ABSTRACT
Providing individually housed dairy calves with opportunities for a greater range of natural behaviors, including foraging and grooming, has broad benefits for their behavioral development and performance. We evaluated the effects of providing hay and stationary brushes on performance and time engaged in feeding, grooming, and nonnutritive oral behaviors. Holstein calves were individually housed and assigned at 14 d of age to 1 of 4 treatments providing: a stationary brush (n = 10), chopped coastal bermudagrass hay (n = 9), both a stationary brush and chopped bermudagrass (n = 10), or no brushes nor additional feed (n = 10). Calves had ad libitum access to calf starter and water and were provided 8 L/d pasteurized waste milk fed in 2 meals via a teat bucket. Beginning at 43 d of age, calves were weaned across 10 d. Solid feed intake was measured daily, and growth parameters and cleanliness were measured weekly. Behavioral data were collected on 2 consecutive days at 25 ± 3 d, recorded continuously from video within daylight for 12 h. Provision of hay tended to increase solid feed intake and average daily gain during weaning, and calves provided a brush had improved coat cleanliness during weaning. Calves performed nonnutritive oral behavior, primarily directed toward the pen, with peaks in these abnormal behaviors around milk feeding. The duration of teat-directed nonnutritive sucking was reduced by access to either hay or a brush, compared with neither (3.2 vs. 6.8 min/12 h observation). Provision of a brush reduced pen-directed sucking (38.4 vs. 59.0 min/12 h observation), particularly at milk-feeding time, and also reduced standing time around milk feeding. Self-grooming was not affected by brush or hay access, but provision of the brush increased total time engaged in grooming behaviors (52.9 vs. 40.2 min/12 h observation). These results support benefits of accommodating natural foraging and grooming behaviors, yet reveal a high prevalence of nonnutritive oral behaviors in dairy calves. Overall, these findings underline the importance of environmental complexity in early rearing environments, and compel further consideration of behavioral needs of dairy calves to reduce the development of abnormal behaviors.