ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the frequency, clinicopathological features, and HPV status of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OP-SCC) and benign HPV-related epithelial lesions of the oropharynx over the last 25 years. Moreover, a literature review was performed to investigate HPV frequency in OP-SCC samples diagnosed in Brazilian Centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study analyzed OP-SCC, squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, and condyloma accuminatum, diagnosed from 1997 to 2021. HPV status of OP-SCC was determined by immunohistochemistry and "in situ" hybridization. Bivariate statistics were performed (p≤0.05). For the literature review, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies for eligibility. RESULTS: Cross-sectional: 211 OP-SCC (63.0%) and 124 benign lesions (37.0%) were included. OP-SCC frequency increased gradually over time, whereas benign lesions had steady trends. OP-SCC affected more males (n= 171; 81.0%), though the relative frequency in females rose over time. Smoking (n= 127; 60.2%) was common in OP-SCC. Nineteen OP-SCC (13.0%) were positive for HPV. HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors had similar clinicopathological features (p>0.05). Benign lesions predominated in middle-aged (n= 32; 26.7%) women (n= 71; 57.3%), in the soft palate (n=101; 81.5%). LITERATURE REVIEW: 32 studies were included, and in 60% of them, HPV frequency in OP-SCC was less than 25%. CONCLUSIONS: OP-SCC prevalence has been increasing, and it was mostly associated with smoking and alcohol rather than with HPV infection in Brazil. Benign lesions had a stationary frequency over the evaluated period.
Subject(s)
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms , Papillomavirus Infections , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Brazil/epidemiology , Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/virology , Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Adult , Aged , Time Factors , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/virology , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/epidemiology , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/pathologyABSTRACT
There is much evidence to support that Mocis latipes larvae (Guenèe, 1852) are the most dangerous pasture pest and usually cause large environmental losses. However, no studies have been carried out to identify the instars during which this moth causes the most damage to the environment. Here we calculate M. latipes larval energy budget to assess its consumption across all instars and estimate the consumption/amount of plant biomass required to complete its larval development. Assimilation, respiration, consumption, excretion, gross growth efficiency and net growth efficiency were calculated. Pearson correlations were used to identify the best predictors that influenced larval growth and weight. Across all instars consumption increased exponentially, especially during the last phase. M. latipes larvae consumed ca 13.8 percent of total food from the first to the fifth instar, whereas during the sixth instars these larvae consumed ca 72.6 percent. Results also show that the best gross growth and net growth efficiency were obtained when larvae reached the fifth instar. The results also show that one larva of Mocis latipes consumes 1.02 g (dry weight) of Paspalum maritimum (Trin) in 19 days. Overall, our results indentified the sixth instar as the most destructive instar of this insect. Thus, once we know the most destructive instars of this pest, measures can be taken to disable M. latipes larval development and consequently stop their increase in plant consumption, reducing ecological and economic damage. This knowledge may eventually lead to reduced agricultural damage and contribute to sustainable farming strategies.
Inúmeras evidências indicam a larva de Mocis latipes (Guenèe, 1852) como uma das pragas de pastagem mais perigosas e que comumente causam grandes perdas ambientais. Entretanto, nenhum estudo foi feito para identificar qual a fase de desenvolvimento em que o dano ao ambiente é maior. Neste trabalho, nós calculamos o balanço energético larval de M. latipes para descobrir o consumo em cada instar e estimar o consumo requerido para completar o desenvolvimento larval. A assimilação, respiração, excreção, consumo e os coeficientes, bruto e líquido, do crescimento foram calculados. Correlações de Pearson foram usadas para identificar os preditores que mais influenciavam o crescimento da larva. Resultados indicaram que o consumo aumentou exponencialmente durante os instares, especialmente durante o último instar. Larvas de M. latipes consumiram aproximadamente 13,8 por cento do recurso alimentar total entre o primeiro e o quinto instar, enquanto que no sexto instar consumiram 72,6 por cento. Os resultados também indicaram que o consumo bruto e o consumo líquido foram maiores nos últimos instares. Também se verificou que apenas uma larva consumiu 1,02 g de Paspalum maritimum (Poaceae) em 19 dias. Em resumo, nossos resultados identificaram o sexto instar como o mais destrutivo. Uma vez que se conheça o instar mais destrutivo, medidas mais eficazes podem ser tomadas para inibir o desenvolvimento larval de M. Latipes e o crescimento significativo do seu consumo e, consequentemente, reduzir danos ao ambiente. Este conhecimento pode, eventualmente, contribuir para reduzir danos à agricultura e contribuir para seu desenvolvimento sustentável.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Life Cycle Stages/physiology , Moths/growth & development , Agriculture , Eliminative Behavior, Animal/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Larva/growth & development , Larva/physiology , Moths/classification , Moths/physiologyABSTRACT
The length-weight relationship and condition factor have been broadly investigated in snails to obtain the index of physical condition of populations and evaluate habitat quality. Herein, our goal was to describe the best predictors that explain Achatina fulica biometrical parameters and well being in a recently introduced population. From November 2001 to November 2002, monthly snail samples were collected in Lauro de Freitas City, Bahia, Brazil. Shell length and total weight were measured in the laboratory and the potential curve and condition factor were calculated. Five environmental variables were considered: temperature range, mean temperature, humidity, precipitation and human density. Multiple regressions were used to generate models including multiple predictors, via model selection approach, and then ranked with AIC criteria. Partial regressions were used to obtain the separated coefficients of determination of climate and human density models. A total of 1.460 individuals were collected, presenting a shell length range between 4.8 to 102.5 mm (mean: 42.18 mm). The relationship between total length and total weight revealed that Achatina fulica presented a negative allometric growth. Simple regression indicated that humidity has a significant influence on A. fulica total length and weight. Temperature range was the main variable that influenced the condition factor. Multiple regressions showed that climatic and human variables explain a small proportion of the variance in shell length and total weight, but may explain up to 55.7 percent of the condition factor variance. Consequently, we believe that the well being and biometric parameters of A. fulica can be influenced by climatic and human density factors.
A relação peso comprimento e o fator de condição têm sido bastante explorados em pesquisas envolvendo caracóis para obter o índice de condição física em populações e avaliar a condição do habitat. Neste trabalho, nosso objetivo foi descrever que variáveis influenciam os parâmteros biométricos e o bem estar de Achatina fulica em uma recente introdução. De novembro de 2001 a novembro de 2002, amostras mensais desses caracóis foram coletadas na cidade de Lauro de Freitas (Bahia), Brasil. Em seguida, os caracóis foram acondicionados em laboratório e foram obtidos o tamanho da concha e o seu peso. A partir desses dados a curva potencial e o fator de condição foram calculados. Cinco variáveis ambientais foram consideradas: amplitude de temperatura, temperatura média, humidade, precipitação e densidade humana. Regressões múltiplas foram usadas para gerar modelos preditivos através do critério de seleção e logo foram ordenados utilizando o critério de Akaíke. Regressões parciais foram usadas para obter os coeficientes de determinação do clima e fatores humanos. Um total de 1460 indivíduos foram coletados, apresentando uma amplitude de crescimento de concha entre 4,9 a 102,5 mm (média 42,18 mm). A relação entre o crescimento total e o peso revelou que A. fulica apresentou um crescimento alométrico negativo. Regressões simples indicaram que a umidade teve uma influencia significativa sobre o tamanho total e o peso. A amplitude de temperatura foi a variável que mais influenciou o fator de condição. Os modelos de regressão múltipla indicaram que os fatores climáticos e humanos explicaram uma pequena porção da variança, no entanto explicou 55,8 por cento da variância do fator de condição. Consequentemente, acreditamos que o bem estar e os parâmetros biométricos de A. Fulica podem ser influenciados por fatores climáticos e humanos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Ecosystem , Snails/growth & development , Biometry , Brazil , Humidity , Population Density , Seasons , Snails/anatomy & histology , TemperatureABSTRACT
The goal of this study was to document the distribution and establishment A. fulica such as their feeding preference and behavior in situ. The study was carried out at the city of Lauro de Freitas, Bahia state, Brazil, between November 2001 and November 2002. We used catch per unit effort methods to determine abundance, distribution, habitat choice and food preferences. The abundance and distribution of A. fulica was most representative in urban area, mainly near to the coastline. Lots and house gardens were the most preferred sites during active hours. The results indicated that A. fulica started their activity at the end of the evening and stopped in mid-morning. Their preferred food were vascular plants such as Hibiscus syriacus, Ricinus communis, Carica papaya, Galinsonga coccinea, Lippia alba, Ixora coccinea, Musa parasidisiaca, Mentha spicata and Cymbopogon citrates. Our results indicate that A. fulica are well adapted and established in this city and modified environments facilitate their establishment and dispersion. However, human perturbation, such as clearance of lots could be limiting for the persistence of A. fulica populations.
O objetivo deste estudo foi documentar a distribuição e o estabelecimento de Achatina fulica, assim como sua preferência alimentar e aspectos comportamentais in situ. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na cidade de Lauro de Freitas, Estado da Bahia, Brasil, durante os meses de novembro de 2001 a novembro de 2002. Usamos o método de esforço de captura determinado por homem/hora para calcular a abundância e distribuição, habitats preferidos, além de preferência alimentar. Vimos que a abundância e distribuição de A. fulica foram mais representativas em áreas urbanas, sobretudo cerca da linha de costa. Os terrenos e jardins de casas foram os locais preferidos pelos caracóis quando estavam em atividade. Os resultados indicaram que os caracóis A. fulica iniciam sua atividade no final da tarde e hibernam no meio da manhã. A comida preferida destes caracóis foram plantas vasculares como Hibiscus syriacus, Ricinus Communis, Carica papaya, Galinsonga coccinea, Lippia alba, Ixora coccinea, Musa parasidisiaca, Mentha spicata and Cymbopogon citrates. Nossos dados sugerem que o A. fulica está plenamente adaptado e estabelecido nesta cidade e, também, que ambientes modificados facilitam seu estabelecimento e dispersão. Entretanto, a perturbação humana, como a limpeza de terrenos pode ser um fator limitante para a persistência da população de A. fulica.