Comparison of a portable, pneumotach flow-sensor-based spirometer (Spirofy™) with the vitalograph alpha Touch™ spirometer in evaluating lung function in healthy individuals, asthmatics, and COPD patients-a randomized, crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Spirofy™ is India's first portable, pneumotach flow-sensor-based digital spirometer developed to diagnose asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we compared the performance of the Spirofy™ device with that of the Vitalograph Alpha Touch™ spirometer in measuring the lung capacities of healthy individuals, asthmatics, and COPD patients. We also assessed the inter-device variability between two Spirofy™ devices. METHODS: In a randomized, three-way crossover, open-label study, we measured the differences in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) between the Spirofy™ and Vitalograph Alpha Touch™ spirometers. A proportion of the FEV1/FVC ratio distribution of < 0.7 was used to compare the diagnostic accuracies of the Spirofy™ with Vitalograph™ Alpha Touch™ spirometers. RESULTS: Ninety subjects participated in this study. The mean ± SD FVC values obtained from the Spirofy™ 1, Spirofy™ 2, and Vitalograph Alpha Touch™ devices were 2.60 ± 1.05 L, 2.64 ± 1.04 L, and 2.67 ± 1.04 L, respectively. The mean ± SD FEV1 values obtained from the Spirofy™ 1, Spirofy™ 2, and Vitalograph Alpha Touch™ devices were 1.87 ± 0.92 (L), 1.88 ± 0.92 (L), and 1.93 ± 0.93 (L), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the FVC and FEV1 values recorded by Vitalograph Alpha Touch™, Spirofy™ 1, and Spirofy™ 2. As compared to Vitalograph Alpha Touch™, the Spirofy™ device showed good sensitivity (97%), specificity (90%), and overall accuracy (93.3%) at an FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7. No inter-device variability was observed between the two Spirofy™ devices. CONCLUSION: Spirofy™ is a portable and easy-to-use device and is as accurate as the standard Vitalograph Alpha Touch™ spirometer for the diagnosis of COPD and asthma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CTRI/2021/09/036492 (Clinical Trials Registry - India).

Fluorometric detection of copper and imidacloprid using nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon dots: A promising method for environmental monitoring.

Pesticides in environmental samples pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health since they require precise and efficient detection methods. Imidacloprid (IMI), a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, exemplifies these hazards due to its potential toxicity. This study addresses the urgent need for improved monitoring of such contaminants by introducing a novel fluorometric method for detecting IMI using nitrogen-doped graphite carbon dots (N-GCDs). The sensor operates by quenching fluorescence through the interaction of Cu2+ ions with N-GCDs. Subsequently, IMI binds to the imidazole group, chelates with Cu2+, and restores the fluorescence of N-GCDs. This alternating fluorescence behavior allows for the accurate identification of both Cu2+ and IMI. The sensor exhibits linear detection ranges of 20-100 nM for Cu2+ and 10-140 µg/L for IMI, with detection limits of 18 nM and 1.2 µg/L, respectively. The high sensitivity of this sensor enables the detection of real-world samples, which underscores its potential for practical use in environmental monitoring and agricultural safety.

Outcomes of Uveitic Macular Edema in the First-line Antimetabolites as Steroid-Sparing Treatment Uveitis Trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of uveitic macular edema at 6 and 12 months in patients treated with methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil. DESIGN: Subanalysis of a block-randomized, observer-masked, multicenter clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Patients were enrolled in the First-line Antimetabolites as Steroid-sparing Treatment (FAST) Uveitis Trial between August 2013 and August 2017. METHODS: Patients were randomized to oral methotrexate 25 mg weekly or mycophenolate mofetil 1.5 g twice daily for 12 months, along with a corticosteroid taper. In addition to standardized clinical examination, all patients underwent spectral-domain OCT imaging at each visit. At the 6-month primary end point, patients who achieved treatment success continued the same treatment for a subsequent 6 months, and treatment failures switched to the other treatment group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prespecified 6-month primary outcome and 12-month outcomes of central subfield thickness and visual acuity. RESULTS: Of 216 patients in the FAST Trial, 42 eyes (30 patients) in the methotrexate group and 55 eyes (41 patients) in the mycophenolate group had uveitic macular edema. Baseline median central subfield thickness was 359 µm and 342 µm in the methotrexate and mycophenolate groups, respectively. At 12 months, for those who stayed on the same treatment, macular thickness decreased from baseline by 30.5 µm (interquartile range [IQR], -132.3 to 4.0) and 54 µm (IQR, -95.5 to -4.5) in the methotrexate and mycophenolate groups, respectively (P = 0.73). In patients who switched treatment at 6 months, macular thickness decreased from baseline by 12.5 µm (IQR, -32.3 to -0.5) and 50 µm (IQR, -181.0 to -10.0) in the methotrexate and mycophenolate groups, respectively (P = 0.34). At 12 months, 7 of 19 eyes (37%) on methotrexate had resolution of macular edema compared with 15 of 25 eyes (60%) on mycophenolate (P = 0.10). For those who switched treatments, 8 of 17 eyes (47%) on methotrexate and 6 of 11 eyes (55%) on mycophenolate had resolution of macular edema (P = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil for uveitic macular edema results in similar improvements in macular thickness at 6 and 12 months. At 12 months, approximately half of eyes in each antimetabolite group still had persistent macular edema.

The use of high pressure processing to compensate for the effects of salt reduction in ready-to-eat meat products.

Sodium chloride is an essential ingredient in meat products, where it is not only used as a flavoring agent but also to achieve desired textural properties and as an antimicrobial to improve its safety and extend shelf-life. Although NaCl plays this multi-functional role in meat products, excessive sodium intake is linked to various negative health consequences such as cardiovascular disease and obesity. Sodium chloride added to ready-to-eat meat products is the largest contributor of sodium. Thus, there is an increased interest in the development of meat products with reduced sodium levels. Strategies to reduce sodium include identification of alternatives to sodium, considering safety and functionality, and including technological innovations and alternative food processing strategies. Several studies have shown that high pressure processing (HPP) can partially compensate for the loss in functional and sensory properties of meat products as a result of NaCl reduction. This review summarizes these studies to date and will highlight the ability of HPP to enhance the safety, shelf-life and quality of sodium-reduced meat products.

Deep learning based fusion model for COVID-19 diagnosis and classification using computed tomography images.

Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic becomes increased in a drastic way, with the availability of a limited quantity of rapid testing kits. Therefore, automated COVID-19 diagnosis models are essential to identify the existence of disease from radiological images. Earlier studies have focused on the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques using X-ray images on COVID-19 diagnosis. This paper aims to develop a Deep Learning Based MultiModal Fusion technique called DLMMF for COVID-19 diagnosis and classification from Computed Tomography (CT) images. The proposed DLMMF model operates on three main processes namely Weiner Filtering (WF) based pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. The proposed model incorporates the fusion of deep features using VGG16 and Inception v4 models. Finally, Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB) based classifier is applied for identifying and classifying the test CT images into distinct class labels. The experimental validation of the DLMMF model takes place using open-source COVID-CT dataset, which comprises a total of 760 CT images. The experimental outcome defined the superior performance with the maximum sensitivity of 96.53%, specificity of 95.81%, accuracy of 96.81% and F-score of 96.73%.

Morphological Structure, Optical and Microbial Findings of Ferrites.

In this article, we report the interesting results on the effect of high energy ball milling (under 350 rpm for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 h) on the salt (NaCl:KCl) flux synthesized SrFe12O19 powder. The different processed powder was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and near infra-red (NIR) reflectance spectroscopic techniques. From the present research findings, we note that the SrFe12O19 phase is susceptible to the high-energy ball milling process. The unmilled SrFe12O19 powder crystallized in hexagonal structure with the platelet-shaped SrFe12O19 grains exhibits high near-infrared (NIR) reflectance. The average crystalline size (XRD) of the unmilled (84.9 nm) SrFe12O19 powder is reduced to 22.2 nm after 1 h of ball milling. Ball milling of good quality SrFe12O19 powder for >1 h, mixed nanocrystalline phases of SrFe12O19 and α-Fe2O3 materials are formed. By increasing the ball milling time, the thermal features also vary accordingly. The platelet-shaped SrFe12O19 grains are strongly affected by ball milling of the salt flux synthesized SrFe12O19 powder for 1, 3, 5 and 10 h. Ball milling of SrFe12O19 powder has a strong effect on the NIR reflectance and color of the resultant ball-milled powders. The 1 h as-milled powder shows relatively strong inhibition zone as compared to other powder samples (0, 3, 5, 10 h) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium.

Comparison of fluticasone/formoterol with budesonide/formoterol pMDI in adults with moderate to severe persistent asthma: Results from a 12-week randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Combination therapy of inhaled corticosteroid/long acting ß2-agonist (ICS/LABA) is the cornerstone of managing asthmatics who are uncontrolled with low-medium dose of ICS. The novel ICS/LABA combination of fluticasone propionate and formoterol (flu/form) provides potent anti-inflammatory and rapid bronchodilatory effect. This randomized, multi-centre, double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of flu/form (125/6 mcg BD; Maxiflo®) with the well-established budesonide/formoterol combination (bud/form 200/6 mcg BD), both delivered through a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) in patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma over 12 weeks. METHODS: This study enrolled patients between 18 and 65 years. The primary end-point was to demonstrate non-inferiority for the mean change in the pre-dose morning peak expiratory flow values (PEF). The secondary end-points included lung function assessments, number of symptom-free days and nights, rescue medication use, day-and night-time symptom scores and safety evaluation. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-two patients were randomized to either flu/form (n = 117) or bud/form (n = 115). At the end of 12 weeks, flu/form was non-inferior to bud/form with regards to the primary end-point of morning PEF (48.07 L/min vs. 49.03 L/min, p > 0.05). These improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) vs baseline. Similar improvements were observed between the two groups for secondary efficacy end-points including FEV1, symptom-free nights, rescue medication use, day-and night-time symptom scores (p > 0.05). Flu/form exhibited a safety profile comparable to that of bud/form. CONCLUSION: Fluticasone/formoterol combination administered through a pMDI is as efficacious and well-tolerated as budesonide/formoterol and offers a new therapeutic option for patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma.

Characterization of antimicrobial properties of Salmonella phage Felix O1 and Listeria phage A511 embedded in xanthan coatings on Poly(lactic acid) films.

Beyond simply providing a barrier between food and external contaminants, active packaging technologies aim to inhibit pathogen survival and growth within the packaged environment. Bacteriophages have a proven track record as targeted antimicrobials but have yet to be successfully integrated in active packaging without serious loss of activity. We have developed two bacteriophage based xanthan coatings on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film which significantly inhibits Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes growth in culture (P < 0.01), and significantly reduces survival and growth of diverse cocktails of Salmonella sp. and L. monocytogenes respectively on precooked sliced turkey breast over 30 days of anaerobic packaging at 4 or 10 °C (P < 0.05). Specifically reductions of 0.832 log at 4 °C and 1.30 log at 10 °C for Salmonella sp., and 6.31 log at 4 °C and 1.52 log at 10 °C for L. monocytogenes were observed. The coating containing Listeria phage A511 also significantly inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes over 14 days in aerobic packaging (3.79 log at 4 °C, 2.17 log at 10 °C, P < 0.05). These coatings showed 99.99% phage release within 30 min for both phages. Similar approaches could be used to develop packaging inhibitory to other significant foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli, as well as spoilage bacteria.

Nanocrystalline Gd2Ti2O7 Pyrochlore Material for NIR Reflective Pigment Application: Micro-Structural and Optical Studies.

In this interesting article, the synthesis of nanocrystalline Gd2Ti2O7 material by ball milling followed by annealing, characterization and its application are reported. The Rietveld structural refinement data confirm the cubic pyrochlore Gd2Ti2O7 phase with lattice parameter, a = 1.022(9) nm. The particle size observed by HRSEM image concurs with the average crystalline sizes of particles extracted from XRD data. The optical properties of pyrochlore nanocrystalline Gd2Ti207 material are explored from UV-visible, FT-IR, NIR, PL, and Raman spectroscopic measurements. From the present investigation, it is identified that the Gd2Ti2O7 nanopowder may be used as solar reflective as well as color pigment due to its high NIR reflectivity (85-95%) under the wavelength of 750-2500 nm.

[Advances in Molecular Cloning].

"Molecular cloning" meaning creation of recombinant DNA molecules has impelled advancement throughout life sciences. DNA manipulation has become easy due to powerful tools showing exponential growth in applications and sophistication of recombinant DNA technology. Cloning genes has become simple what led to an explosion in the understanding of gene function by seamlessly stitching together multiple DNA fragments or by the use of swappable gene cassettes, maximizing swiftness and litheness. A novel archetype might materialize in the near future with synthetic biology techniques that will facilitate quicker assembly and iteration of DNA clones, accelerating the progress of gene therapy vectors, recombinant protein production processes and new vaccines by in vitro chemical synthesis of any in silico-specified DNA construct. The advent of innovative cloning techniques has opened the door to more refined applications such as identification and mapping of epigenetic modifications and high-throughput assembly of combinatorial libraries. In this review, we will examine the major breakthroughs in cloning techniques and their applications in various areas of biological research that have evolved mainly due to easy construction of novel expression systems.

Survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in broth as influenced by pH, water activity and temperature.

UNLABELLED: This study examined the effects of and interactions between pH, aw and temperature on the survival of the top six non-O157 STECs and Escherichia coli O157:H7. All variables significantly affected the survival of all STEC serotypes. However, aw bore the most significant effect, followed by temperature and then pH. Examination of the effect of the interaction between these variables revealed that the interaction between aw and temperature was the most significant followed by the interaction between pH and temperature and then aw and pH. Decrease in aw resulted in population reduction of all serotypes studied. This reduction in population was significantly increased with the increase in temperature and was further significantly enhanced with decreasing pH. Examination of the differences in the survival among the individual serotypes revealed that the response of each serotype to aw or temperature changes was significantly different, while their response to pH changes was similar. Analysis of the relative survival of individual non-O157 STECs to O157:H7 revealed that the survival of O121 and O45 was not significantly different to O157:H7 while O103, O111, O145 and O26 showed less tolerance to the combined treatments, and their survival was significantly different from O157:H7. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results of this study estimate the interaction between pH, aw and temperature on the survival of the top six non-O157 STECs relative to Escherichia coli O157:H7 and provide important growth and no-growth condition which will offer risk assessors a means of estimating the likelihood of these pathogens, if present, would grow in response to the interaction between the three variables assessed.

Blue phase liquid crystal: strategies for phase stabilization and device development.

The blue phase liquid crystal (BPLC) is a highly ordered liquid crystal (LC) phase found very close to the LC-isotropic transition. The BPLC has demonstrated potential in next-generation display and photonic technology due to its exceptional properties such as sub-millisecond response time and wide viewing angle. However, BPLC is stable in a very small temperature range (0.5-1 °C) and its driving voltage is very high (∼100 V). To overcome these challenges recent research has focused on solutions which incorporate polymers or nanoparticles into the blue phase to widen the temperature range from around few °C to potentially more than 60 °C. In order to reduce the driving voltage, strategies have been attempted by modifying the device structure by introducing protrusion or corrugated electrodes and vertical field switching mechanism has been proposed. In this paper the effectiveness of the proposed solution will be discussed, in order to assess the potential of BPLC in display technology and beyond.

Association Between Baseline Macular Morphologic Features on Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Outcomes in Patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.

PURPOSE: The choroidal thickening and serous retinal detachments that characterize Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease can be imaged in detail using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Whether specific qualitative and quantitative SD-OCT features at presentation were associated with visual outcomes in a randomized controlled trial comparing methotrexate to mycophenolate for steroid-sparing control of uveitis were evaluated. METHODS: An exploratory subanalysis of data from the FAST trial in which SD-OCT images from VKH participants were analyzed for presence/absence of bacillary detachments, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) folds, and internal limiting membrane (ILM) fluctuations was performed. A modified RPE undulation index was calculated to provide a quantifiable surrogate marker for choroidal folds. RESULTS: SD-OCT images were available from 158 eyes with VKH. At baseline, bacillary detachments were present in 23.5% of eyes, RPE folds in 22.8% of eyes, and ILM fluctuations in 35.2% of eyes. For each 0.1 unit increase in modified RPE undulation index, there was an associated 0.13 increase in mean logMAR BSCVA at baseline. None of the SD-OCT features were associated with BSCVA at the 6-month primary endpoint. Indeed, mean final BSCVA was similar in those with and without the SD-OCT features of interest at baseline, and was between 0.1 and 0.2 logMAR (Snellen visual acuity 20/25 to 20/30). CONCLUSIONS: While eyes with VKH may present with a variety of SD-OCT imaging pathology prior to starting immunosuppression with methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil, final visual outcome in our study was excellent. With appropriate immunosuppression, good visual outcomes are possible in VKH.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01829295Date of Registration: April 11, 2013.

Expert Panel Consensus Recommendations for Allergic Rhinitis in Patients with Asthma in India.

Allergic rhinitis and asthma are commonly coexisting conditions, significantly impacting patient health and quality of life. Despite their interrelation, diagnosing allergic rhinitis in patients with asthma remains challenging, leading to underdiagnosis and suboptimal management. The expert consensus engaged a modified Delphi method involving 29 experts including pulmonologists, ear, nose, and throat surgeons, and allergologists. Through group discussions, consensus statements were developed regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Final consensus statements were formulated based on the experts' collective clinical judgment and experience. This expert consensus provides updated recommendations tailored to the Indian context, addressing the gaps in existing research and clinical practice. By promoting a systematic and evidence-based approach to diagnosis and management, this consensus aims to support clinicians in effectively identifying and treating allergic rhinitis in patients with asthma, thereby improving overall disease management and patient well-being.

Seasonal changes in selected immune response of Mystus gulio and Mystus vittatus.

Estuaries are considered as highly potential area for that including feeding, spawning and nursery rearing of most of the finfishes and shellfishes. In the present investigation, two species of catfish (M. gulio and M. vittatus) were selected to study the impact of season on their immune organs (kidney and spleen) and selected immune response from Vellar estuary. The physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, salinity and rainfall) were measured during the sampling period 2009-10. The non-specific immune parameters (WBC count, lysozyme activity and NBT assay) were analyzed. The immune organs (head-kidney and spleen) variation was also observed by histological studies. Our results stated that the WBCs count of M. gulio and M. vittatus increased during summer (10.3 and 10.1 x 10(6) ml(-1)) season and decreased in monsoon (6.8 and 7.0 x 10(6) ml(-1)). In contrast, lysozyme activity was highest in post monsoon (1540 and 1525 U min(-1) ml(-1)) and lowest in summer (1000 and 960 U min(-1) ml(-1)). The activity of NBT was highest in monsoon (0.68 and 0.65 at 540 nm) and lowest in summer (0.012 and 0.2 at 540 nm). The histological observation implies that the cell variations were different in respect to different seasons.

Neural Network Clustering and Swarm Intelligence-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Machine Learning Perspective.

With no requirement for an established network infrastructure, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are well suited for applications that call for quick network deployment. Military training and emergency rescue operations are two prominent uses of WSNs. The individual network nodes must carry out routing and intrusion detection because there is no predetermined routing or intrusion detection in a wireless network. WSNs can only manage a certain volume of data, and doing so requires a significant amount of energy to process, transmit, and receive. Since sensors have a modest energy source and a constrained bandwidth, they cannot transmit all of their data to a base station for processing and analysis. Therefore, machine learning (ML) techniques are needed for WSNs to facilitate data transmission. Other current solutions have drawbacks as well, such as being less reliable, more susceptible to environmental changes, converging more slowly, and having shorter network lifetimes. This study addressed problems with wireless sensor networks and devised an efficient clustering and routing algorithm based on machine learning. Results from simulations demonstrate that the proposed system beats previous state-of-the-art models on a variety of metrics, including accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity (0.93, 0.93, and 0.92 respectively).

Closed-bowel Loop Obstruction-An Unusual and Forgotten Complication of Feeding Jejunostomy: Case Report.

Feeding jejunostomy (FJ) is done as a part of significant upper gastrointestinal surgical procedures for patients who cannot tolerate enteral feeds. This procedure is related to different mechanical, infective, and metabolic inconveniences. However, closed-bowel loop obstruction following FJ is rare. We report an unusual complication of closed-bowel loop obstruction in the postoperative period of FJ done for a locally advanced carcinoma of gastroesophageal (GE) junction for enteral access in a 67-year-old male patient. This patient required an emergency laparotomy, to forestall exacerbating of abdomen distension which could have led to gastric ischemia and perforation following obstruction. A redo FJ was done, and the patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery. Therefore, surgeons should have high clinical suspicion for a rarer complication like a closed-loop obstruction in a patient with upper abdominal pain and distension without vomiting following FJ. How to cite this article: Balamurugan S, Aslam MM, Kadambari D, et al. Closed-bowel Loop Obstruction-An Unusual and Forgotten Complication of Feeding Jejunostomy: Case Report. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2022;12(2):92-94.

Role of Post-Trial Visual Feedback on Unintentional Force Drift During Isometric Finger Force Production Tasks.

A reduction in fingertip forces during a visually occluded isometric task is called unintentional drift. In this study, unintentional drift was studied for two conditions, with and without "epilogue." We define epilogue as the posttrial visual feedback in which the outcome of the just-concluded trial is shown before the start of the next trial. For this study, 14 healthy participants were recruited and were instructed to produce fingertip forces to match a target line at 15% maximum voluntary contraction. The results showed a significant reduction in unintentional drift in the epilogue condition. This reduction is probably due to the difference in the shift in λ, the threshold of the tonic stretch reflex, the hypothetical control variable that the central controller can set.

Influence of Different Stainless Steel Finishes on Biofilm Formation by Listeria monocytogenes.

ABSTRACT: Biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel, a widely used abiotic surface in the food processing industry, was investigated by focusing on the attachment tendency and behavior of L. monocytogenes 08-5578 on eight different stainless steel surfaces: glass bead blasted (rough and fine), deburred (Timesaver), drum deburred, pickled, pickled and drum polished, electrolytic polished, and cold rolled (untreated control). The aim was to see whether there are finishes with significantly lower bacterial attachment. Surface roughness data (measured via four roughness parameters), determined by interferometry, was also compared with the number of adhering cells to detect possible correlations. Cultivation of L. monocytogenes biofilms was carried out using a CDC biofilm reactor with 1% tryptic soy broth set at 20°C for 4, 8, and 24 h. In addition, a cultivation trial was run with continuous nutrient flow (1% tryptic soy broth, 6.2 mL/min) for 24 h. Eight-hour results showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in biofilm cell counts in biofilms between the glass bead-blasted surfaces (3.23 and 3.26 log CFU/cm2 for the fine and rough, respectively) and deburred (Timesaver) surface (2.57 log CFU/cm2), between drum deburred and deburred (Timesaver) surface (3.41 versus 2.57 log CFU/cm2), and between drum deburred and pickled surface (3.41 versus 2.77 log CFU/cm2). Data gained after 4-h, 24-h, and 24-h plus an additional 24-h continuous flow cultivation showed no significant difference in attachment among surfaces. No correlation between roughness data and attachment was found after all four incubation times, suggesting that roughness values, at these ranges, are insufficient in determining the surfaces' affinity to bacteria. Overall, this study suggests that roughness values cannot be used to predict the degree of L. monocytogenes attachment to a specific stainless steel surface.