ABSTRACT
Climate change is posing additional pressures on coastal ecosystems due to variations in water biogeochemical and physico-chemical parameters (e.g., pH, salinity) leading to aquatic ecosystem degradation. With the main aim of analyzing the potential impacts of climate change on marine water quality, a Regional Risk Assessment methodology was developed and applied to coastal marine waters of the North Adriatic. It integrates the outputs of regional biogeochemical and physico-chemical models considering future climate change scenarios (i.e., years 2070 and 2100) with site-specific environmental and socio-economic indicators. Results showed that salinity and temperature will be the main drivers of changes, together with macronutrients, especially in the area of the Po' river delta. The final outputs are exposure, susceptibility and risk maps supporting the communication of the potential consequences of climate change on water quality to decision makers and stakeholders and provide a basis for the definition of adaptation and management strategies.
Subject(s)
Climate Change , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Water Quality , Italy , Mediterranean Sea , Risk Assessment/methodsABSTRACT
This paper describes the use of numerical models to infer the path of a floating human body in the Ligurian Sea (north-west Mediterranean) during the month of January 2001. The prevailing oceanic currents were obtained from a state-of-the-art real-time nowcast/forecast ocean circulation model, while the sea state was inferred from a numerical model of the surface gravity waves, both driven by regional atmospheric models. The surface currents (from the ocean model) and the drift ones at the ocean surface, as inferred from the wave model, were used to drive a Lagrangian model of the drifting body to deduce its plausible trajectory along the Ligurian coast. The inferred path is reasonably consistent with location and time of the discovery on the French coast. This note illustrates the utility of numerical prediction models at the disposal of modern forensic science in the fields of ocean sciences.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The role of bony pelvic anomalies in bladder exstrophy is long established and has generated many papers addressing walking problems. Biomechanical studies and kinematic gait analysis were performed on very young children. AIM: A direct kinetic gait evaluation has never been performed, nor has the effect of pelvis dimorphism on the upper body been studied. DESIGN: Controlled experimental study. SETTING: Outpatients were studied at the time of periodic follow up. POPULATION: Nineteen patients with bladder exstrophy, age 14±8 years, and twenty-five healthy control participants, age 15±8 years, were enrolled in the present gait analysis study. METHODS: Clinical evaluation and standard gait analysis were performed. RESULTS: Gait analysis deviations between exstrophy patients and controls and between patients that received pelvic osteotomy (OT--6 patients) and those that did not (no-OT--13 patients) were analyzed. Bladder exstrophy significantly affects kinematics and kinetics of trunk, spine, pelvis, knee and foot; in particular: in OT, trunk retroversion, pelvic retroversion and rotation, hip adduction angle and moment, knee flexion and its maximum power during loading response increased, whereas in no-OT, spine angle, pelvic posterior tilt, hip extension, and the external rotation of the foot progression angle increased. All the kinetics parameters analyzed in the study showed lower values in the patient group than in controls. CONCLUSION: . Walking in patients with bladder exstrophy is accomplished by retroversion of the pelvis and deviations mainly in the spine angle in no-OT and in knee flexion in OT. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Gait analysis was shown to be an effective tool for the detection of walking deviations that should be identified early, prompting rehabilitative treatment in order to prevent spine and knee diseases.