Assessment of serum cytokines predicts clinical and endoscopic outcomes to vedolizumab in ulcerative colitis patients.

AIMS: Vedolizumab (VDZ) prevents migration of activated leucocytes into inflamed mucosa. This study aimed to assess the patterns of serum cytokines in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients at baseline and during VDZ treatment, and to investigate their association with mucosal healing and clinical remission. METHODS: We enrolled consecutive UC patients eligible for treatment with VDZ. A panel of serum cytokines were measured by fluorescence assay at weeks 0, 6 and 22. Colonoscopy was performed at baseline and week 54, to evaluate mucosal healing. The time trends of serum cytokines were analysed by log-linear mixed effect models, and their prognostic accuracy was evaluated by logistic regression. RESULTS: Out of 27 patients included in the analysis, at week 54 mucosal healing was achieved in 12 (44%) and clinical remission in 17 (63%). Mucosal healing was associated with higher interleukin (IL)-8 values at baseline and with significant decrease in IL-6 and IL-8 levels over the first 6 weeks. A significant reduction of IL-6 and IL-8 levels over the first 6 weeks of treatment was associated also with clinical remission. Logistic models including, among the predictors, IL-6 and IL-8 at baseline and their changes over the first 6 weeks of treatment had 83% sensitivity and 87% specificity to predict mucosal healing, and 82% sensitivity and 90% specificity to predict clinical remission. CONCLUSION: In UC patients, the serum patterns of IL-6 and IL-8 at baseline and over the first 6 weeks of treatment with VDZ could be useful to predict therapeutic outcome.

Corticosteroid Treatment at Diagnosis: An Analysis of Relapses, Disease Extension, and Colectomy Rate in Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic relapsing disease usually treated with mesalamine. The need of steroid therapy at diagnosis is generally considered as a poor prognostic factor. AIMS: The aim of our study was to assess whether patients treated with corticosteroids at diagnosis have more clinical relapses, disease progression, or an increased risk of colectomy during a 5-year follow-up. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patients who had received diagnosis of ulcerative colitis with a 5-year follow-up. Relapse was defined as a worsening of symptoms requiring an increase in medical treatment. Progression of disease was defined as a proximal extension of mucosal involvement, comparing the colonoscopy performed 5 years after diagnosis with the first one. The need of corticosteroid treatment at diagnosis was correlated to number of relapses, disease progression, and colectomy rate. RESULTS: We included 230 patients, 116 of them (50%) treated with steroids at diagnosis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that there is a strong correlation between corticosteroid use and number of relapses (p < 0.01), as well as with disease progression (p < 0.05). Seventeen patients (7.4%) underwent colectomy, but the correlation with steroids was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence that the need of corticosteroids at diagnosis is associated with a worse clinical outcome.

From Reduction to Apocope: Final Poststressed Vowel Devoicing in Brazilian Portuguese.

This is a study of final poststressed vowel devoicing following /s/ in Brazilian Portuguese. We contradict the literature describing it as deletion by arguing, first, that the vowel is not deleted, but overlapped and devoiced by the /s/, and, second, that gradient reduction with devoicing may lead to apocope diachronically. The following results support our view: (1) partially devoiced vowels are centralized; (2) centralization is inversely proportional to duration; (3) total devoicing is accompanied by lowering of the /s/ centroid; (4) the /s/ noise seems to be lengthened when the vowel is totally devoiced; (5) aerodynamic tests reveal that lengthened /s/ has a final vowel-like portion, too short to be voiced; (6) lengthened /s/ favors vowel recovery in perceptual tests. This seems to be a likely path from reduction to devoicing to listener-based apocope.

Fecal calprotectin: current and future perspectives for inflammatory bowel disease treatment.

Fecal calprotectin has been widely studied in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) under clinical and therapeutic settings. It showed a good correlation with clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings. For these reasons, fecal calprotectin is currently one of the most useful tools in IBD care, both in diagnosis and in clinical management. The development of biologic drugs allowed a deeper control of disease, which sometimes reaches histological healing; this is associated with a reduced risk of relapses and complications. The management of IBD treatment is currently carried out with a treat-to-target approach, and mucosal healing is considered at present to be the optimal therapeutic target, but the future is going through histologic remission. Fecal calprotectin is probably the best marker of mucosal healing, but it is correlated also with histologic remission: moreover, it has been recently studied as a possible therapeutic target in the CALM study. We carried out a comprehensive literature review in order to evaluate the role of fecal calprotectin at present and in the future in the management of IBD therapies.

Fecal Calprotectin Predicts Mucosal Healing in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis Treated With Biological Therapies: A Prospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Biological therapies are widely used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. However, only a low proportion of patients achieve clinical remission and even less mucosal healing. There is currently scarce knowledge about the early markers of therapeutic response, with particular regard to mucosal healing. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the role of fecal calprotectin (FC) as early predictor of mucosal healing. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on patients with ulcerative colitis, who started biological therapy with infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or vedolizumab at our center. All patients underwent colonoscopy, performed by 2 blinded operators, at baseline and week 54 or in case of therapy discontinuation because of loss of response. FC was assessed at baseline and week 8 and evaluated as putative predictor of mucosal healing at week 54. RESULTS: We enrolled 109 patients, and 97 were included in the analysis. Twenty-six patients (27%) experienced loss of response. Over 71 patients (73%) with clinical response at week 54, clinical remission was obtained in 60 patients (61.9%) and mucosal healing in 45 patients (46.4%). After 8 weeks of treatment, FC predicted mucosal healing at week 54 (P < 0.0001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were estimated to be 75%, 88.9%, 86.6%, and 75.5%, respectively, based on a cutoff of 157.5 mg/kg. DISCUSSION: The present study suggests that FC assessment after 8 weeks of treatment with all the biological drugs could represent a promising early marker of response to therapy in terms of mucosal healing.

Novel Prognostic Biomarkers of Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Treated With Anti-TNF: Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio.

BACKGROUND: Anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs (anti-TNFs) are widely used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, many patients experience loss of response during the first year of therapy. An early predictor of clinical remission and mucosal healing is needed. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are markers of subclinical inflammation poorly evaluated in UC patients treated with anti-TNFs. The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate whether NLR and PLR could be used as prognostic markers of anti-TNF treatment response. METHODS: Patients with UC who started anti-TNF treatment in monotherapy were evaluated. Patients with concomitant corticosteroid treatment ≥20 mg were excluded. We calculated NLR, PLR, and fecal calprotectin before treatment and after induction. The values of NLR and PLR were correlated with clinical remission and mucosal healing at the end of follow-up (54 weeks) using the Mann-Whitney U test and then multivariate analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients were included. Patients who reached mucosal healing after 54 weeks of therapy displayed lower levels of both baseline NLR and PLR (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.04, respectively); similar results were obtained at week 8 (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Patients who presented with active ulcers at baseline endoscopic evaluation had higher baseline NLR and PLR values compared with those without detected ulcers (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: BothNLR and PLR showed a promising role as early predictors of therapeutic response to anti-TNF therapy in UC patients. If confirmed in larger studies, classification and regression trees proposed in this article could be useful to guide clinical decisions regarding anti-TNF treatment.

Early vedolizumab trough levels predict treatment persistence over the first year in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: Data from trials of vedolizumab for inflammatory bowel disease and from real-world studies suggest an exposure-response relationship, such that vedolizumab trough levels may predict clinical and endoscopic outcomes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate in a prospective observational study the utility of an early vedolizumab trough level assay for predicting the first-year vedolizumab therapy outcome. Methods: This prospective observational study included consecutive inflammatory bowel disease patients. We measured vedolizumab trough levels and anti-vedolizumab antibodies at weeks 6 and 14. Clinical outcome was assessed at weeks 6, 14, 22 and 54. The primary endpoint was the correlation between early vedolizumab trough levels and vedolizumab persistence over the first year of treatment, defined as the maintenance of vedolizumab therapy due to sustained clinical benefit. Results: We included 101 patients initiating vedolizumab. A cut-off vedolizumab trough level of 16.55 µg/ml at week 14 predicted vedolizumab persistence within the first year of therapy, with 73.3% sensitivity and 59.4% specificity (p = 0.0009). Week 14 vedolizumab trough level was significantly higher in patients with clinical remission at weeks 14, 22 and 54; and in patients achieving mucosal healing within 54 weeks. Conclusion: High vedolizumab trough level at week 14 was associated with a higher probability of maintaining vedolizumab therapy over the first year due to sustained clinical benefit.

From bench to bedside: Fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel diseases clinical setting.

Fecal calprotectin (FC) has emerged as one of the most useful tools for clinical management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Many different methods of assessment have been developed and different cut-offs have been suggested for different clinical settings. We carried out a comprehensive literature review of the most relevant FC-related topics: the role of FC in discriminating between IBD and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and its use in managing IBD patients In patients with intestinal symptoms, due to the high negative predictive value a normal FC level reliably rules out active IBD. In IBD patients a correlation with both mucosal healing and histology was found, and there is increasing evidence that FC assessment can be helpful in monitoring disease activity and response to therapy as well as in predicting relapse, post-operative recurrence or pouchitis. Recently, its use in the context of a treat-to-target approach led to a better outcome than clinically-based therapy adjustment in patients with early Crohn's disease. In conclusion, FC measurement represents a cheap, safe and reliable test, easy to perform and with a good reproducibility. The main concerns are still related to the choice of the optimal cut-off, both for differentiating IBD from IBS, and for the management of IBD patients.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: common overlapping gastrointestinal disorders.

Several studies have indicated an overlap between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and various functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The overlapping conditions reported have mainly been functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The available literature is frequently based on symptomatic questionnaires or endoscopic procedures to diagnose GERD. Rarely, among patients with heartburn, pathophysiological evaluations have been considered to differentiate those with proven GERD from those without. Moreover, both GERD and IBS or FD showed enormous heterogeneity in terms of the criteria and diagnostic procedures used. The GERD-IBS overlap ranges from 3-79% in questionnaire-based studies and from 10-74% when GERD has been diagnosed endoscopically. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia (after normal upper endoscopy) is 12-15% and an overlap with GERD has been reported frequently. Only a few studies have considered a potential overlap between functional heartburn (FH) and IBS using a 24-h pH-metry or impedance-pH evaluation. Similar data has been reported for an overlap between FH and FD. Recently, a revision of the Rome criteria for esophageal FGIDs identified both FH and hypersensitive esophagus (HE) as potential functional esophageal disorders. This might increase the potential overlap between different FGIDs, with FH and HE rather than with GERD. The aim of the present review article was to appraise and discuss the current evidence supporting the possible concomitance of GERD with IBS and FD in the same patients and to evaluate how various GERD treatments could impact on the quality of life of these patients.

Extra-esophageal presentation of gastroesophageal reflux disease: new understanding in a new era.

Associations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with extraesophageal manifestations, such as chronic cough, asthma, and laryngitis, are reported frequently, and there is a strong evidence of biological plausibility in support of this relationship. On the other hand, extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD) is usually multifactorial in nature with reflux being just one of the several potential contributing cofactors. Moreover, the accuracy of currently available diagnostic tests for EERD is suboptimal, and therefore the causal relationship between GERD and EERD remains far from being conclusively proven. In addition, there is a general paucity of data supporting a beneficial effect of anti-reflux treatments on symptoms of patients with suspected EERD. Therefore, diagnostic as well as therapeutic management of EERD remains largely empirical. Current guidelines suggest an initial empiric trial of proton pump inhibitors in patients without alarm features, who present also typical GERD symptoms. For those patients who improve with PPIs, GERD is presumed to be the etiology. In patients with refractory reflux, combined impedance/pH monitoring might provide the single best strategy for evaluating reflux symptoms. In this context, as symptoms ascribable to GERD may depend on other causes, investigations that excludes GERD can help to redirect the diagnostic and treatment efforts to other pathological conditions. The present review intends to discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the challenging diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with suspected EERD, emphasizing the points of strengths and limitations of currently available diagnostic options, and to provide an update on major diagnostic innovations in this area.

Neuroendocrine Dysregulation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial disorder, involving dysregulation of brain-gut axis. Our aim was to evaluate the neuroendocrine activity in IBS. METHODS: Thirty IBS and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Psychological symptoms were evaluated by questionnaires. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, plasma serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), endothelin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and plasma and urinary cortisol levels were evaluated. Fourteen IBS subjects underwent microneurography to obtain multiunit recordings of efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). RESULTS: Prevalent psychological symptoms in IBS were maladjustment (60%), trait (40%) and state (17%) anxiety, obsessive compulsive-disorders (23%), and depressive symptoms (23%). IBS showed increased NPY (31.9 [43.7] vs 14.8 [18.1] pmol/L, P = 0.006), 5-HT (214.9 [182.6] vs 141.0 [45.5] pg/mL, P = 0.010), and endothelin [1.1 [1.4] vs 2.1 [8.1] pg/mL, P = 0.054], compared to healthy volunteers. Moreover, plasma NPY, endothelin, cortisol and 5-HT, and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were associated with some psychological disorders (P ≤ 0.05). Despite a similar resting MSNA, after cold pressor test, IBS showed a blunted increase in MSNA burst frequency (+4.1 vs +7.8 bursts/min, P = 0.048; +30.1% vs +78.1%, P = 0.023). Baseline MSNA tended to be associated with urinary cortisol (ρ = 0.557, P = 0.059). Moreover, changes in heart rate after mental stress were associated with urinary cortisol (ρ = 0.682, P = 0.021) and changes in MSNA after mental stress were associated with plasma cortisol (ρ = 0.671, P = 0.024)." CONCLUSION: Higher concentrations of endothelin, NPY, and 5-HT were found to be associated with some psychological disorders in IBS patients together with an altered cardiovascular autonomic reactivity to acute stressors compared to healthy volunteers.

Role of the underlying thyroid disease on the phenotype of Graves' orbitopathy in a tertiary referral center.

BACKGROUND: Clinically overt Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is associated with Graves' disease (GD) in approximately 95% of cases, whereas the remaining 5% is observed in patients with hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) or without overt thyroid dysfunction (euthyroid GO). However, it is not known whether there is a difference in terms of GO phenotype between patients with GD and those with hypothyroid AT or without thyroid dysfunction, and hence this is investigated here. METHODS: The study design was to evaluate retrospectively all consecutive patients with a recent manifestation of GO, seen at their first visit to a tertiary referral center over a period of 10 years. In total, 358 GO patients were studied, and all of them underwent GO assessment. RESULTS: Of the 358 patients studied, 341 had hyperthyroid GD, 10 had AT with hypothyroidism, and seven had euthyroid GO. Age, sex, and smoking habits were similar in the three groups, as was the time since GO was first noticed (GO duration). The vast majority of patients had moderate to severe, active GO, as expected in a tertiary referral center. Exophthalmometry, eyelid width, clinical activity score (CAS), diplopia, and visual acuity did not differ between patients with GD and those with AT or euthyroid GO, suggesting that the GO phenotype was similar. Accordingly, the NOSPECS score did not differ between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The phenotype of GO is similar regardless of the underlying thyroid disease. Because this study was performed in a tertiary referral center, this conclusion can be restricted only to patients who develop moderate to severe GO.

Intravenous glucocorticoid therapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy and acute liver damage: an epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: Intravenous glucocorticoid (i.v.GC) pulse therapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) can be associated with acute liver damage (ALD), which was roughly estimated to occur in ∼1% of patients, with an overall mortality of 0.4%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of ALD after the introduction of a series of exclusion criteria and preventive measures. DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of all consecutive patients candidate to i.v.GC over a period of 5 years. METHODS: The study includes 376 GO patients candidate to i.v.GC. Several liver tests were performed before, during, and after i.v.GC. To prevent ALD morbidity and mortality, the following measures were applied: i) exclusion of patients with active viral hepatitis and/or severe liver steatosis; ii) reduction in the GC dose, frequency, and number of pulses; and iii) administration of oral GC after i.v.GC, and also during i.v.GC in patients positive for nonorgan-specific autoantibodies (to prevent autoimmune hepatitis due to immune rebound). ALD was defined as an increase in alanine aminotransferase ≥ 300 U/l. RESULTS: A total of 353 patients were given i.v.GC and 23 were excluded for various conditions. ALD was detected in 4/376 patients candidate to i.v.GC, resulting in a morbidity of 1.06%. One patient recovered spontaneously and three after additional treatment with oral GC, given to re-establish immune suppression in the suspect of an autoimmune hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: ALD related to i.v.GC is a relatively rare adverse event. Provided an accurate selection of patients and a series of preventive measures are applied, i.v.GC is a safe treatment for the liver.