Quantification Approaches in Non-Target LC/ESI/HRMS Analysis: An Interlaboratory Comparison.

Nontargeted screening (NTS) utilizing liquid chromatography electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/HRMS) is increasingly used to identify environmental contaminants. Major differences in the ionization efficiency of compounds in ESI/HRMS result in widely varying responses and complicate quantitative analysis. Despite an increasing number of methods for quantification without authentic standards in NTS, the approaches are evaluated on limited and diverse data sets with varying chemical coverage collected on different instruments, complicating an unbiased comparison. In this interlaboratory comparison, organized by the NORMAN Network, we evaluated the accuracy and performance variability of five quantification approaches across 41 NTS methods from 37 laboratories. Three approaches are based on surrogate standard quantification (parent-transformation product, structurally similar or close eluting) and two on predicted ionization efficiencies (RandFor-IE and MLR-IE). Shortly, HPLC grade water, tap water, and surface water spiked with 45 compounds at 2 concentration levels were analyzed together with 41 calibrants at 6 known concentrations by the laboratories using in-house NTS workflows. The accuracy of the approaches was evaluated by comparing the estimated and spiked concentrations across quantification approaches, instrumentation, and laboratories. The RandFor-IE approach performed best with a reported mean prediction error of 15× and over 83% of compounds quantified within 10× error. Despite different instrumentation and workflows, the performance was stable across laboratories and did not depend on the complexity of water matrices.

Alzheimer's disease: using gene/protein network machine learning for molecule discovery in olive oil.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a profound human, social, and economic burden. Previous studies suggest that extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) may be helpful in preventing cognitive decline. Here, we present a network machine learning method for identifying bioactive phytochemicals in EVOO with the highest potential to impact the protein network linked to the development and progression of the AD. A balanced classification accuracy of 70.3 ± 2.6% was achieved in fivefold cross-validation settings for predicting late-stage experimental drugs targeting AD from other clinically approved drugs. The calibrated machine learning algorithm was then used to predict the likelihood of existing drugs and known EVOO phytochemicals to be similar in action to the drugs impacting AD protein networks. These analyses identified the following ten EVOO phytochemicals with the highest likelihood of being active against AD: quercetin, genistein, luteolin, palmitoleate, stearic acid, apigenin, epicatechin, kaempferol, squalene, and daidzein (in the order from the highest to the lowest likelihood). This in silico study presents a framework that brings together artificial intelligence, analytical chemistry, and omics studies to identify unique therapeutic agents. It provides new insights into how EVOO constituents may help treat or prevent AD and potentially provide a basis for consideration in future clinical studies.

An AI-powered patient triage platform for future viral outbreaks using COVID-19 as a disease model.

Over the last century, outbreaks and pandemics have occurred with disturbing regularity, necessitating advance preparation and large-scale, coordinated response. Here, we developed a machine learning predictive model of disease severity and length of hospitalization for COVID-19, which can be utilized as a platform for future unknown viral outbreaks. We combined untargeted metabolomics on plasma data obtained from COVID-19 patients (n = 111) during hospitalization and healthy controls (n = 342), clinical and comorbidity data (n = 508) to build this patient triage platform, which consists of three parts: (i) the clinical decision tree, which amongst other biomarkers showed that patients with increased eosinophils have worse disease prognosis and can serve as a new potential biomarker with high accuracy (AUC = 0.974), (ii) the estimation of patient hospitalization length with ± 5 days error (R2 = 0.9765) and (iii) the prediction of the disease severity and the need of patient transfer to the intensive care unit. We report a significant decrease in serotonin levels in patients who needed positive airway pressure oxygen and/or were intubated. Furthermore, 5-hydroxy tryptophan, allantoin, and glucuronic acid metabolites were increased in COVID-19 patients and collectively they can serve as biomarkers to predict disease progression. The ability to quickly identify which patients will develop life-threatening illness would allow the efficient allocation of medical resources and implementation of the most effective medical interventions. We would advocate that the same approach could be utilized in future viral outbreaks to help hospitals triage patients more effectively and improve patient outcomes while optimizing healthcare resources.

CYP2E1 in 1,4-dioxane metabolism and liver toxicity: insights from CYP2E1 knockout mice study.

1,4-Dioxane (DX), an emerging water contaminant, is classified as a Group 2B liver carcinogen based on animal studies. Understanding of the mechanisms of action of DX liver carcinogenicity is important for the risk assessment and control of this environmental pollution. Previous studies demonstrate that high-dose DX exposure in mice through drinking water for up to 3 months caused liver mild cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage, a process correlating with hepatic CYP2E1 induction and elevated oxidative stress. To access the role of CYP2E1 in DX metabolism and liver toxicity, in the current study, male and female Cyp2e1-null mice were exposed to DX in drinking water (5000 ppm) for 1 week or 3 months. DX metabolism, redox and molecular investigations were subsequently performed on male Cyp2e1-null mice for cross-study comparisons to similarly treated male wildtype (WT) and glutathione (GSH)-deficient Gclm-null mice. Our results show that Cyp2e1-null mice of both genders were resistant to DX-induced hepatocellular cytotoxicity. In male Cyp2e1-null mice exposed to DX for 3 months, firstly, DX metabolism to ß-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid was reduced to ~ 36% of WT levels; secondly, DX-induced hepatic redox dysregulation (lipid peroxidation, GSH oxidation, and activation of NRF2 antioxidant response) was substantially attenuated; thirdly, liver oxidative DNA damage was at a comparable level to DX-exposed WT mice, accompanied by suppression of DNA damage repair response; lastly, no aberrant proliferative or preneoplastic lesions were noted in DX-exposed livers. Overall, this study reveals, for the first time, that CYP2E1 is the main enzyme for DX metabolism at high dose and a primary contributor to DX-induced liver oxidative stress and associated cytotoxicity. High dose DX-induced genotoxicity may occur via CYP2E1-independent pathway(s), potentially involving impaired DNA damage repair.

Safety and potency of BIV1-CovIran inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2: A preclinical study.

The development of effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines is a major move forward in our global effort to control the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The aims of this study were (1) to develop an inactivated whole-virus SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine named BIV1-CovIran and (2) to determine the safety and potency of BIV1-CovIran inactivated vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Infectious virus was isolated from nasopharyngeal swab specimen and propagated in Vero cells with clear cytopathic effects in a biosafety level-3 facility using the World Health Organization's laboratory biosafety guidance related to COVID-19. After characterisation of viral seed stocks, the virus working seed was scaled-up in Vero cells. After chemical inactivation and purification, it was formulated with alum adjuvant. Finally, different animal species were used to determine the toxicity and immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate. The study showed the safety profile in studied animals including guinea pig, rabbit, mice and monkeys. Immunisation at two different doses (3 or 5 µg per dose) elicited a high level of SARS-CoV-2 specific and neutralising antibodies in mice, rabbits and nonhuman primates. Rhesus macaques were immunised with the two-dose schedule of 5 or 3 µg of the BIV1-CovIran vaccine and showed highly efficient protection against 104 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 intratracheal challenge compared with the control group. These results highlight the BIV1-CovIran vaccine as a potential candidate to induce a strong and potent immune response that may be a promising and feasible vaccine to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Comprehensive profiling and semi-quantification of exogenous chemicals in human urine using HRMS-based strategies.

Chemicals infiltrate our daily experiences through multiple exposure pathways. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is routinely used to comprehensively understand these chemical interactions. Historically, HBM depended on targeted screening methods limited to a relatively small set of chemicals with triple quadrupole instruments typically. However, recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) have facilitated the use of broad-scope target, suspect, and non-target strategies, enhancing chemical exposome characterization within acceptable detection limits. Despite these advancements, establishing robust and efficient sample treatment protocols is still essential for trustworthy broad-range chemical analysis. This study sought to validate a methodology leveraging HRMS-based strategies for accurate profiling of exogenous chemicals and related metabolites in urine samples. We evaluated five extraction protocols, each encompassing various chemical classes, such as pharmaceuticals, plastic additives, personal care products, and pesticides, in terms of their extraction recoveries, linearity, matrix effect, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The most effective protocol was extensively validated and subsequently applied to 10 real human urine samples using wide-scope target analysis encompassing over 2000 chemicals. We successfully identified and semi-quantified a total of 36 chemicals using an ionization efficiency-based model, affirming the methodology's robust performance. Notably, our results dismissed the need for a deconjugation step, a typically labor-intensive and time-consuming process.

Development of Liquid Chromatographic Retention Index Based on Cocamide Diethanolamine Homologous Series (C(n)-DEA).

There is a growing need for indexing and harmonizing retention time (tR) data in liquid chromatography derived under different conditions to aid in the identification of compounds in high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) based suspect and nontarget screening of environmental samples. In this study, a rigorously tested, inexpensive, and simple system-independent retention index (RI) approach is presented for liquid chromatography (LC), based on the cocamide diethanolamine homologous series (C(n = 0-23)-DEA). The validation of the CDEA based RI system was checked rigorously on eight different instrumentation and LC conditions. The RI values were modeled using molecular descriptor free technique based on structural barcoding and convolutional neural network deep learning. The effect of pH on the elution pattern of more than 402 emerging contaminants were studied under diverse LC settings. The uncertainty associated with the CDEA RI model and the pH effect were addressed and the first RI bank based on CDEA calibrants was developed. The proposed RI system was used to enhance identification confidence in suspect and nontarget screening while facilitating successful comparability of retention index data between various LC settings. The CDEA RI app can be accessed at https://github.com/raalizadeh/RIdea.

First Novel Workflow for Semiquantification of Emerging Contaminants in Environmental Samples Analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry.

The ionization efficiency of emerging contaminants was modeled for the first time in gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) which is coupled to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (APCI). The recent chemical space has been expanded in environmental samples such as soil, indoor dust, and sediments thanks to recent use of high-resolution mass spectrometric techniques; however, many of these chemicals have remained unquantified. Chemical exposure in dust can pose potential risk to human health, and semiquantitative analysis is potentially of need to semiquantify these newly identified substances and assist with their risk assessment and environmental fate. In this study, a rigorously tested semiquantification workflow was proposed based on GC-APCI-HRMS ionization efficiency measurements of 78 emerging contaminants. The mechanism of ionization of compounds in the APCI source was discussed via a simple connectivity index and topological structure. The quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR)-based model was also built to predict the APCI ionization efficiencies of unknowns and later use it for their quantification analyses. The proposed semiquantification method could be transferred into the household indoor dust sample matrix, and it could include the effect of recovery and matrix in the predictions of actual concentrations of analytes. A suspect compound, which falls inside the application domain of the tool, can be semiquantified by an online web application, free of access at http://trams.chem.uoa.gr/semiquantification/.

A novel workflow for semi-quantification of emerging contaminants in environmental samples analyzed by LC-HRMS.

There is an increasing need for developing a strategy to quantify the newly identified substances in environmental samples, where there are not always reference standards available. The semi-quantitative analysis can assist risk assessment of chemicals and their environmental fate. In this study, a rigorously tested and system-independent semi-quantification workflow is proposed based on ionization efficiency measurement of emerging contaminants analyzed in liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR)-based model was built to predict the ionization efficiency of unknown compounds which can be later used for their semi-quantification. The proposed semi-quantification method was applied and tested in real environmental seawater samples. All semi-quantification-related calculations can be performed online and free of access at http://trams.chem.uoa.gr/semiquantification/ .

Chemical characterisation of Pelargonium sidoides root based on LC-QToF-MS non-target screening strategies.

INTRODUCTION: Pelargonium sidoides is a member of the Geraniaceae family and it originates from the coastal regions of South Africa. In the last decades, Pelargonium sidoides root has been subjected to several surveys due to the assertion of its health benefits, such as the relief of symptoms of acute bronchitis, common cold and acute rhinosinusitis. Many studies have been conducted to reveal its naturally occurring bioactive chemicals, yet no wide-scope chemical characterisation strategies have been done using mass spectrometry. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to comprehensively characterise the chemical profile of Pelargonium sidoides root via high-resolution mass spectrometry. METHODOLOGY: The Pelargonium sidoides root was extracted by a mixture of methanol: water in the proportion of 80:20. The extraction procedure included vortexing, shaking as well as the use of an ultrasound sonication bath under 40°C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was evaporated to dryness. The dry residue was reconstituted with a mixture of methanol/water (50:50, v/v), filtered and injected into an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometer. RESULTS: Overall, 33 compounds were identified in the root using suspect and non-target screening. These compounds were originated from different classes of compounds such as amino acids, phenolic acids, α-hydroxy-acids, vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarins, coumarins glucosides, coumarin sulphates and nucleotides. Quantitative results were provided for the identified compounds, where their reference standards were available. CONCLUSION: Some important compounds were elucidated, belonging to different classes of compounds such as antioxidants (coumarins and phenolic compounds), amino acids, nucleotides and vitamins revealing the importance of the bioactive content of this root.

Development and Application of Liquid Chromatographic Retention Time Indices in HRMS-Based Suspect and Nontarget Screening.

There is an increasing need for comparable and harmonized retention times (tR) in liquid chromatography (LC) among different laboratories, to provide supplementary evidence for the identity of compounds in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based suspect and nontarget screening investigations. In this study, a rigorously tested, flexible, and less system-dependent unified retention time index (RTI) approach for LC is presented, based on the calibration of the elution pattern. Two sets of 18 calibrants were selected for each of ESI+ and ESI-based on the maximum overlap with the retention times and chemical similarity indices from a total set of 2123 compounds. The resulting calibration set, with RTI set to range between 1 and 1000, was proposed as the most appropriate RTI system after rigorous evaluation, coordinated by the NORMAN network. The validation of the proposed RTI system was done externally on different instrumentation and LC conditions. The RTI can also be used to check the reproducibility and quality of LC conditions. Two quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR)-based models were built based on the developed RTI systems, which assist in the removal of false-positive annotations. The applicability domains of the QSRR models allowed completing the identification process with higher confidence for substances within the domain, while indicating those substances for which results should be treated with caution. The proposed RTI system was used to improve confidence in suspect and nontarget screening and increase the comparability between laboratories as demonstrated for two examples. All RTI-related calculations can be performed online at http://rti.chem.uoa.gr/.

Development of a Wine Metabolomics Approach for the Authenticity Assessment of Selected Greek Red Wines.

Wine metabolomics constitutes a powerful discipline towards wine authenticity assessment through the simultaneous exploration of multiple classes of compounds in the wine matrix. Over the last decades, wines from autochthonous Greek grape varieties have become increasingly popular among wine connoisseurs, attracting great interest for their authentication and chemical characterization. In this work, 46 red wine samples from Agiorgitiko and Xinomavro grape varieties were collected from wineries in two important winemaking regions of Greece during two consecutive vintages and analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF-MS). A targeted metabolomics methodology was developed, including the determination and quantification of 28 phenolic compounds from different classes (hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, stilbenes and flavonoids). Moreover, 86 compounds were detected and tentatively identified via a robust suspect screening workflow using an in-house database of 420 wine related compounds. Supervised chemometric techniques were employed to build an accurate and robust model to discriminate between two varieties.

Honey Phenolic Compound Profiling and Authenticity Assessment Using HRMS Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics.

Honey consumption is attributed to potentially advantageous effects on human health due to its antioxidant capacity as well as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, which are mainly related to phenolic compound content. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites of plants, and their content in honey is primarily affected by the botanical and geographical origin. In this study, a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) method was applied to determine the phenolic profile of various honey matrices and investigate authenticity markers. A fruitful sample set was collected, including honey from 10 different botanical sources (n = 51) originating from Greece and Poland. Generic liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate as the extractant was used to apply targeted and non-targeted workflows simultaneously. The method was fully validated according to the Eurachem guidelines, and it demonstrated high accuracy, precision, and sensitivity resulting in the detection of 11 target analytes in the samples. Suspect screening identified 16 bioactive compounds in at least one sample, with abscisic acid isomers being the most abundant in arbutus honey. Importantly, 10 markers related to honey geographical origin were revealed through non-targeted screening and the application of advanced chemometric tools. In conclusion, authenticity markers and discrimination patterns were emerged using targeted and non-targeted workflows, indicating the impact of this study on food authenticity and metabolomic fields.

Authentication of Greek PDO Kalamata Table Olives: A Novel Non-Target High Resolution Mass Spectrometric Approach.

Food science continually requires the development of novel analytical methods to prevent fraudulent actions and guarantee food authenticity. Greek table olives, one of the most emblematic and valuable Greek national products, are often subjected to economically motivated fraud. In this work, a novel ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) analytical method was developed to detect the mislabeling of Greek PDO Kalamata table olives, and thereby establish their authenticity. A non-targeted screening workflow was applied, coupled to advanced chemometric techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) in order to fingerprint and accurately discriminate PDO Greek Kalamata olives from Kalamata (or Kalamon) type olives from Egypt and Chile. The method performance was evaluated using a target set of phenolic compounds and several validation parameters were calculated. Overall, 65 table olive samples from Greece, Egypt, and Chile were analyzed and processed for the model development and its accuracy was validated. The robustness of the chemometric model was tested using 11 Greek Kalamon olive samples that were produced during the following crop year, 2018, and they were successfully classified as Greek Kalamon olives from Kalamata. Twenty-six characteristic authenticity markers were indicated to be responsible for the discrimination of Kalamon olives of different geographical origins.

The strength in numbers: comprehensive characterization of house dust using complementary mass spectrometric techniques.

Untargeted analysis of a composite house dust sample has been performed as part of a collaborative effort to evaluate the progress in the field of suspect and nontarget screening and build an extensive database of organic indoor environment contaminants. Twenty-one participants reported results that were curated by the organizers of the collaborative trial. In total, nearly 2350 compounds were identified (18%) or tentatively identified (25% at confidence level 2 and 58% at confidence level 3), making the collaborative trial a success. However, a relatively small share (37%) of all compounds were reported by more than one participant, which shows that there is plenty of room for improvement in the field of suspect and nontarget screening. An even a smaller share (5%) of the total number of compounds were detected using both liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thus, the two MS techniques are highly complementary. Most of the compounds were detected using LC with electrospray ionization (ESI) MS and comprehensive 2D GC (GC×GC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electron ionization (EI), respectively. Collectively, the three techniques accounted for more than 75% of the reported compounds. Glycols, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and various biogenic compounds dominated among the compounds reported by LC-MS participants, while hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives, and chlorinated paraffins and chlorinated biphenyls were primarily reported by GC-MS participants. Plastics additives, flavor and fragrances, and personal care products were reported by both LC-MS and GC-MS participants. It was concluded that the use of multiple analytical techniques was required for a comprehensive characterization of house dust contaminants. Further, several recommendations are given for improved suspect and nontarget screening of house dust and other indoor environment samples, including the use of open-source data processing tools. One of the tools allowed provisional identification of almost 500 compounds that had not been reported by participants.

Investigating the organic and conventional production type of olive oil with target and suspect screening by LC-QTOF-MS, a novel semi-quantification method using chemical similarity and advanced chemometrics.

The discrimination of organic and conventional production has been a critical topic of public discussion and constitutes a scientific issue. It remains a challenge to establish a correlation between the agronomical practices and their effects on the composition of olive oils, especially the phenolic composition, since it defines their organoleptic and nutritional value. Thus, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometric method was developed, using target and suspect screening workflows, coupled with advanced chemometrics for the identification of phenolic compounds and the discrimination between organic and conventional extra virgin olive oils. The method was optimized by one-factor design and response surface methodology to derive the optimal conditions of extraction (methanol/water (80:20, v/v), pure methanol, or acetonitrile) and to select the most appropriate internal standard (caffeic acid or syringaldehyde). The results revealed that extraction with methanol/water (80:20, v/v) was the optimum solvent system and syringaldehyde 1.30 mg L-1 was the appropriate internal standard. The proposed method demonstrated low limits of detection in the range of 0.002 (luteolin) to 0.028 (tyrosol) mg kg-1. Then, it was successfully applied in 52 olive oils of Kolovi variety. In total, 13 target and 24 suspect phenolic compounds were identified. Target compounds were quantified with commercially available standards. A novel semi-quantitation strategy, based on chemical similarity, was introduced for the semi-quantification of the identified suspects. Finally, ant colony optimization-random forest model selected luteolin as the only marker responsible for the discrimination, during a 2-year study. Graphical abstract Investigation of the organic and conventional production type of olive oil by LC-QTOF-MS.

Olive oil authenticity studies by target and nontarget LC-QTOF-MS combined with advanced chemometric techniques.

Food analysis is continuously requiring the development of more robust, efficient, and cost-effective food authentication analytical methods to guarantee the safety, quality, and traceability of food commodities with respect to legislation and consumer demands. Hence, a novel reversed-phase ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry analytical method was developed that uses target, suspect, and nontarget screening strategies coupled with advanced chemometric tools for the investigation of the authenticity of extra virgin olive oil. The proposed method was successfully applied in real olive oil samples for the identification of markers responsible for the sensory profile. The proposed target analytical method includes the determination of 14 phenolic compounds and demonstrated low limits of detection ranging from 0.015 µg mL-1 (apigenin) to 0.039 µg mL-1 (vanillin) and adequate recoveries (96-107 %). A suspect list of 60 relevant compounds was compiled, and suspect screening was then applied to all the samples. Semiquantitation of the suspect compounds was performed with the calibration curves of target compounds having similar structures. Then, a nontarget screening workflow was applied with the aim to identify additional compounds so as to differentiate extra virgin olive oils from defective olive oils. Robust classification-based models were built with the use of supervised discrimination techniques, partial least squares-discriminant analysis and counterpropagation artificial neural networks, for the classification of olive oils into extra virgin olive oils or defective olive oils. Variable importance in projection scores were calculated to select the most significant features that affect the discrimination. Overall, 51 compounds were identified and suggested as markers, among which 14, 26, and 11 compounds were identified by target, suspect, and nontarget screening respectively. Retrospective analysis was also performed and identified 19 free fatty acids. Graphical Abstract Development of a novel RP-LC-ESI-QTOFMS analytical method employing target, suspect and non-target screening strategies coupled to advanced chemometric tools for the investigation of markers responsible for the sensory profile of extra virgin olive oil and guarantee authenticity.

Extended Suspect and Non-Target Strategies to Characterize Emerging Polar Organic Contaminants in Raw Wastewater with LC-HRMS/MS.

An integrated workflow based on liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-QTOF-MS) was developed and applied to detect and identify suspect and unknown contaminants in Greek wastewater. Tentative identifications were initially based on mass accuracy, isotopic pattern, plausibility of the chromatographic retention time and MS/MS spectral interpretation (comparison with spectral libraries, in silico fragmentation). Moreover, new specific strategies for the identification of metabolites were applied to obtain extra confidence including the comparison of diurnal and/or weekly concentration trends of the metabolite and parent compounds and the complementary use of HILIC. Thirteen of 284 predicted and literature metabolites of selected pharmaceuticals and nicotine were tentatively identified in influent samples from Athens and seven were finally confirmed with reference standards. Thirty four nontarget compounds were tentatively identified, four were also confirmed. The sulfonated surfactant diglycol ether sulfate was identified along with others in the homologous series (SO4C2H4(OC2H4)xOH), which have not been previously reported in wastewater. As many surfactants were originally found as nontargets, these compounds were studied in detail through retrospective analysis.

Analysis of B-Raf[Formula: see text] inhibitors using 2D and 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and pharmacophore studies.

In the present work, a molecular modeling study was carried out using 2D and 3D quantitative structure-activity relationships for the various series of compounds known as B-Raf[Formula: see text] inhibitors. For 2D-QSAR analysis, a linear model was developed by MLR based on GA-OLS with appropriate results [Formula: see text], which was validated by several external validation techniques. To perform a 3D-QSAR analysis, CoMFA and CoMSIA methods were used. The selected CoMFA model could provide reliable statistical values [Formula: see text] based on the training set in the biases of the selected alignment. Using the same selected alignment, a statistically reliable CoMSIA model, out of thirty-one different combinations, was also obtained [Formula: see text]. The predictive accuracy of the derived models was rigorously evaluated with the external test set of nineteen compounds based on several validation techniques. Molecular docking simulations and pharmacophore analyses were also performed to derive the true conformations of the most potent inhibitors with B-Raf[Formula: see text] kinase.

Wide-scope target and suspect screening of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge from Nigerian WWTPs by UPLC-qToF-MS.

There is currently a paucity of scientific data in Africa on the analysis and occurrence of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge. In this work, the occurrence of European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive priority substances and wide-range emerging contaminants were investigated and discussed comprehensively in the sewage sludge samples from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Lagos, Nigeria. The identification strategy was implemented by target and suspect screening in liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. 250 compounds were identified in the sewage sludge samples from the investigated WWTPs. From 250 detected compounds, 182 compounds were quantified, and 78 compounds significantly show high environmental risk score (calculated from provisional no-effect concentrations values (PNEC) as well as their environmental quality data (EQs)). Most of contaminants detected at high amount belong to pharmaceuticals and are from hospital WWTP. While the highest concentration (72.4 mg kg-1) was measured for salicylic acid (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), antibiotics showed high concentrations up to 24.4 and 28.4 mg kg-1 for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively. Three simple factors including frequency of exceedance, frequency of occurrence and extent of exceedance were used to aid prioritization of these substances in future monitoring campaigns. This work presents the first comprehensive and wide-scope screening of a large number of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge from Nigerian WWTPs.