A majority of trauma-related deep venous thromboses resolve prior to discharge.

Post-traumatic DVTs present unique challenges in patient populations with specific high-risk injury patterns. Duplex ultrasound (US) can be used to assess evolution of DVTs and may guide treatment for high-risk patients. We hypothesized that many DVTs resolve during the initial admission. Weekly duplex US are ordered on all trauma inpatients regardless of prior DVT at our facility. We reviewed US and outcomes data on all patients with lower extremity DVTs at our Level I trauma center from January 2012-December 2021. 392 patients were diagnosed with lower extremity DVT by US. 261 (67%) patients received follow-up US with a mean time to repeat US of 6 days. Of these, 91 (35%) patients experienced DVT resolution prior to the first follow-up US, and 141 (54%) patients experienced resolution prior to discharge. Mean time to resolution was 10 days. Over 50% of DVTs resolve before discharge and are detected by US. Further studies and post-discharge follow-up are needed to determine if patients with resolved DVTs can be managed without therapeutic anticoagulation.

Communication and Palliation in Trauma Critical Care: Impact of Trainee Education and Mentorship.

BACKGROUND: Surgical residency training requires Advance Care Planning (ACP) and Palliative Care (PC) education. To meet education needs and align with American College of Surgeons guidelines, our Surgical Intensivists and PC faculty developed courses on communication and palliation for residents (2017-18) and fellows (2018-19). We hypothesized that education in ACP would increase ACP communication and documentation. METHODS: The trauma registry of an academic, level 1trauma center was queried for ICU admissions from 2016-2019, excluding incarcerated and pregnant patients. A retrospective chart review was performed, obtaining frequency of ACP documentation, ACP meetings, time from admission to documentation, and PC consultation. We collected ICU quality measures as secondary outcomes: ICU Length Of Stay (LOS), hospital LOS, ventilator days, invasive procedures, discharge disposition, and mortality. Comparisons were made between years prior to (Y 1) and following implementation (Y 2: residents, Y 3: fellows). RESULTS: For 1732 patients meeting inclusion criteria, patient demographics, injuries, and injury severity score were comparable. ACP documentation increased from 19.5% in Y 1 to 57.2% in Y 3 (P < 0.001). Time to ACP documentation was reduced from 47.6 to 13.1 h (P < 0.001) from time of admission. ICU LOS decreased from 6 to 4.8 d (P = 0.004). Patients in Y 3 had fewer tracheostomies and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies. PC consultations decreased. Mortality was unchanged. CONCLUSION: Following trainee education, we observed increases in ACP documentation, earlier communication and improvements in ICU quality measures. Our findings suggest that trainee education positively impacts ACP documentation, reduces LOS, and improves trauma critical care outcomes.

Methamphetamine Use is Associated with Increased Surgical Site Infections after Trauma Laparotomy.

BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine (METH) use causes significant vasoconstriction, which can be severe enough to cause bowel ischemia. Methamphetamines have also been shown to alter the immune response. These effects could predispose METH users to poor wound healing, increased infections, and other post-operative complications. We hypothesized that METH users would have longer length of stay and higher rates of complications compared to non-METH users. METHODS: The trauma registry for our urban Level 1 trauma center was searched for patients that received an exploratory laparotomy from 2016 to 2019. A total 204 patients met criteria and 52 (25.5%) were METH positive. Length of stay (LOS), ventilator days, abbreviated injury scale (AIS), and wound class were compared using nonparametric statistics. Age and injury severity score (ISS) were compared using a Student's t-test. A Chi Square or Fisher's Exact test was used to compare sex, mechanism of injury, and rates of infectious complications. RESULTS: Methamphetamine-positive patients had a significantly higher rate of surgical site infections (7.4% versus 0%, P = 0.001). Patients that developed surgical site infection had equivalent rates of smoking and diabetes, as well as equivalent abdominal AIS and wound class compared to those who did not develop surgical site infection. Hospital and ICU LOS, ventilator days, ISS, and mortality were equivalent between METH positive and negative patients. Rates of other infectious complications were the same between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Methamphetamine use is associated with an increased rate of surgical site infection after trauma laparotomy. Other serious complications and mortality were not affected by METH use.

Assessment of Surgical Care Provided in National Health Services Hospitals in Mozambique: The Importance of Subnational Metrics in Global Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Surgery plays a critical role in sustainable healthcare systems. Validated metrics exist to guide implementation of surgical services, but low-income countries (LIC) struggle to report recommended metrics and this poses a critical barrier to addressing unmet need. We present a comprehensive national sample of surgical encounters from a LIC by assessing the National Health Services of Mozambique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort of all surgical encounters from Mozambique's National Health Service was gathered for all provinces between July and December 2015. Primary outcomes were timely access, provider densities for surgery, anesthesiology, and obstetrics (SAO) per 100,000 population, annualized surgical procedure volume per 100,000, and postoperative mortality (POMR). Secondary outcomes include operating room density and efficiency. RESULTS: Fifty-four hospitals had surgical capacity in 11 provinces with 47,189 surgeries. 44.9% of Mozambique's population lives in Districts without access to surgical services. National SAO density was 1.2/100,000, ranging from 0.4/100,000 in Manica Province to 9.8/100,000 in Maputo City. Annualized national surgical case volume was 367 procedures/100,000 population, ranging from 180/100,000 in Zambezia Province to 1,897/100,000 in Maputo City. National POMR was 0.74% and ranged from 0.23% in Maputo Province to 1.78% in Niassa Province. DISCUSSION: Surgical delivery in Mozambique falls short of international targets. Subnational deficiencies and variations between provinces pose targets for quality improvement in advancing national surgical plans. This serves as a template for LICs to follow in gathering surgical metrics for the WHO and the World Bank and offers short- and long-term targets for surgery as a component of health systems strengthening.

The Effects of Cross-Border Transport on Patients With Tibia Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Tibia fractures are common after trauma. Prior studies have shown that delays in treatment are associated with poor outcomes. A subpopulation of our patients are transported from Mexico, adding barriers to prompt care. We hypothesized that patients with tibia fractures crossing from Mexico would have delays in treatment and subsequently worse outcomes. METHODS: The trauma registry of an American College of Surgeons-verified level 1 trauma center was retrospectively reviewed for all tibia fractures admitted from 2010 to 2015. Data collection included demographics, country of injury, characterization of injuries, interventions, complications, and outcomes. Patients were subdivided into those injured in the United States and in Mexico, and the two groups were compared. RESULTS: A total of 498 patients were identified, 440 from the United States and 58 from Mexico. Mexico patients were more severely injured overall, with higher injury severity scores and a higher percentage of patients with abbreviated injury scale scores ≥3 for both head and chest regions. Mexico patients had longer times from injury to admission, as well as increased times to both debridement of open fractures and operative fixation after admission. On subgroup analysis of patients with isolated tibia fractures (other system abbreviated injury scale < 3), times from arrival to treatment and injury severity score were no longer statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: Patients crossing the border from Mexico with tibia fractures have delays in time to admission and from admission to operative management, although this is primarily due to other severe injuries. Ongoing systems development is required to minimize delays in care and optimize outcomes.

Readmissions After Acute Hospitalization for Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with functional deficits, impaired cognition, and medical complications that continue well after the initial injury. Many patients seek medical care at other health care facilities after discharge, rather than returning to the admitting trauma center, making assessment of readmission rates and readmission diagnoses difficult to determine. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and factors associated with readmission to any acute care hospital after an index admission for TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Nationwide Readmission Database was queried for all patients admitted with a TBI during the first 3 mo of 2015. Nonelective readmissions for this population were then collected for the remainder of 2015. Patients who died during the index admission were excluded. Demographic data, injury mechanism, type of TBI, the number of readmissions, days from discharge to readmission, readmission diagnosis, and mortality were studied. RESULTS: Of the 15,277 patients with an index admission for TBI, 5296 patients (35%) required at least 1 readmission. Forty percent of readmissions occurred within the first 30 d after discharge from the index trauma admission. The most common primary diagnosis on readmission was SDH, followed by septicemia, urinary tract infection, and aspiration. Readmission rates increased with age, with 75% of readmissions occurring in patients aged >65 y. Initial discharge to a skilled nursing facility (Relative Risk [RR], 1.60) or leaving the hospital against medical advice (RR, 1.59) increased the risk of readmission. Patients with fall as their mechanism of injury and a subdural hematoma were more likely to require readmission compared with other types of mechanisms with TBI (RR, 1.59 and RR, 1.21, respectively; P < 0.001). Notably, the first readmission was to a different hospital for 39.5% of patients and 46.9% of patients had admissions to at least one facility outside that of their original presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital readmission is common for patients discharged after TBI. Elderly patients who fall with resultant subdural hematoma are at especially high risk for complications and readmission. Understanding potentially preventable causes for readmission can be used to guide discharge planning pathways to decrease morbidity in this patient population.

From across the globe - traumatic injuries are an international concern at the US-Mexico border wall.

Introduction: Socio-economic and political events of recent years have caused a significant increase in immigrants attempting to illegally cross the United States (US)-Mexico border. While a 30-foot border wall separates the US and Mexico, immigrants from around the world have used this location as their point of entry to the US. These border crossings have led to a dramatic increase in major trauma resulting in increased inpatient resource utilization and the need for comprehensive hospital services. The aim of this study was to describe the nationality of injured immigrants admitted to a Trauma Center serving a segment of the US-Mexico border wall and to report their ultimate destinations after discharge. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients admitted to an academic, Level 1 Trauma Center after injury at the US-Mexico border wall from 2021 to 2022. Demographic information was obtained from the trauma registry. The electronic medical record was searched to identify each patient's self-reported country of origin. Patients' nationality was then stratified by region of the world to understand geographic representation of border injury admissions. Results: We identified 597 patients injured while crossing the US-Mexico border wall representing 38 different countries. The mean age of patients was 32.2±10.4 years and 446 (75%) were male. Most patients (405, 67.8%) were Mexican, followed by 23 (3.9%) patients from Peru, 17 (2.8%) patients from India, 14 (2.3%) patients from El Salvador, 13 (2.2%) patients from Cuba and 12 (2.0%) patients from Jamaica. When considering regions of the world other than Mexico, patients were most commonly from Africa, South America and Central America. Conclusion: The increased volume of trauma associated with the US-Mexico border wall is a humanitarian and health crisis.(1) The diverse national origin of patients admitted after injury from border wall falls has shed new light on the social and interpreter services needed to care for these border injury patients and the challenges that exist in their post-discharge care.

Two-center analysis of cannabis on venous thromboembolism risk after traumatic injury: A matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Conflicting evidence exists evaluating associations between cannabis (THC) and post-traumatic DVT. METHODS: Retrospective analysis (2014-2023) of patients ≥15yrs from two Level I trauma centers with robust VTE surveillance and prophylaxis protocols. Multivariable hierarchical regression assessed the association between THC and DVT risk. THC â€‹+ â€‹patients were direct matched to other drug use categories on VTE risk markers and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: Of 7365 patients, 3719 were drug-, 575 were THC â€‹+ â€‹only, 2583 were other drug+, and 488 were TCH+/other drug+. DVT rates by exposure group did not differ. TCH â€‹+ â€‹only patients had higher GCS scores, shorter hospital length of stay, and the lowest pelvic fracture and mortality rates. A total of 458 drug-, 453 other drug+, and 232 THC+/other drug â€‹+ â€‹patients were matched to 458, 453, and 232 THC â€‹+ â€‹only patients. There were no differences in DVT event rates in any paired sub-cohort set. Additionally, iteratively adjusted paired models did not show an association between THC and DVT. CONCLUSIONS: THC does not appear to be associated with increased DVT risk in patients with strict trauma chemoprophylaxis. Toxicology testing is useful for identifying substance abuse intervention opportunities, but not for DVT risk stratification in THC â€‹+ â€‹patients.

American Association for the Surgery of Trauma/American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma clinical protocol for postdischarge venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after trauma.

ABSTRACT: Trauma patients are at an elevated risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. In the inpatient setting, prompt pharmacologic prophylaxis is utilized to prevent VTE. For patients with lower extremity fractures or limited mobility, VTE risk does not return to baseline levels postdischarge. Currently, there are limited data to guide postdischarge VTE prophylaxis in trauma patients. The goal of these postdischarge VTE prophylaxis guidelines are to identify patients at the highest risk of developing VTE after discharge and to offer pharmacologic prophylaxis strategies to limit this risk.

When is it safe to start venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after blunt solid organ injury? A prospective American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional trial.

BACKGROUND: The optimal time to initiate venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemoprophylaxis (VTEp) after blunt solid organ injury remains controversial, as VTE mitigation must be balanced against bleeding promulgation. Evidence from primarily small, retrospective, single-center work suggests that VTEp ≤48 hours is safe and effective. This study was undertaken to validate this clinical practice. METHODS: Blunt trauma patients presenting to 19 participating trauma centers in North America were screened over a 1-year study period beginning between August 1 and October 1, 2021. Inclusions were age older than 15 years; ≥1 liver, spleen, or kidney injury; and initial nonoperative management. Exclusions were transfers, emergency department death, pregnancy, and concomitant bleeding disorder/anticoagulation/antiplatelet medication. A priori power calculation stipulated the need for 1,158 patients. Time of VTEp initiation defined study groups: Early (≤48 hours of admission) versus Late (>48 hours). Bivariate and multivariable analyses compared outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 1,173 patients satisfied the study criteria with 571 liver (49%), 557 spleen (47%), and 277 kidney injuries (24%). The median patient age was 34 years (interquartile range, 25-49 years), and 67% (n = 780) were male. The median Injury Severity Score was 22 (interquartile range, 14-29) with Abbreviated Injury Scale Abdomen score of 3 (interquartile range, 2-3), and the median American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade of solid organ injury was 2 (interquartile range, 2-3). Early VTEp patients (n = 838 [74%]) had significantly lower rates of VTE (n = 28 [3%] vs. n = 21 [7%], p = 0.008), comparable rates of nonoperative management failure (n = 21 [3%] vs. n = 12 [4%], p = 0.228), and lower rates of post-VTEp blood transfusion (n = 145 [17%] vs. n = 71 [23%], p = 0.024) when compared with Late VTEp patients (n = 301 [26%]). Late VTEp was independently associated with VTE (odd ratio, 2.251; p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Early initiation of VTEp was associated with significantly reduced rates of VTE with no increase in bleeding complications. Venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis initiation ≤48 hours is therefore safe and effective and should be the standard of care for patients with blunt solid organ injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic and Care Management; Level III.

Thoracic irrigation for prevention of secondary intervention after thoracostomy tube drainage for hemothorax: A Western Trauma Association multi-center study.

BACKGROUND: Retained hemothorax (rHTX) requiring intervention occurs in up to 20% of patients who undergo chest tube (TT) placement for a hemothorax (HTX). Thoracic irrigation at the time of TT placement decreases the need for secondary intervention in this patient group but those findings are limited because of the single center design. A multi-center study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thoracic irrigation. METHODS: A multi-center, prospective, observational study was conducted between June 2018 and July 2023. Eleven sites contributed patients. Patients were included if they had a TT placed for a HTX and were excluded if: age < 18 years, TT for pneumothorax, thoracotomy or VATS performed within 6 hours of TT, TT >24 hours after injury, TT removed <24 hours, or death within 48 hours. Thoracic irrigation was performed at the discretion of the attending. Each hemithorax was considered separately if bilateral HTX. The primary outcome was secondary intervention for HTX-related complications (rHTX, effusion, or empyema). Secondary intervention was defined as: TT placement, instillation of thrombolytics, VATS, or thoracotomy. Irrigated and non-irrigated hemithoraces were compared using a propensity weighted analysis with age, sex, mechanism of injury, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) chest and TT size as predictors. RESULTS: 493 patients with 462 treated hemothoraces were included, 123 (25%) had thoracic irrigation at TT placement. There were no significant demographic differences between the cohorts. Fifty-seven secondary interventions were performed, 10 (8%) and 47 (13%) in the irrigated and non-irrigated groups, respectively (p = 0.015). Propensity weighted analysis demonstrated a reduction in secondary interventions in the irrigated cohort (Odds Ratio 0.56 (0.34-0.85); p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: This Western Trauma Association multi-center study demonstrates a benefit of thoracic irrigation at the time of TT placement for a HTX. Thoracic irrigation reduces the odds of a secondary intervention for rHTX-related complications by 44%. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Study, Level II.

Who is informed of trauma informed care? Patients' primary language and comprehensiveness of initial trauma assessment.

BACKGROUND: For patients with limited English proficiency, language poses a unique challenge in patient-provider communication. Using certified medical interpretation (CMI) can be difficult in time- and resource-limited settings including trauma. We hypothesized that there would be limited use of CMI during major trauma resuscitations, less comprehensive assessments, and less empathetic communication for Spanish-speaking patients (SSPs) with limited English proficiency compared with English-speaking patients (ESPs). METHODS: We analyzed video-recorded encounters of trauma initial assessments at a Level 1 trauma center. Each encounter was evaluated from patient arrival until completion of the secondary survey per Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol. A standard checklist of provider actions was used to assess comprehensiveness of the primary and secondary surveys and communication events such as provider introduction, reassurances, and communicating next steps to patients. We compared the SSP and ESP cohorts for significant differences in completion of checklist items. RESULTS: Fifty patients with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 14 and 15 were included (25 SSPs, 25 ESPs). The median age was 34 years (interquartile range, 25-65 years) for SSPs and 40 years (interquartile range, 29-54 years) for ESPs. In SSPs, 72% were male; in ESPs, 60% were male. Spanish-speaking patients received less comprehensive motor (48% complete SSPs vs. 96% ESPs, p < 0.001) and sensory (4% complete SSPs vs. 68% ESPs, p < 0.001) examinations, and less often had providers explain next steps (32% SSPs vs. 96% ESPs, p < 0.001) or reassure them (44% SSPs vs. 88% ESPs, p = 0.001). No patients were asked their primary language. Two SSP encounters (8%) used CMI; most (80%) used ad hoc interpretation, and 12% used English. CONCLUSION: We found significant differences in the initial care provided to trauma patients based on primary language. Inclusion of an interpreter as part of the trauma team may improve the quality of care provided to trauma patients with limited English proficiency. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.

Up and over: Consequences of raising the United States-Mexico border wall height.

OBJECTIVES: San Diego County's geographic location lends a unique demographic of migrant patients injured by falls at the United States-Mexico border. To prevent migrant crossings, a 2017 Executive Order allocated funds to increase the southern California border wall height from 10 ft to 30 ft, which was completed in December 2019. We hypothesized that the elevated border wall height is associated with increased major trauma, resource utilization, and health care costs. METHODS: Retrospective trauma registry review of border wall falls was performed by the two Level I trauma centers that admit border fall patients from the southern California border from January 2016 to June 2022. Patients were assigned to either "pre-2020" or "post-2020" subgroups based upon timing of completion of the heightened border wall. Total number of admissions, operating room utilization, hospital charges, and hospital costs were compared. RESULTS: Injuries from border wall falls grew 967% from 2016 to 2021 (39 vs. 377 admissions); this percentage is expected to be supplanted in 2022. When comparing the two subgroups, operating room utilization (175 vs. 734 total operations) and median hospital charges per patient ($95,229 vs. $168,795) have risen dramatically over the same time period. Hospital costs increased 636% in the post-2020 subgroup ($11,351,216 versus $72,172,123). The majority (97%) of these patients are uninsured at admission, with costs largely subsidized by federal government entities (57%) or through state Medicaid enrollment postadmission (31%). CONCLUSION: The increased height of the United States-Mexico border wall has resulted in record numbers of injured migrant patients, placing novel financial and resource burdens on already stressed trauma systems. To address this public health crisis, legislators and health care providers must conduct collaborative, apolitical discussions regarding the border wall's efficacy as a means of deterrence and its impact on traumatic injury and disability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

Cross-Border Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Burn Patients.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem worldwide, with differences in regional resistance patterns partially driven by local variance in antibiotic stewardship. Trauma patients transferring from Mexico have more AMR than those injured in the United States; we hypothesized a similar pattern would be present for burn patients. Patients and Methods: The registry of an American Burn Association (ABA)-verified burn center was queried for all admissions for burn injury January 2015 through December 2019 with hospital length-of-stay (LOS) longer than seven days. Patients were divided into two groups based upon burn location: United States (USA) or Mexico (MEX). All bacterial infections were analyzed. Results: A total of 73 MEX and 826 USA patients were included. Patients had a similar mean age (40.4 years MEX vs. 42.2 USA) and gender distribution (69.6% male vs. 64.4%). The MEX patients had larger median percent total body surface area burned (%TBSA; 11.1% vs. 4.3%; p ≤ 0.001) and longer hospital LOS (18.0 vs. 13.0 days; p = 0.028). The MEX patients more often had respiratory infections (16.4% vs. 7.4%; p = 0.046), whereas rates of other infections were similar. The MEX patients had higher rates of any resistant organism (47.2% of organisms MEX vs. 28.1% USA; p = 0.013), and were more likely to have resistant infections on univariable analysis; however, on multivariable analysis country of burn was no longer significant. Conclusions: Antimicrobial resistance is more common in burn patients initially burned in Mexico than those burned in the United States, but location was not a predictor of resistance compared to other traditional burn-related factors. Continuing to monitor for AMR regardless of country of burn remains critical.

Approaches for optimizing venous thromboembolism prevention in injured patients: Findings from the consensus conference to implement optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in trauma.

ABSTRACT: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major issue in trauma patients. Without prophylaxis, the rate of deep venous thrombosis approaches 60% and even with chemoprophylaxis may be nearly 30%. Advances in VTE reduction are imperative to reduce the burden of this issue in the trauma population. Novel approaches in VTE prevention may include new medications, dosing regimens, and extending prophylaxis to the postdischarge phase of care. Standard dosing regimens of low-molecular-weight heparin are insufficient in trauma, shifting our focus toward alternative dosing strategies to improve prophylaxis. Mixed data suggest that anti-Xa-guided dosage, weight-based dosing, and thromboelastography are among these potential strategies. The concern for VTE in trauma does not end upon discharge, however. The risk for VTE in this population extends well beyond hospitalization. Variable extended thromboprophylaxis regimens using aspirin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and direct oral anticoagulants have been suggested to mitigate this prolonged VTE risk, but the ideal approach for outpatient VTE prevention is still unclear. As part of the 2022 Consensus Conference to Implement Optimal Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Trauma, a multidisciplinary array of participants, including physicians from multiple specialties, pharmacists, nurses, advanced practice providers, and patients met to attack these issues. This paper aims to review the current literature on novel approaches for optimizing VTE prevention in injured patients and identify research gaps that should be investigated to improve VTE rates in trauma.

Components of Existing National Surgical Site Infection Surveillance Programs Based on a Case Series of Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Building Blocks for Success and Opportunities for Improvement.

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) surveillance programs are recommended to be included in national infection prevention and control (IPC) programs, yet few exist in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs). Our goal was to identify components of surveillance in existing programs that could be replicated elsewhere and note opportunities for improvement to build awareness for other countries in the process of developing their own national surgical site infection surveillance (nSSIS) programs. Methods: We administered a survey built upon the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's framework for surveillance system evaluation to systematically deconstruct logistical infrastructure of existing nSSIS programs in LMICs. Qualitative analyses of survey responses by thematic elements were used to identify successful surveillance system components and recognize opportunities for improvement. Results: Three respondents representing countries in Europe and Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia designated as upper middle-income, lower middle-income, and low-income responded. Notable strengths described by respondents included use of local paper documentation, staggered data entry, and limited data entry fields. Opportunities for improvement included outpatient data capture, broader coverage of healthcare centers within a nation, improved audit processes, defining the denominator of number of surgical procedures, and presence of an easily accessible, free SSI surveillance training program for healthcare workers. Conclusions: Outpatient post-surgery surveillance, national coverage of healthcare facilities, and training on how to take local SSI surveillance data and integrate it within a broader nSSIS program at the national level remain areas of opportunities for countries looking to implement a nSSIS program.

Survey of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in trauma patients: current prescribing practices and concordance with clinical practice guidelines.

Objectives: Pharmacological venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is recommended in the vast majority of trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to characterize current dosing practices and timing of initiation of pharmacological VTE chemoprophylaxis at trauma centers. Methods: This was an international, cross-sectional survey of trauma providers. The survey was sponsored by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) and distributed to AAST members. The survey included 38 questions about practitioner demographics, experience, level and location of trauma center, and individual/site-specific practices regarding the dosing, selection, and timing of initiation of pharmacological VTE chemoprophylaxis in trauma patients. Results: One hundred eighteen trauma providers responded (estimated response rate 6.9%). Most respondents were at level 1 trauma centers (100/118; 84.7%) and had >10 years of experience (73/118; 61.9%). While multiple dosing regimens were used, the most common dose reported was enoxaparin 30 mg every 12 hours (80/118; 67.8%). The majority of respondents (88/118; 74.6%) indicated adjusting the dose in patients with obesity. Seventy-eight (66.1%) routinely use antifactor Xa levels to guide dosing. Respondents at academic institutions were more likely to use guideline-directed dosing (based on the Eastern Association of the Surgery of Trauma and the Western Trauma Association guidelines) of VTE chemoprophylaxis compared with those at non-academic centers (86.2% vs 62.5%; p=0.0158) and guideline-directed dosing was reported more often if the trauma team included a clinical pharmacist (88.2% vs 69.0%; p=0.0142). Wide variability in initial timing of VTE chemoprophylaxis after traumatic brain injury, solid organ injury, and spinal cord injuries was found. Conclusions: A high degree of variability exists in prescribing and monitoring practices for the prevention of VTE in trauma patients. Clinical pharmacists may be helpful on trauma teams to optimize dosing and increase prescribing of guideline-concordant VTE chemoprophylaxis.

One size does not fit all: Sex bias in pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: The optimal enoxaparin dosing strategy to achieve venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in trauma patients remains unclear. Current dosing guidelines often include weight, age, and renal function but still fail to achieve appropriate prophylactic anti-Xa levels in many patients. We hypothesized that additional patient factors influence anti-Xa response to enoxaparin in trauma patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center for ≥4 days from July 2015 to September 2020, who received enoxaparin VTE prophylaxis per protocol (50-59 kg, 30 mg/dose; 60-99 kg, 40 mg/dose; ≥100 kg, 50 mg/dose; all doses every 12 hours) and had an appropriately timed peak anti-Xa level. Multivariate regression was performed to identify independent predictors of prophylactic anti-Xa levels (0.2-0.4 IU/mL) upon first measurement. RESULTS: The cohort (N = 1,435) was 76.4% male, with a mean ± SD age of 49.9 ± 20.0 years and a mean ± SD weight of 82.5 ± 20.2 kg (males, 85.2 kg; females, 73.7 kg; p <0.001). Overall, 68.6% of patients (n = 984) had a prophylactic anti-Xa level on first assessment (69.6% of males, 65.1% of females). Males were more likely to have a subprophylactic level than females (22.1% vs. 8.0%, p <0.001), whereas females were more likely to have supraprophylactic levels than males (26.9% vs. 8.3%, p < 0.001). When controlling for creatinine clearance, anti-Xa level was independently associated with dose-to-weight ratio (odds ratio, 0.191 for 0.5 mg/kg; p < 0.001; confidence interval, 0.151-0.230) and female sex (odds ratio, 0.060; p < 0.001; confidence interval, 0.047-0.072). Weight and age were not significant when controlling for the other factors. CONCLUSION: Male patients have a decreased anti-Xa response to enoxaparin when compared with female patients, leading to a greater incidence of subprophylactic anti-Xa levels in male patients at all dose-to-weight ratios. To improve the accuracy of VTE chemoprophylaxis, sex should be considered as a variable in enoxaparin dosing models. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.

Understanding the burden of traumatic injuries at the United States-Mexico border: A scoping review of the literature.

ABSTRACT: The US-Mexico border is the busiest land crossing in the world and faces continuously increasing numbers of undocumented border crossers. Significant barriers to crossing are present in many regions of the border, including walls, bridges, rivers, canals, and the desert, each with unique features that can cause traumatic injury. The number of patients injured attempting to cross the border is also increasing, but significant knowledge gaps regarding these injuries and their impacts remain. The purpose of this scoping literature review is to describe the current state of trauma related to the US-Mexico border to draw attention to the problem, identify knowledge gaps in the existing literature, and introduce the creation of a consortium made up of representatives from border trauma centers in the Southwestern United States, the Border Region Doing Research on Trauma Consortium. Consortium members will collaborate to produce multicenter up-to-date data on the medical impact of the US-Mexico border, helping to elucidate the true magnitude of the problem and shed light on the impact cross-border trauma has on migrants, their families, and the US health care system. Only once the problem is fully described can meaningful solutions be provided.

Not all traumatic brain injury patients on preinjury anticoagulation are the same.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic significance of different anticoagulants in TBI patients remains unanswered. We aimed to compare effects of different anticoagulants on outcomes of TBI patients. METHODS: A secondary analysis of AAST BIG MIT. Blunt TBI patients ≥50 years using anticoagulants presenting ICH were identified. Outcomes were progression of ICH and need for neurosurgical intervention (NSI). RESULTS: 393 patients were identified. Mean age was 74 and most common anticoagulant was aspirin (30%), followed by Plavix (28%), and coumadin (20%). 20% had progression of ICH and 10% underwent NSI. On multivariate regression for ICH progression, warfarin, SDH, IPH, SAH, alcohol intoxication and neurologic exam deterioration were associated with increased odds. Warfarin, abnormal neurologic exam on presentation, and SDH were independent predictors of NSI. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reflect a dynamic interaction between type of anticoagulants, bleeding pattern & outcomes. Future modifications of BIG may need to take the type of anticoagulant into consideration.