Quantifying social roles in multi-animal videos using subject-aware deep-learning.

Analyzing social behaviors is critical for many fields, including neuroscience, psychology, and ecology. While computational tools have been developed to analyze videos containing animals engaging in limited social interactions under specific experimental conditions, automated identification of the social roles of freely moving individuals in a multi-animal group remains unresolved. Here we describe a deep-learning-based system - named LabGym2 - for identifying and quantifying social roles in multi-animal groups. This system uses a subject-aware approach: it evaluates the behavioral state of every individual in a group of two or more animals while factoring in its social and environmental surroundings. We demonstrate the performance of subject-aware deep-learning in different species and assays, from partner preference in freely-moving insects to primate social interactions in the field. Our subject-aware deep learning approach provides a controllable, interpretable, and efficient framework to enable new experimental paradigms and systematic evaluation of interactive behavior in individuals identified within a group.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting and Prescribing Trends of Drugs for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Primary Care England, 2010-2019.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prescription trends and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of ADHD drugs in primary care, England between 2010 and 2019. METHODS: The Prescription Cost Analysis database presenting the primary care prescriptions data and the Interactive Drug Analysis Profiles presenting all suspected ADRs reported for each drug were screened. The data were analyzed using linear regression analysis to examine the annual average change per year. RESULTS: The prescription items dispensed for ADHD showed an average 11.07% (95% CI 10.54-11.60, p = .001) increase per year and there was a mean 11.54% (95% CI 11.03-12.06, p = .001) increase per year in the costs. The overall reporting of serious and fatal ADR was reduced by 1.79% per year for ADHD drugs. Guanfacine showed a 40% mean increase per year. CONCLUSION: The increasing use of ADHD drugs within primary care in England could be a result of multiple factors such as growing ADHD prevalence.