and the subsequent implementation and adjustment of transition plans to facilitate individualized school re-entry.Key areas in need of improving school re-entry include coordination between the hospital and school about rehabilitation and educational goals and information provided to families about transition processes, particularly for newly acquired health conditions.A common need expressed by parents and CSHCN is to simplify and accelerate the process to establish services that support children's educational and healthcare needs.

Hospitals' collection and use of data to address social needs and social determinants of health.

OBJECTIVE: To assess differences in hospitals' collection and use of data on patients' health-related social needs (HRSN) by availability of programs or strategies in place to address patients' HRSN and social determinants of health (SDOH) of communities. DATA SOURCES: The 2021 American Hospital Association Annual Survey and 2022 Information Technology (IT) Supplement. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study described hospitals' engagement in screening and the availability of programs or strategies to address nine different HRSN. We assessed differences in screening rates and uses of data collected through screening among hospitals with and without programs or strategies in place to address HRSN or SDOH using Chi-squared tests of independence. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Analyses were restricted to IT Supplement respondents with complete data for social needs questions asked in the Annual Survey (N = 1997). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In 2022, hospitals used social needs data collected through screening for various purposes including discharge planning and clinical decision-making at their hospital as well as to refer patients to needed resources and assess community-level needs. Hospitals with a program or strategy in place had higher rates of screening across all domains and higher rates of using of data collected through screening for uses involving exchange or coordination with external entities. CONCLUSIONS: Collection of social needs data may help inform the development of programs or strategies to address HRSN and SDOH, which in turn can enable providers to screen for these needs and use the data in the near term for care delivery and in the long term to address community and population needs.

Githinji Gitahi: developing resilient health systems for universal coverage.

Githinji Gitahi talks to Gary Humphreys about the value of cross-sectoral collaboration and health system assessment in the drive towards universal health coverage (UHC).

How does urbanization impact China's carbon emissions: A regional heterogeneity perspective.

In the context of China's green development and "dual carbon" goal, urbanization, as a way to achieve Chinese modernization, has a particularly important effect on green and low-carbon economic development. Firstly, this paper empirically analyzed the influence of urbanization on per capita carbon emissions using Chinese city data and a panel fixed-effects model. Then, the impact mechanisms of urbanization on carbon emissions were examined from both the demand and supply sides. Finally, we analyzed the differences in the transmission mechanisms of urbanization affecting carbon emissions in the eastern, central, and western regions. The results show that (1) urbanization increases per capita carbon emissions. However, this effect shows inter-regional differences, with more significant promotion effects in the eastern and central regions; (2) on the demand side, the residents' consumption intensity can drive carbon emissions, while the rise of human capital agglomeration suppresses carbon emissions; on the supply side, industrial structure can drive carbon emissions, while the increase of green technological innovation suppresses carbon emissions; (3) the consumption effect and the industry effect play a major role in the eastern and central regions, while the intermediary effect is not obvious in the western region. This study can provide important insights for synergizing urbanization and achieving carbon reduction commitments.

Mapping and assessment of groundwater pollution risks in the main aquifer of the Mostaganem plateau (Northwest Algeria): utilizing the novel vulnerability index and decision tree model.

Water plays a pivotal role in socio-economic development in Algeria. However, the overexploitations of groundwater resources, water scarcity, and the proliferation of pollution sources (including industrial and urban effluents, untreated landfills, and chemical fertilizers, etc.) have resulted in substantial groundwater contamination. Preserving water irrigation quality has thus become a primary priority, capturing the attention of both scientists and local authorities. The current study introduces an innovative method to mapping contamination risks, integrating vulnerability assessments, land use patterns (as a sources of pollution), and groundwater overexploitation (represented by the waterhole density) through the implementation of a decision tree model. The resulting risk map illustrates the probability of contamination occurrence in the substantial aquifer on the plateau of Mostaganem. An agricultural region characterized by the intensive nutrients and pesticides use, the significant presence of septic tanks, widespread illegal dumping, and a technical landfill not compliant with environmental standards. The critical situation in the region is exacerbated by excessive groundwater pumping surpassing the aquifer's natural replenishment capacity (with 115 boreholes and 6345 operational wells), especially in a semi-arid climate featuring limited water resources and frequent drought. Vulnerability was evaluated using the DRFTID method, a derivative of the DRASTIC model, considering parameters such as depth to groundwater, recharge, fracture density, slope, nature of the unsaturated zone, and the drainage density. All these parameters are combined with analyses of inter-parameter relationship effects. The results show a spatial distribution into three risk levels (low, medium, and high), with 31.5% designated as high risk, and 56% as medium risk. The validation of this mapping relies on the assessment of physicochemical analyses in samples collected between 2010 and 2020. The results indicate elevated groundwater contamination levels in samples. Chloride exceeded acceptable levels by 100%, nitrate by 71%, calcium by 50%, and sodium by 42%. These elevated concentrations impact electrical conductivity, resulting in highly mineralized water attributed to anthropogenic agricultural pollution and septic tank discharges. High-risk zones align with areas exhibiting elevated nitrate and chloride concentrations. This model, deemed satisfactory, significantly enhances the sustainable management of water resources and irrigated land across various areas. In the long term, it would be beneficial to refine "vulnerability and risk" models by integrating detailed data on land use, groundwater exploitation, and hydrogeological and hydrochemical characteristics. This approach could improve vulnerability accuracy and pollution risk maps, particularly through detailed local data availability. It is also crucial that public authorities support these initiatives by adapting them to local geographical and climatic specificities on a regional and national scale. Finally, these studies have the potential to foster sustainable development at different geographical levels.

The role of positive emotion in harmful health behavior: Implications for theory and public health campaigns.

Meta-analyses have concluded that positive emotions do not reduce appetitive risk behaviors (risky behaviors that fulfill appetitive or craving states, such as smoking and excessive alcohol use). We propose that this conclusion is premature. Drawing on the Appraisal Tendency Framework and related theories of emotion and decision-making, we hypothesized that gratitude (a positive emotion) can decrease cigarette smoking, a leading cause of premature death globally. A series of multimethod studies provided evidence supporting our hypothesis (collective N = 34,222). Using nationally representative US samples and an international sample drawn from 87 countries, Studies 1 and 2 revealed that gratitude was inversely associated with likelihood of smoking, even after accounting for numerous covariates. Other positive emotions (e.g., compassion) lacked such consistent associations, as expected. Study 3, and its replication, provided further support for emotion specificity: Experimental induction of gratitude, unlike compassion or sadness, reduced cigarette craving compared to a neutral state. Study 4, and its replication, showed that inducing gratitude causally increased smoking cessation behavior, as evidenced by enrollment in a web-based cessation intervention. Self-reported gratitude mediated the effects in both experimental studies. Finally, Study 5 found that current antismoking messaging campaigns by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention primarily evoked sadness and compassion, but seldom gratitude. Together, our studies advance understanding of positive emotion effects on appetitive risk behaviors; they also offer practical implications for the design of public health campaigns.

Assessing the spatiotemporal evolution and socioeconomic determinants of PM2.5-related premature deaths in China from 2000 to 2021.

China's swift socioeconomic development has led to extremely severe ambient PM2.5 levels, the associated negative health outcomes of which include premature death. However, a comprehensive explanation of the socioeconomic mechanism contributing to PM2.5-related premature deaths has not yet to be fully elucidated through long-term spatial panel data. Here, we employed a global exposure mortality model (GEMM) and the system generalized method of moments (Sys-GMM) to examine the primary determinants contributing to premature deaths in Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2021. We found that in the research period, premature deaths in China increased by 46 %, reaching 1.87 million, a figure that decreased somewhat after the COVID-19 outbreak. 62 thousand premature deaths were avoided in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2019, primarily due to the decline in PM2.5 concentrations. Premature deaths have increased across all provinces, particularly in North China, and a discernible spatial agglomeration effect was observed, highlighting effects on nearby provinces. The findings also underscored the significance of determinants such as urbanization, import and export trade, and energy consumption in exacerbating premature deaths, while energy intensity exerted a mitigating influence. Importantly, a U-shaped relationship between premature deaths and economic development was unveiled for the first time, implying the need for vigilance regarding potential health impact deterioration and the implementation of countermeasures as the per capita GDP increases in China. Our findings deserve attention from policymakers as they shed fresh insights into atmospheric control and Health China action.