ABSTRACT
Plastic production reached 400 million tons in 2022 (ref. 1), with packaging and single-use plastics accounting for a substantial amount of this2. The resulting waste ends up in landfills, incineration or the environment, contributing to environmental pollution3. Shifting to biodegradable and compostable plastics is increasingly being considered as an efficient waste-management alternative4. Although polylactide (PLA) is the most widely used biosourced polymer5, its biodegradation rate under home-compost and soil conditions remains low6-8. Here we present a PLA-based plastic in which an optimized enzyme is embedded to ensure rapid biodegradation and compostability at room temperature, using a scalable industrial process. First, an 80-fold activity enhancement was achieved through structure-based rational engineering of a new hyperthermostable PLA hydrolase. Second, the enzyme was uniformly dispersed within the PLA matrix by means of a masterbatch-based melt extrusion process. The liquid enzyme formulation was incorporated in polycaprolactone, a low-melting-temperature polymer, through melt extrusion at 70 °C, forming an 'enzymated' polycaprolactone masterbatch. Masterbatch pellets were integrated into PLA by melt extrusion at 160 °C, producing an enzymated PLA film (0.02% w/w enzyme) that fully disintegrated under home-compost conditions within 20-24 weeks, meeting home-composting standards. The mechanical and degradation properties of the enzymated film were compatible with industrial packaging applications, and they remained intact during long-term storage. This innovative material not only opens new avenues for composters and biomethane production but also provides a feasible industrial solution for PLA degradation.
Subject(s)
Biodegradable Plastics , Biodegradation, Environmental , Enzymes, Immobilized , Hydrolases , Polyesters , Protein Engineering , Biodegradable Plastics/chemistry , Biodegradable Plastics/metabolism , Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry , Enzymes, Immobilized/metabolism , Hydrolases/metabolism , Hydrolases/chemistry , Polyesters/chemistry , Polyesters/metabolism , Soil/chemistry , Temperature , Enzyme Stability , CompostingABSTRACT
Following blastocyst hatching, ungulate embryos undergo a prolonged preimplantation period termed conceptus elongation. Conceptus elongation constitutes a highly susceptible period for embryonic loss and the embryonic requirements during this process are largely unknown, but multiple lipid compounds have been identified in the fluid nourishing the elongating conceptuses. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) mediate the signaling actions of prostaglandins and other lipids and, between them, PPARG has been pointed out to play a relevant role on conceptus elongation by a functional study that depleted PPARG in both uterus and conceptus. The objective of this study has been to determine if embryonic PPARG is required for bovine embryo development. To that aim, we have generated bovine PPARG KO embryos in vitro by two independent gene ablation strategies and assess their developmental ability. In vitro development to Day (D) 8 blastocyst was unaffected by PPARG ablation, as total, inner cell mass and trophectoderm cell numbers were similar between WT and KO D8 embryos. In vitro post-hatching development to D12 was also comparable between different genotypes, as embryo diameter, epiblast cell number, and embryonic disc formation and hypoblast migration rates were unaffected by the ablation. The development to tubular stages equivalent to E14 was assessed in vivo, following a heterologous embryo transfer experiment, observing that the development of extra-embryonic membranes and of the embryonic disc was not altered by PPARG ablation. In conclusion, PPARG ablation did not impaired bovine embryo development up to tubular stages.
ABSTRACT
Massive genotyping in cattle has uncovered several deleterious haplotypes that cause preterm mortality. Holstein haplotype 5 (HH5) is a deleterious haplotype present in the Holstein Friesian population that involves the ablation of the transcription factor B1 mitochondrial (TFB1M) gene. The developmental stage at which HH5 double-carrier (DC, homozygous) embryos or fetuses die remains unknown and this is a relevant information to estimate the economic losses associated with the inadvertent cross between carriers. To determine whether HH5 DC survive to maternal recognition of pregnancy, embryonic day (E) 14 embryos were flushed from superovulated carrier cows inseminated with a carrier bull. Double-carrier E14 conceptuses were recovered at Mendelian rates but they failed to achieve early elongation, as evidenced by a drastic reduction of their extra-embryonic membranes, which were >26-fold shorter than those of carrier or noncarrier embryos. To assess development at earlier stages, TFB1M knockout (KO) embryos-functionally equivalent to DC embryos-were generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology and cultured to the blastocyst stage, in vitro culture day (D) 8, and to the early embryonic disc stage, D12. No significant effect of TFB1M ablation was observed on the differentiation and proliferation of embryonic lineages and relative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content up to D12. In conclusion, HH5 DC embryos are able to develop to early embryonic disc stage but fail to undergo early conceptus elongation, which is required for pregnancy recognition.
Subject(s)
Haplotypes , Animals , Female , Cattle , Pregnancy , Embryonic Development , DNA, Mitochondrial/geneticsABSTRACT
Microalgae are emerging as a promising feedstock for bioplastics, with Chlorella vulgaris yielding significant amounts of starch. This polysaccharide is convertible into thermoplastic starch (TPS), a biodegradable plastic of industrial relevance. In this study, we developed a pilot-scale protocol for extracting and purifying starch from 430 g (dry weight - DW) of starch-enriched Chlorella vulgaris biomass. More than 200 gDW of starch were recovered, with an extraction yield and starch purity degree reaching 98 and 87 %, respectively. We have characterized this extracted starch and processed it into TPS using twin-screw extrusion and injection molding. Microalgal starch showed similar properties to those of native plant starch, but with smaller granules. We compared the mechanical properties of microalgal TPS with two controls, namely a commercial TPS and a TPS prepared from commercial potato starch granules. TPS prepared from microalgal starch showed a softer and more ductile behavior compared to the reference materials. This study demonstrates the feasibility of recovering high-purity microalgal starch at pilot scale with high yields, and highlights the potential of microalgal starch for the production of TPS using industrially relevant processes.
Subject(s)
Chlorella vulgaris , Microalgae , Starch , Starch/chemistry , Starch/metabolism , Chlorella vulgaris/metabolism , Chlorella vulgaris/chemistry , Microalgae/metabolism , Microalgae/chemistry , Biomass , Biodegradable Plastics/chemistry , TemperatureABSTRACT
Rabbits constitute an interesting model to understand gamete interaction and test novel Artificial Reproductive Techniques, but in vitro fertilization (IVF) is particularly problematic in this species. We have conducted a series of experiments to develop a consistent IVF technique. Initially, we checked viability, acrosome integrity, capacitation and motility in ejaculated sperm purified by a density gradient and incubated at different times in three different media: Tyrode's Albumin Lactate Pyruvate (TALP), human tubal fluid (HTF), and Brackett and Oliphant (BO). Total and progressive motility at 10-24 h and linearity from 3 h onwards was significantly higher in BO medium compared to TALP and HTF. Subsequently, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) collected 10 h after induction of ovulation were incubated with sperm in TALP, HTF or BO for 18 h with or without performing sperm pre-incubation for 6 h. Pronuclear formation rate at 18 h was significantly higher in BO compared to other media (â¼84 % vs. 17-22 %) and was not improved by pre-incubation. As COCs recovery rate was low at 10 h after induction of ovulation, COCs were collected at 12 h and co-incubated with sperm in BO. Pronuclear formation rate was similar than those obtained in COCs collected at 10 h (â¼85 %), and when embryos were allowed to develop in vitro, the protocol yielded high cleavage and blastocyst rates (91 and 59 %, respectively). In conclusion, ejaculated rabbit sperm purified in a density gradient fertilize efficiently COCs collected at 12 h in BO medium.
Subject(s)
Fertilization in Vitro , Semen , Female , Rabbits , Male , Humans , Animals , Fertilization in Vitro/veterinary , Fertilization in Vitro/methods , Acrosome , Spermatozoa , Oocytes , Albumins , Sperm CapacitationABSTRACT
El presente reporte tiene como objetivo presentar de manera secuencial y visual la protracción maxilar de un paciente clase III esqueletal, utilizando el protocolo BAMP. Una vez realizado el análisis clínico del caso se decidió realiza un tratamiento ortopédico a través del uso de miniplacas de titanio con elásticos intermaxilares de clase III siguiendo el protocolo BAMP, junto a un tratamiento ortodóncico dento alveolar con aparatología fija bimaxilar prescripción Roth 0.22" Mini sprint forestadent. Se observa el éxito del enfoque interceptivo utilizando el protocolo BAMP. Este enfoque logró reducir tanto el tiempo como la complejidad del tratamiento ortodóncico, y también disminuyó la necesidad de someterse a una cirugía ortognática en la edad adulta. El tratamiento BAMP, diseñado para ciertas edades y crecimiento, se demostró exitoso en un paciente de 12 años sin potencial de crecimiento. Las miniplacas como anclaje son efectivas para protracción maxilar en varios casos, aunque se necesita seguimiento y educación postquirúrgica. Se recomienda retirar las miniplacas cuando no sean necesarias, adaptando el protocolo a cada paciente. En resumen, el tratamiento con miniplacas es eficaz para corregir anomalías Clase III esqueléticas.
The present report aims to sequentially and visually present the maxillary protraction of a Class III skeletal patient using the BAMP protocol. After conducting a clinical analysis of the case, it was decided to perform orthopedic treatment using titanium miniplates with Class III intermaxillary elastics following the BAMP protocol, in conjunction with dentoalveolar orthodontic treatment using fixed bimaxillary appliances with Roth prescription 0.022" Mini Sprint Forestadent. The success of the interceptive approach using the BAMP protocol is observed. This approach managed to reduce both the time and complexity of orthodontic treatment and also decreased the need for orthognathic surgery in adulthood. The BAMP treatment, designed for specific ages and growth stages, proved successful in a 12-year-old patient without growth potential. Miniplates as anchorage are effective for maxillary protraction in various cases, although post-surgical follow-up and education are required. It is recommended to remove the miniplates when they are no longer necessary, adapting the protocol to each patient. In summary, miniplate treatment is effective in correcting Class III skeletal anomalies.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: La ventilación mecánica (VM) forma parte de la recuperación postoperatoria (PO) de niños con cirugía de cardiopatía congénita, pero su uso no está exento de riesgos. El fracaso de extubación (FE) se ha asociado con internaciones prolongadas, aumento de complicaciones y mortalidad. El objetivo es determinar un valor de Vd/Vt predictor de extubación exitosa (EE). Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo y observacional realizado del 1 de Enero al 31 de Diciembre de 2016 en niños menores de 6 meses cursando PO de cirugía cardiovascular con circulación extracorpórea (CEC) con requerimientos de VM por más de 48 horas. En los mismo se analizó el éxito o fracaso de extubación. Previo a la extubación se registraron valores de mecánica respiratoria; Vd/Vt, CO2 espiratoria final, Vt/kg, etc. Otras variables registradas: edad, sexo, peso, requerimiento de VM antes de la cirugía, fisiología de ventrículo único, duración de VM, complicaciones, duración de la internación y mortalidad. Las variables continuas se describieron como mediana y rango intercuartilo (25-75) y se compararon con prueba de Wilcoxon, las categóricas como proporciones o porcentajes y se analizaron con chi2 . Se efectuó un análisis bivariado con diferentes puntos de corte de Vd/Vt pre extubación para realizar un análisis de sensibilidad del valor predictivo de EE. Resultados: Se evaluó Vd/Vt en 67 pacientes, tres se eliminaron por parálisis cordal (1) y parálisis del diafragma (2). Mediana de edad 23 días (10-55), peso 3.2 Kg (2.89- 3.88), días de VM 5 (3-7), días de internación 15 (2- 128), mortalidad 7,8%. Se extubaron con éxito 76% de los pacientes (50/64). Las características demográficas de los pacientes, la mecánica respiratoria, gases de sangre arterial y EtCO2 no tuvieron asociación significativa con EE. Un Vd/Vt pre extubación < 0,53 se asoció con EE. Conclusión: En la población estudiada un valor de Vd/Vt <0,53 se asoció con EE. Los pacientes con ventrículo único presentaron mayor FE.(AU)
Introduction: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is part of postoperative (PO) recovery of children with congenital heart disease surgery, but is not without risks. Extubation failure (EF) has been associated with prolonged hospital stays and increased complication and mortality rates. The goal is to determine the value of Vd/Vt as a predictor of successful extubation (SE). Material and methods: A prospective and observational cohort study was conducted from January 1 to December 31, 2016, in children under 6 months of age undergoing cardiovascular surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and requiring MV for more than 48 hours. Intubation success or failure was evaluated. Prior to extubation, respiratory mechanics values, such as Vd/Vt, final expiratory CO2, and Vt/kg, were recorded. Other variables, including age, sex, weight, VM requirement before surgery, single ventricle physiology, VM duration, complications, length of hospital stay, and mortality were also recorded. Continuous variables were described as median and interquartile range (25-75) and compared with the Wilcoxon test. Categorical variables were described as proportions or percentages and analyzed with chi2. Bivariate analysis was performed with different pre-extubation Vd/Vt cut-off points to analyze the sensitivity of the predictive value for SE. Results: Vd/Vt was evaluated in 67 patients; three were excluded because of vocal fold (1) and diaphragm paralysis (2). Median age was 23 days (10-55), weight 3.2 Kg (2.89- 3.88), days on MV 5 (3-7), length of hospital stay 15 (2- 128), and mortality rate 7.8%. Overall, 76% of patients (50/64) were successfully extubated. Patient demographics, respiratory mechanics, arterial blood gases, and EtCO2 were not significantly associated with SE. A pre-extubation Vd/ Vt < 0.53 was associated with SE. Conclusion: In this series of patients, a Vd/Vt value of <0.53 was associated with SE. EF was increased in patients with a single ventricle (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Dead Space/physiology , Tidal Volume/physiology , Airway Extubation , Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery , Postoperative Complications , Prospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Critical CareABSTRACT
Introducción. La lesión renal aguda (LRA) ha sido descrita como una complicación frecuente de las cirugías cardíacas en pacientes pediátricos, con impacto documentado en la morbimortalidad. Se estima una incidencia de alrededor del 40 % en este grupo de pacientes. El objetivo del trabajo fue calcular la incidencia de LRA en pacientes que tuvieron cirugía cardiovascular, definir los factores de riesgo asociados y el impacto de la LRA en los parámetros de evolución posquirúrgica.Población y métodos:Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional sobre pacientes pediátricos con cirugías cardiovasculares, operados entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2017 en el Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires. Se definió la incidencia de LRA según los criterios de Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, considerando los valores de creatininemia y ritmo diurético pre- y posquirúrgicos.Resultados.Se incluyeron un total de 125 pacientes. Un 35 % desarrolló LRA. Al analizar los factores de riesgo, se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para administración de vancomicina, diuréticos tiazídicos, requerimiento transfusional de glóbulos rojos, tiempo de bomba de circulación extracorpórea, de clampeo, lactato máximo intraquirúrgico, temperatura mínima y cierre diferido del tórax. Entre los parámetros de evolución posquirúrgica, se observó un incremento en la duración de la internación, requerimiento de inotrópicos, días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica, sangrado y complicaciones neurológicas.Conclusión. La incidencia de LRA en este estudio fue del 35 %. Se pudieron definir factores de riesgo modificables y no modificables asociados, y se detectó una mayor incidencia de complicaciones en aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron LRA
Introduction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been described as a common complication of cardiac surgery in pediatric patients, whose impact on morbidity and mortality has been documented. Its incidence has been estimated to be approximately 40 % in this patient group. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of AKI in patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery and to define associated risk factors and the impact of AKI on the parameters of the post-operative course.Population and methods. This was a retrospective, observational study of pediatric patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery between January 2015 and December 2017 at Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires. The incidence of AKI was defined as per the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria, based on pre- and post-operative blood creatinine levels and urine output.Results. A total of 125 patients were included. Of them, 35 % developed AKI. The analysis of risk factors showed a statistically significant difference for the administration of vancomycin and thiazide diuretics, red blood cell transfusion requirement, extracorporeal circulation pump time, clamp time, maximal intraoperative lactate level, minimum temperature, and delayed chest closure. In relation to the parameters of the post-operative course, we observed a longer hospital stay, higher inotropic requirement, more days of mechanical ventilation, bleeding, and neurological complications.Conclusion. In this study, the incidence of AKI was 35 %. Modifiable and non-modifiable associated risk factors were defined and a greater rate of complications was observed in patients who developed AKI.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Risk Factors , Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology , Pediatrics , Retrospective Studies , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosisABSTRACT
Introducción: La falta de cumplimiento al tratamiento puede ser causa del fracaso terapéutico en pacientes hipotiroideos. Objetivos: Conocer en mujeres adultas hipotiroideas el cumplimiento al tratamiento farmacológico según el nivel de conocimiento de la enfermedad, los síntomas y signos que la caracterizan y la forma de controlarla. Material y Métodos: Diseño observacional transversal en muestra no probabilística de mujeres mayores de 40 años con hipotiroidismo primario tratadas con levotiroxina, que asistieron a realizarse prueba de laboratorio a un Instituto de Análisis de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) entre los meses de agosto y octubre de 2012. Variables: Por interrogatorio directo se estudió el conocimiento de la enfermedad medido por el Test de Batalla y cumplimiento al tratamiento farmacológico medida con el test de Morisky-Green. Estadística con el paquete estadístico SPSS 15.0 estableciendo medidas de tendencia central, Odds Rattio, X² o Prueba de Fisher según el tamaño muestral. Resultados: Se evaluaron 171 mujeres con edad promedio de 54,8 ± 7,2 años. El 57,3 % refiere un correcto conocimiento sobre la enfermedad. El 74,3 % cumple el tratamiento farmacológico. El 97,1 % de la muestra refiere tomar la levotiroxina en ayunas, el 19,9 % olvida alguna vez tomarla y solo el 5,8 % afirma abandonar el fármaco en caso de malestar. Al asociar el conocimiento de la enfermedad con el cumplimiento de la administración del fármaco, se observó que a pesar que un 42,7 % del total de mujeres no tienen conocimiento sobre la enfermedad, un 29,3 % de ellas igualmente cumple el tratamiento, no encontrándose asociación significativa entre ambas variables (OR = 1,68; IC95 % = 0,84-3,36; p = 0,15). Conclusiones: Poco más de la mitad de la muestra conoce acerca de la enfermedad. La mayoría cumple el tratamiento farmacológico. No se encontró asociación significativa entre el conocimiento de la enfermedad y el cumplimiento de su tratamiento.
Introduction: Non-adherence to treatment may be a cause of therapeutic failure in hypothyroid patients. Aims: To assess adherence to drug treatment in hypothyroid adult women by level of knowledge of the disease, signs and symptoms that characterize it and how to control it. Material and methods: Cross-sectional design; non-random sample of women aged 40 and older, with primary hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine, who attended the Instituto de Análisis de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) for laboratory testing between August and October 2012. Variables studied: knowledge of the disease measured by Batalla´s Test and adherence to drug treatment measured by Morinsky Green's Test. Data collection was performed by direct questioning. Statistical analysis performed by SPSS 15.0 establishing measures of central tendency, Odds Ratio X² and Fisher test according to sample size. Results: We evaluated 171 women with an average age of 54.8 ± 7.2 years; 57.3 % reported a correct level of knowledge about the disease, 74.3 % adhered to drug treatment, 97.1 % of the sample reveals taking levothyroxine while fasting, 19.9 % admits sometimes forgetting to take it and only 5.8 % admitted to discontinuing the drug in case of discomfort. When associating knowledge of the disease with adherence to drug administration, we observed that although 42.7 % of women had no knowledge about the disease, 29.3 % of them also adhered to treatment, finding no significant association between the two variables (OR = 1.68; IC95 % = 0.84-3.36; p = 0.15). Conclusions: Just over half of the sample has knowledge about the disease. Most adhere to drug treatment. No significant association between knowledge of the disease and adherence to treatment was found.
ABSTRACT
Se describe un caso de síndrome de Wooblers en un caballo, macho entero, de 14 años de edad, procedente del municipio de Cereté (Córdoba, Colombia). Esta patología es también conocida en equinos como mielopatía estenótica vertebral cervical (MEVC), la cual es una enfermedad del desarrollo caracterizada por estenosis del canal vertebral cervical resultando en compresión intermitente o continua de la médula espinal. A este paciente se le detectaron signos de incoordinación con tropiezos, ataxia simétrica, paresia o debilidad, espasticidad y pérdida de la propiocepción, principalmente en los miembros posteriores, por lo que se le realizó radiología cervical detectando estenosis de canal medular a nivel de la vértebra cervical C4. Estos hallazgos obedecen principalmente al síndrome de Wooblers.
A case of Wooblers syndrome is described in a complete male 14-year-old horse from the town of Cereté (Cordoba, Colombia). This condition is also known as equine cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM), which is a disease characterized by developmental cervical spinal canal stenosis resulting in intermittent or continuous compression of the spinal cord. This patient showed to have signs of incoordination which included stumbling, symmetrical ataxia, paresis or weakness, spasticity and loss of propioception, particularly in the hindquarters, so that radiology was performed to detect cervical spinal canal stenosis at the level of the cervical vertebrae C4. These findings are related as Wooblers syndrome.
Subject(s)
Ataxia , Colombia , HorsesABSTRACT
Objetivo. Determinar las especies de flora y fauna más importantes para el desarrollo del ecoturismo, en una localidad del departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un listado de las especies de flora y fauna observadas en el sendero ecológico de un centro de ecoturismo en Toluviejo, Sucre y se calculó su abundancia, importancia económica, estado de conservación y adaptaciones, que fueron evaluadas mediante un índice de importancia potencial para el ecoturismo, que suma los valores que se asignan a las variables consideradas de interés. Resultados. Se detectaron 18 especies promisorias de fauna, de 91 especies observadas y 16 especies vegetales de 53 observadas. Los animales de mayor potencial ecoturístico resultantes, fueron: Dendrobates truncatus y Saguinus oedipus, especies endémicas de Colombia, seguidas por Basiliscus basiliscus, Atta sp., Morpho peleides, Lycorea halia y Ara ararauna; todas estas con una alta abundancia y fácil detección. Dentro de las plantas, Anacardium excelsum obtuvo el mayor índice de importancia, como resultado de su endemismo y sus adaptaciones. Las especies Piper auritum, Matayba escrobiculata, Tabernaemontana cymosa y la comúnmente conocida como jazmín de monte, fueron fácilmente detectables y abundantes, además Brownea ariza y Tabebuia rosea resultaron las más representativas por la belleza de sus flores. Conclusiones. Se determinaron las especies que pueden ser de interés para los ecoturistas y esto hace posible mejorar el producto que se oferta a partir de profundizar en su conocimiento.
Objectives. To determine the species of flora and fauna relevant for development of ecotourism in a location of Sucre, Colombia. Materials and methods. A list of various species at the ecotourism center in the municipality of Toluviejo, Sucre, was studied which included abundance, economic and conservation relevance and adaptation data. The census was estimated and evaluated according to our index of potential importance for ecotourism, by adding the values assigned to each of the variables of interest. Results. 18 promising species of fauna and 16 promising species of plants were found. Animals with higher ecotourism potential were Dendrobates truncatus and Saguinus oedipus, endemic to Colombia, followed by Basiliscus basiliscus, Atta sp. Morpho peleides, Lycorea halia, Ara ararauna, all these of high abundance and easy detection. Regarding plants, Anacardium excelsum obtained the highest value as a result of endemism and their adaptations. Piper auritum, Matayba escrobiculata, Tabernaemontana cymosa and the specie commonly known as "jazmín de monte", were easily detectable and abundant. Brownea ariza and Tabebuia rosea were the best candidates because of the beauty of their flowers. Conclusions. The species that may be of interest to eco-tourists were determined and this makes it possible to improve the product offering from deepening their knowledge.
Subject(s)
Animals , Fauna , Flora , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the frequency of presentation of clinical parasitic otitis due to rhabditiform nematode (Rhabditis sp) in six Gyr breed cattle farms in Córdoba, Colombia. Methods: a descriptive prospective study in animals of convenience, between June and October 2010 was performed. Cerumen samples were collected using sterile swabs from the external ear canals of 155 animals. Results: the frequency of occurrence of Rhabditis sp presenting clinical otitis in six Gyr breed farms in Córdoba was 63.2%. Conclusion: clinical manifestations and characteristics of the cerumen as well as microscopic observation of the parasites, reported a high number of Rhabditis sp causing clinical parasitic otitis in 6 Gyr cattle farms in the province of Córdoba, Colombia.
Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de presentación de otitis parasitaria clínica por nematodos Rhabditiformes (Rhabditis spp) en seis explotaciones de la raza Gyr en Córdoba, Colombia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en animales de conveniencia, entre los meses de junio y octubre de 2010. Se recolectaron muestras de cerumen con hisopos de los conductos auditivos externos de 155 bovinos. Resultados: la frecuencia de presentación de otitis parasitaria clínica causada por Rhabditis spp en seis fincas de la raza Gyr en Córdoba fue del 63.2%. Conclusión: las manifestaciones clínicas y características del cerumen, así como la observación microscópica del parásito, informan una elevada presencia de Rhabditis spp causante de otitis parasitaria clínica en bovinos de la raza Gyr en 6 explotaciones del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia.
Objetivo: determinar a freqüência de apresentação de otite parasitária clínica por nematóides Rhabditiformes (Rhabditis sp) em seis fazendas da raça Gir em Córdoba, Colômbia. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo descritivo, prospectivo em animais de conveniência, entre junho e outubro de 2010. As amostras de cerume foram obtidas com swab nos canais auditivos de 155 bovinos. Resultados: a freqüência de ocorrência de otite parasitária clínica causada por Rhabditis sp em seis fazendas da raça Gir em Córdoba foi de 63.2%. Conclusão: As manifestações clínicas e as características do cerume, assim como a observação microscópica do parasita, relatam uma alta freqüência do Rhabditis sp causando otite parasitária clínica em 6 fazendas de gado da raça Gir do departamento de Córdoba, Colômbia.
ABSTRACT
El accidente cerebro vascular y la trombosis venosa cerebral son patologías de causa significativa de morbilidad y mortalidad en la población adulta y pediátrica en todo el mundo. La incidencia y prevalencia en los Estados Unidos de América es alta dada la deficiencia en hábitos de vida saludable y alta incidencia de patologías de origen genético (1). La presentación clínica en los pacientes pediátricos es diversa y con representación semiológica distinta a los pacientes adultos. En la práctica médica se debe realizar un enfoque multidisciplinario para el tratamiento de la enfermedad cerebro vascular aguda especialmente en pacientes pediátricos, lo cual permitirá el diagnóstico temprano y la disminución de secuelas (2). Por medio de este artículo explicamos cómo los equipos médicos en medicina de urgencias y los planteamientos en salud pública deben ser evaluados, desarrollados y plasmados en el personal de salud para desarrollar un tratamiento rápido y eficaz en el servicio de urgencias en el diagnóstico temprano, por medio de la aplicación multidisciplinaria del plantel con la identificación y análisis oportunos de signos y síntomas del paciente en cualquier edad (1, 2). Los equipos de emergencia de accidente vascular deben estar representados por neurólogos, hematólogos con experiencia en trastornos de la coagulación, neuro radiólogos y personal con experiencia en la rehabilitación y servicio de terapia intensivista. Es necesario realizar una gestión integral y oportuna en la capacitación y ejercicio del programa de intervención en accidente cerebro vascular por el comité científico, clínico y quirúrgico para así permitir una acción médica oportuna, audaz y estratégica temprana por el grupo de profesionales de medicina de emergencias y reducir las secuelas en la población adulta y pediátrica. Por medio de esta revisión se comprenderá la patología a fondo, teniendo en cuenta el paciente en un enfoque global biopsicosocial partiendo desde el síntoma general hasta el especifico sin descartar la patología.
Subject(s)
Stroke/diagnosis , Stroke/rehabilitation , Stroke/etiology , Stroke/therapy , Critical Care , Critical Care , Venous Thrombosis , EmergenciesABSTRACT
Se describe un caso de enfermedad navicular con desviación vertical del eje longitudinal delhueso navicular en una yegua de trocha pura, de 33 meses de edad, procedente del municipio de Montería (Córdoba, Colombia), a la cual se le detectó signos de cojera intermitente en el miembro posterior derecho con apoyo en lumbres, punteo constante y en abducción, aumento de volumen en el bulbo lateral de dicho miembro, marcado dolor al paso. A la palpación se determino sensibilidad en la parte posterior (bulbos y talones) del casco derecho, prueba de flexión de nudo positiva en los miembros posteriores, más marcado en el derecho, por lo que se le realizó radiología del pie y del sistema podotroclear, detectando lisis de la corteza flexora y pérdida de la diferenciación cortico-medular con desviación axial del hueso navicular. Estos hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos obedecen principalmente a enfermedad navicular. Esta patología es también conocida en equinos como síndrome navicular, la cual es una enfermedad crónica, degenerativa y progresiva, caracterizada por afectar al hueso navicular, bursa navicular o superficies adyacentes al tendón flexor digital profundo. Se realizo tratamiento farmacológico que permitió la recuperación total del paciente.
Subject(s)
Bone and Bones , HorsesABSTRACT
Se reportan dos casos de bovinos de la raza Gyr puros, atendidos en el servicio ambulatorio de la clínica medico-quirúrgica de grandes animales de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia. Los animales presentaron al examen físico signos de otitis clínica en ambos lados, con otorrea, olor fétido, inflamación con cierto grado de estenosis del conducto auditivo, inclinación de la cabeza, prurito intenso y rascado excesivo de las orejas. Se realizó inspección directa y colecta de material del conducto auditivo externo, y se observó en forma directa el movimiento de los parásitos en el cerumen, posteriormente confirmado por observación microscopio-estereoscópico, en el laboratorio de parasitología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad de Córdoba, en el cual se reveló la presencia de larvas y adultos de nemátodos del género Rhabditis bovis. Es el primer reporte de esta enfermedad en bovinos de la raza Gyr en el departamento de Córdoba y Colombia.
Subject(s)
Cattle , Cattle , Otitis , RhabditoideaABSTRACT
La identificación de diversos factores que inciden en el riesgo de la transmisión madre-hijo del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), permitió diseñar estrategias dirigidas a disminuir su transmisión, entre ellas, medidas destinadas a disminuir la carga viral de la madre, disminuir la exposición del niño al VIH durante el parto y eliminar la exposición al mismo a través de la leche materna. Destaca la administración de anti-retrovirales durante el embarazo, parto y en el recién nacido, inicialmente, como protocolo PACTG 076 que utilizaba zidovudina y, posteriormente, el uso de trite-rapia. De esta manera, en las madres incorporadas en protocolos de profilaxis de transmisión vertical (TV) del VIH se logró reducir la transmisión de este virus, inicialmente, a 9,5 por ciento y en la última evaluación, realizada entre 1998 y julio 2005, a 2 por ciento. Sin embargo, han continuado naciendo niños infectados hijos de madres en las que no se conocía su condición serológica, lo que reafirma que la medida fundamental para disminuir los casos de infección por VIH en niños, es la pesquisa universal de la infección en las mujeres embarazadas, de manera que accedan en forma oportuna a protocolos de profilaxis, lo que se espera lograr con la nueva norma de prevención de TV del VIH, promulgada en agosto de 2005, por la Comisión Nacional del SIDA del Ministerio de Salud.
The identification of various risk factors of vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission resulted in the development of strategies whose aim was to decrease the mother's viral load, to reduce her child's exposure to it during delivery, and to avoid the subsequent viral exposure due to breastfeeding. The administration of antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy, delivery and to the neonate (PACTG 076) proved to be useful. At a first stage, zidovudine was used. A triple combination therapy was then administered. Initially, the viral transmission in mothers who were enrolled in protocols for vertically transmitted HIV prophylaxis was reduced to 9.5 percent, whereas the last measurement carried out between 1998 and 2005, the initial figure was brought down to 2 percent. Nevertheless, the delivery of infected children whose mother's HIV status was unknown is still considered likely to happen. The main step to be taken to reduce HIV infection among children is to perform universal HIV tests during pregnancy, so that HIV positive pregnant patients conveniently receive proper prophylaxis. We look forward to achieving this by following the new prevention guidelines of vertically-transmitted HIV infection, developed by the Comisión Nacional del SIDA of the Chilean Health Ministry.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy , Clinical Protocols , Chile/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/therapy , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiologyABSTRACT
La reemergencia de la tuberculosis (TBC) a nivel mundial se vincula a diferentes factores, como la infección por VIH y la inmunosupresión a la cual ésta conduce. Este comportamiento epidemiológico también se aprecia en la población infantil. Describimos la evolución clínica, inmunológica y tratamiento recibido por seis niños con infección VIH de transmisión vertical, controlados por el Comité Nacional de SIDA pediátrico, que presentaron tuberculosis. Se efectúa, además, una revisión de la literatura médica.
The worldwide reemergence of tuberculosis (TB) is related to different factors, being one of them HIV infection and its immune suppressive effect. This epidemiological pattern is also observed in pediatric population. We describe the clinical/immunological evolution, and treatment administered to six children under control by the Chilean Pediatric AIDS Committee with vertically transmitted HIV infection, who acquired tuberculosis. A review of the literature is carried out in addition.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antitubercular Agents/adverse effects , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapyABSTRACT
Background: Chile, a middle-income country with an HIV epidemic of moderate proportions (global infection rate 0.2%) began a government sponsored, free, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for patients from the public health system in 2001 reaching in 2004 a 100% coverage. Arriaran Foundation (AF) is the largest public AIDS care center for adults in the country. Aim: To show the present status of the AF population and the evolution of mortality. Material and Methods: Review of AF database from 1991-2004 that at 12/31/2004 had a total cumulative population of 2,259 adult patients; an active census of 1,065 patients and admitting rate 160-190 patients per years. Results: The global mortality registered was 33.4%, with decreasing annual mortality from 15.7% of its active population in 1995 to 1.9% in 2004. As of 12/31/2004, 817 patients (76.7%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART); and 19.3% either did not require nor accept it. Thirty one percent received Combivir® and nevirapine, with undetectable viral load (<400 copies per ml) in 78%. Thirty percent received Combivir® and efavirenz with undetectable viral load in 80% at last count. Both regimens were used mainly as first therapy. Lopinavir/ritonavir was received by 6.3% of patients, mainly for post failure therapy and 58% had undetectable viral load. A baseline CD4 count <200 x mm3 was present in 70% of patients, 45.3% had a count below 100 and 47.8% had clinical AIDS. At the last follow up assessment, CD4 count was <200 in 36.8%, <100 in 10.6% and 200-350 in 44.9%. Conclusion: The expanded access program to ART in a public, comprehensive AIDS care center in Chile has been highly successful in reaching high undetectability (75%), reducing mortality and improving immune status despite very advanced baseline disease.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , HIV Infections/mortality , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/mortality , Chile/epidemiology , Foundations , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Seropositivity/immunology , Hospitals, Special , Treatment Outcome , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en una muestra seleccionada de pacientes con AR en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, durante los meses de abril a julio del año 2000, con el propósito de determinar la frecuencia de ojo seco en pacientes con artritis reumatoide y la asociación de síntomas claves con esta patología. Se estudiaron 89 pacientes a través de un cuestionario sintomatológico y evaluación oftalmológica. Los resultados fueron tabulados en base a frecuencia, porcentaje y prueba de chi cuadrado. Se encontró una frecuencia de ojo seco del 37,07 por ciento; y ardor, sensación de cuerpo extraño, sequedad ocular y molestia ocular en sitios con aire acondicionado (p < 0,05) como síntomas asociados. Las complicaciones oftalmológicas en estos pacientes fueron: ojo seco, escleritis, epiescleritis, glaucoma, queratitis y cataratas tóxicas. Este estudio aporta información útil para la sospecha de ojo seco y los médicos que tienen a su cargo el manejo de pacientes reumáticos