ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a growing global health concern. In recent decades, natural and synthetic chromenone have emerged as promising drug candidates due to their multi-target potential. Natural chromenone, quercetin, scopoletin, esculetin, coumestrol, umbelliferone, bergapten, and methoxsalen (xanthotoxin), and synthetic chromenone hybrids comprising structures like acridine, 4-aminophenyl, 3-arylcoumarins, quinoline, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-triazole, and tacrine, have been explored for their potential to combat AD. Key reactions used for synthesis of chromenone hybrids include Perkin and Pechmann condensation. The activity of chromenone hybrids has been reported against several drug targets, including AChE, BuChE, BACE-1, and MAO-A/B. This review comprehensively explores natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic chromenone, elucidating their synthetic routes, possible mode of action/drug targets and structure-activity relationships (SAR). The acquired knowledge provides valuable insights for the development of new chromenone hybrids against AD.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Drug Discovery , Animals , Humans , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Benzopyrans/chemistry , Benzopyrans/pharmacology , Benzopyrans/chemical synthesis , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/chemistry , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity Relationship , Acridines/chemical synthesis , Acridines/chemistry , Acridines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
This article reports an amide based Chemosensor used for selective detection of divalent Cu+2 and Ni+2 ions via Fluorescence turn off. The selective sensing ability of Chemosensor was investigated in presence of different metal ions Mg2+, Ag+, Fe2+, K+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Pd2+, Cd2+ and Mn3+ as competitive ions. The receptor i. e. Chemosensor formed complexes with metal ions in 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The detection limit and binding constant calculated as 1.92×10-4 and 1.4×10-4 M and 2.16×103 M-1 and 3.09×103 M-1 for Cu2+ and Ni2+ions respectively. The complexes were characterized by UV/visible, FT-IR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Further the structure and Crystallinity were calculated by P-XRD spectral analysis. The crystallinity found to be 65.27 and 67.87% respectively.
Subject(s)
Copper/analysis , Molecular Probes/chemistry , Nickel/analysis , Cations, Divalent/analysis , Cations, Divalent/chemistry , Copper/chemistry , Fluorescence , Limit of Detection , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Nickel/chemistry , Pyridines/chemistry , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods , Thiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Patients with chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC) generally respond well to treatment with drugs like Dapsone and oral and topical steroids. Refractory cases are additionally treated with immunosuppressants like azathioprine, methotrexate, ciclosporin, colchicine, tetracycline, and IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin). However, there are few patients who fail to respond to these therapies and pose a challenge both to the patient and the treating physician. Rituximab has been used widely to treat pemphigus cases in adults, but its use in children has not been much reported. We hereby report a case of a 5-year-old child with CBDC, refractory to other treatments, who responded favorably to Rituximab.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Skin ulcers, especially of the lower extremities, encompass a myriad of causes that a clinician must analyze. Case Re- port. A 45-year-old hypothyroid woman presented with a 6-year history of recurrent widespread eruptions of rashes and ulcers on her skin. She was diagnosed to have pyoderma gangrenosum and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. She was successfully managed with a novel combination of azathioprine and methotrexate. CONCLUSION: Pyoderma gangrenosum is an unusual wounding disease that makes the diagnosis and manage- ment challenging. In addition, occurrence of these 2 distinct entities together and their association with preexisting hypothyroidism is new to the scienti c literature and hence discussed here.
Subject(s)
Hypothyroidism/complications , Pyoderma Gangrenosum/complications , Pyoderma Gangrenosum/pathology , Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/complications , Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/pathology , Azathioprine/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Hypothyroidism/physiopathology , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Methotrexate/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Pyoderma Gangrenosum/drug therapy , Pyoderma Gangrenosum/immunology , Remission Induction , Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/drug therapy , Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is re-emerging as a significant problem in India due to increased incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), other immunosuppressive states/factors like drugs, and emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR-TB). Proper diagnosis is warranted as there is varied clinical presentation and similarity with many other diseases. OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivities of DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and histopathology for the diagnosis of cutaneous TB in clinically suspected skin lesions. METHODS: Clinically suspected cases of cutaneous TB were enrolled in the study. Two skin punch biopsies were taken from each patient and sent for histopathology examination and DNA PCR with culture, respectively. RESULTS: Of the total 70 cases enrolled, 49 were detected as cutaneous TB by the above tests. The sensitivities of DNA PCR, culture, and histopathology were 24.5, 16.3, and 91.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: DNA PCR and culture should be advised in cases of cutaneous TB with inconclusive histopathology. DNA PCR should be considered in preference over culture if facilities are available as it gives rapid results and has a higher sensitivity.
Subject(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/pathology , Adolescent , Adult , Bacteriological Techniques , Biopsy , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Skin/pathology , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/microbiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Oral isotretinoin is highly effective in all forms and grades of acne, even in lower dosages (<0.5 mg/kg/day). There is a paucity of comparative data on the various low-dose regimens of oral isotretinoin in the Indian literature. OBJECTIVES: To assess and compare the efficacy and tolerability of two low-dose oral isotretinoin treatment regimens (20 mg daily and 20 mg alternate days) in moderate to severe acne vulgaris. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 240 patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris were selected and randomized into two groups and treated with a fixed dose of 20 mg of isotretinoin (Group A - daily and Group B - alternate days) for 24 weeks and followed up for 12 weeks post therapy. RESULTS: A total of 234 patients completed the study. At the end of therapy, decrease in the total acne loads up to 98.99% (Group A) and 97.69% (Group B) was achieved from the baseline (P < 0.01), excellent response was observed in 98.3% (Group A) and 93.96% (Group B) patients (P = 0.166). In the severe acne, Group A performed significantly better than Group B until the end of 36 weeks. While in the moderate acne, significant difference in the response between both groups was observed only up to 12 weeks. No serious side effect was observed. CONCLUSION: Both isotretinoin regimens were well tolerated and found to be an effective treatment for moderate to severe acne vulgaris. However, in moderate acne 20 mg alternate day regimen may be preferred. A 20 mg daily regimen is a better choice for severe acne in terms of response. LIMITATION: Small sample size and short follow-up period.
ABSTRACT
Ichthyosis hystrix is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis, characterized by persistent spiny hyperkeratotic scales which cover a significant part of the skin surface. Based on the pattern of distribution, five clinical variants namely Brocq type, Lambert type, Curth-Macklin type, Rheydt type and Bδfverstedt type have been described. We report the case of an 11-year-old male child with spiny, hyperkeratotic scales all over the body since birth with sparing of scalp and central part of the face. Palmoplantar keratoderma was also present. These clinical features are suggestive of Ichthyosis Curth Macklin, which has been typically described in families. However, family history was negative in our patient. The case is being reported on account of rarity of the disease, that too with a very rare sporadic presentation.
ABSTRACT
Hand eczema is often a chronic, multifactorial disease. It is usually related to occupational or routine household activities. Exact etiology of the disease is difficult to determine. It may become severe enough and disabling to many of patients in course of time. An estimated 2-10% of population is likely to develop hand eczema at some point of time during life. It appears to be the most common occupational skin disease, comprising 9-35% of all occupational diseases and up to 80% or more of all occupational contact dermatitis. So, it becomes important to find the exact etiology and classification of the disease and to use the appropriate preventive and treatment measures. Despite its importance in the dermatological practice, very few Indian studies have been done till date to investigate the epidemiological trends, etiology, and treatment options for hand eczema. In this review, we tried to find the etiology, epidemiology, and available treatment modalities for chronic hand eczema patients.
Subject(s)
Azathioprine/administration & dosage , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Methotrexate/administration & dosage , Skin Diseases/diagnosis , Skin Diseases/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , Adult , Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Oral isotretinoin is recommended for severe nodulocystic acne in the doses of 1-2 mg/kg/day which is usually associated with higher incidence of adverse effects. To reduce the incidence of side-effects and to make it more cost-effective, the lower dose regimen of isotretinoin has been used. AIM: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of oral isotretinoin in daily, alternate, pulse and low-dose regimens in acne of all types and also to assess whether it can be used for mild and moderate acne also. METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients with acne were randomized into four different treatment regimens each consisting of 30 patients. Group A was prescribed isotretinoin 1 mg/kg/day, Group B 1 mg/kg alternate day, Group C 1 mg/kg/day for one week/four weeks and Group D 20 mg every alternate day for 16 weeks. Patients were further followed for eight weeks to see any relapse. Side-effects were also recorded. RESULTS: Though the daily high dose treatment Group A performed better initially at eight weeks, at the end of therapy at 16 weeks results were comparable in Group A , B and D. Patients with severe acne did better in Group A than in Group B, C and D. Patients with mild acne had almost similar results in all the groups while patients with moderate acne did better in Group A, B and D. Frequency and severity of treatment-related side-effects were significantly higher in treatment Group A as compared to Group B, C and D. CONCLUSION: We conclude that for severe acne either conventional high doses of isotretinoin may be used or we can give conventional high dose for initial eight weeks and later maintain on low doses. Use of isotretinoin should be considered in mild to moderate acne also, in low doses; 20 mg, alternate day seems to be an effective and safe treatment option in such cases.
Subject(s)
Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy , Isotretinoin/administration & dosage , Adolescent , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Chi-Square Distribution , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Isotretinoin/adverse effects , Isotretinoin/therapeutic use , Male , Recurrence , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultSubject(s)
Heavy Metal Poisoning , Poisoning/diagnosis , Selenium/toxicity , Trace Elements/toxicity , Adult , Alopecia/chemically induced , Alopecia/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Nail Diseases/chemically induced , Nail Diseases/diagnosis , Poisoning/complications , Selenium/administration & dosage , Trace Elements/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Progeria is a rare genetic disorder characterized by premature aging, involving the skin, bones, heart, and blood vessels. We report a 4-year-old boy who presented with clinical manifestations of progeria. He had characteristic facies, prominent eyes, scalp and leg veins, senile look, loss of scalp hair, eyebrows and eyelashes, stunted growth, and sclerodermatous changes. The present case is reported due to its rarity.
Subject(s)
Alopecia/pathology , Pigmentation Disorders/pathology , Scleroderma, Localized/pathology , Alopecia/etiology , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Pigmentation Disorders/etiology , Progeria/complications , Progeria/pathology , Scleroderma, Localized/etiologySubject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Azathioprine/therapeutic use , Clobetasol/therapeutic use , Eczema/drug therapy , Hand Dermatoses/drug therapy , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Adult , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Eczema/diagnosis , Hand Dermatoses/diagnosis , Patch Tests/methods , Adult , Eczema/immunology , Female , Hand Dermatoses/immunology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Patch Tests/standards , Young AdultABSTRACT
Punch grafting is an established treatment modality for management of localized, nonprogressive vitiligo resistant to conventional therapies.(1) In our set up, punch grafting is routinely carried out in focal vitiligo, segmental vitiligo and even in few cases of generalized vitiligo, especially when it is a serious cosmetic problem.(2) However, the procedure is adopted only when the disease is stable for a sufficient period. All patients are routinely kept on psoralen tablets and ultraviolet light exposure from sunlight (PUVA sol therapy) after 2-3 weeks of punch grafting. Interestingly, follow up of such patients revealed conspicuous repigmentation in surrounding ungrafted patches in four of the patients (out of 55 follow-up cases). Herein, this phenomenon has been aptly termed satellite repigmentation (SR). To the best of our knowledge, no other report documenting SR after punch grafting exists in the medical literature. We report the observations of these four patients.