Influence of cognition on the correlation between objective and subjective upper limb measures in people with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive assessment of upper limb (UL) function is mandatory in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and the use of multiple objective and subjective measures is advisable. Findings on the role of cognitive impairment on the assessment of UL function are scant and inconclusive. The present study investigated the influence of cognitive function on the distribution of objective and subjective UL measures and on their association. METHODS: In the cross-sectional study, subjects with a diagnosis of MS, age ≥ 18 years, right-hand dominance, no presence of orthopedic UL impairment, or other neurological diseases were recruited. The assessment protocol included the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT), Box and Block Test (BBT), and hand grip strength (HGS), a validated PROM (MAM-36), and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six PwMS were recruited (158 females, mean age = 51.65 ± 13.45 years; mean EDSS = 5.10 ± 1.88) Subject with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment (SDMT ≤ - 2 SD of normative values) scored lower on the 9-HPT and higher on the BBT and MAM-36 when compared with subject with no cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment showed a small but significant effect on the association between 9-HPT scores and the MAM-36. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that cognitive impairment is associated with subjects' performance on 9-HPT, BBT, and MAM-36 (but not HGS), resulting in scores indicating a poorer UL function. Interestingly, cognitive impairment slightly affected the congruence between subjective and objective UL measures, although only minor differences in the correlation pattern across groups reporting different cognitive performances emerged.

Wearable biofeedback device to assess gait features and improve gait pattern in people with parkinson's disease: a case series.

INTRODUCTION: People with Parkinson's Disease (PD) show abnormal gait patterns compromising their independence and quality of life. Among all gait alterations due to PD, reduced step length, increased cadence, and decreased ground-reaction force during the loading response and push-off phases are the most common. Wearable biofeedback technologies offer the possibility to provide correlated single or multi-modal stimuli associated with specific gait events or gait performance, hence promoting subjects' awareness of their gait disturbances. Moreover, the portability and applicability in clinical and home settings for gait rehabilitation increase the efficiency in the management of PD. The Wearable Vibrotactile Bidirectional Interface (BI) is a biofeedback device designed to extract gait features in real-time and deliver a customized vibrotactile stimulus at the waist of PD subjects synchronously with specific gait phases. The aims of this study were to measure the effect of the BI on gait parameters usually compromised by the typical bradykinetic gait and to assess its usability and safety in clinical practice. METHODS: In this case series, seven subjects (age: 70.4 ± 8.1 years; H&Y: 2.7 ± 0.3) used the BI and performed a test on a 10-meter walkway (10mWT) and a two-minute walk test (2MWT) as pre-training (Pre-trn) and post-training (Post-trn) assessments. Gait tests were executed in random order with (Bf) and without (No-Bf) the activation of the biofeedback stimulus. All subjects performed three training sessions of 40 min to familiarize themselves with the BI during walking activities. A descriptive analysis of gait parameters (i.e., gait speed, step length, cadence, walking distance, double-support phase) was carried out. The 2-sided Wilcoxon sign-test was used to assess differences between Bf and No-Bf assessments (p < 0.05). RESULTS: After training subjects improved gait speed (Pre-trn_No-Bf: 0.72(0.59,0.72) m/sec; Post-trn_Bf: 0.95(0.69,0.98) m/sec; p = 0.043) and step length (Pre-trn_No-Bf: 0.87(0.81,0.96) meters; Post-trn_Bf: 1.05(0.96,1.14) meters; p = 0.023) using the biofeedback during the 10mWT. Similarly, subjects' walking distance improved (Pre-trn_No-Bf: 97.5 (80.3,110.8) meters; Post-trn_Bf: 118.5(99.3,129.3) meters; p = 0.028) and the duration of the double-support phase decreased (Pre-trn_No-Bf: 29.7(26.8,31.7) %; Post-trn_Bf: 27.2(24.6,28.7) %; p = 0.018) during the 2MWT. An immediate effect of the BI was detected in cadence (Pre-trn_No-Bf: 108(103.8,116.7) step/min; Pre-trn_Bf: 101.4(96.3,111.4) step/min; p = 0.028) at Pre-trn, and in walking distance at Post-trn (Post-trn_No-Bf: 112.5(97.5,124.5) meters; Post-trn_Bf: 118.5(99.3,129.3) meters; p = 0.043). SUS scores were 77.5 in five subjects and 80.3 in two subjects. In terms of safety, all subjects completed the protocol without any adverse events. CONCLUSION: The BI seems to be usable and safe for PD users. Temporal gait parameters have been measured during clinical walking tests providing detailed outcomes. A short period of training with the BI suggests improvements in the gait patterns of people with PD. This research serves as preliminary support for future integration of the BI as an instrument for clinical assessment and rehabilitation in people with PD, both in hospital and remote environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered (DGDMF.VI/P/I.5.i.m.2/2019/1297) and approved by the General Directorate of Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical Service of the Italian Ministry of Health and by the ethics committee of the Lombardy region (Milan, Italy).

Correlation between patient-reported manual ability and three objective measures of upper limb function in people with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Upper limb (UL) function is often affected in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and is typically assessed through objective measures, including the Nine Hole Peg Test (9-HPT), Box and Block Test (BBT), and Hand Grip Strength (HGS). It is important to include the subjective perspective of PwMS in the assessment. This study aims to evaluate associations between Manual Ability Measure-36 (MAM-36) and 9-HPT, BBT, and HGS in MS. METHODS: The cross-sectional study included five Italian centers. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years, MS diagnosis, and stable disease course. Exclusion criteria were bilateral UL paralysis, and concomitant orthopedic or neurological diseases. RESULTS: A total of 199 PwMS were included: 128 female, mean age = 50.7 ± 13.0 years, 119 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 31 primary and 49 secondary progressive MS, mean disease duration = 14.0 ± 10.4, years, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) = 4.6 ± 2.0. The MAM-36 showed small correlations with 9-HPT, BBT, and HGS. Correlations between MAM-36 and 9-HPT and BBT were highest among subjects with EDSS ≥ 6 and progressive MS. MAM-36 and HGS showed the highest correlations in subjects with EDSS ≤ 5 and RRMS. Combining 9-HPT and HGS provided the strongest predictive power over the MAM-36. CONCLUSIONS: Correlations between objective measures and MAM-36 were small to moderate, meaning that objective measures do not match subjects' perception of UL function. The combination of 9-HPT and HGS measures can help improve the assessment of UL function in activities of daily living.

Uncovering Subtle Gait Deterioration in People with Early-Stage Multiple Sclerosis Using Inertial Sensors: A 2-Year Multicenter Longitudinal Study.

Limited longitudinal studies have been conducted on gait impairment progression overtime in non-disabled people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Therefore, a deeper understanding of gait changes with the progression of the disease is essential. The objective of the present study was to describe changes in gait quality in PwMS with a disease duration ≤ 5 years, and to verify whether a change in gait quality is associated with a change in disability and perception of gait deterioration. We conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study. Fifty-six subjects were assessed at baseline (age: 38.2 ± 10.7 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS): 1.5 ± 0.7 points) and after 2 years, participants performed the six-minute walk test (6MWT) wearing inertial sensors. Quality of gait (regularity, symmetry, and instability), disability (EDSS), and walking perception (multiple sclerosis walking scale-12, MSWS-12) were collected. We found no differences on EDSS, 6MWT, and MSWS-12 between baseline and follow-up. A statistically significant correlation between increased EDSS scores and increased gait instability was found in the antero-posterior (AP) direction (r = 0.34, p = 0.01). Seventeen subjects (30%) deteriorated (increase of at least 0.5 point at EDSS) over 2 years. A multivariate analysis on deteriorated PwMS showed that changes in gait instability medio-lateral (ML) and stride regularity, and changes in ML gait symmetry were significantly associated with changes in EDSS (F = 7.80 (3,13), p = 0.003, R2 = 0.56). Moreover, gait changes were associated with a decrease in PwMS perception on stability (p < 0.05). Instrumented assessment can detect subtle changes in gait stability, regularity, and symmetry not revealed during EDSS neurological assessment. Moreover, instrumented changes in gait quality impact on subjects' perception of gait during activities of daily living.

Effects of voice rehabilitation in people with MS: A double-blinded long-term randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypophonia is a prevailing problem in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). However, evidence supporting the effectiveness of voice rehabilitation is lacking. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the most effective method to reduce hypophonia. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 44 PwMS were randomized to intensive and high-effort voice treatment groups, the LSVT-LOUD®, and conventional treatment group. Subjects received 16 treatments (4 sessions/week) lasting 45 minutes. The primary outcome was voice intensity (dB) in monologue, vocalization, and sentences while voice handicap index (VHI) measured voice self-perception. Outcomes were assessed by a blinded observer at baseline, post-treatment, and 15-month follow-up (FU). RESULTS: Linear models revealed a significant post-intervention between-group mean difference in favor of LSVT-LOUD for monologue: +6.3 dB (95% CI: 2.5 to 10.1); vocalization: +7.4 dB (95% CI: 2.3 to 12.5); and sentences: +9.5 dB (95% CI: 4.7 to 14.3). However, 43.7% PwMS in the LSVT-LOUD and 10% in the conventional treatment group obtained a full recovery of voice intensity (>60 dB) post-treatment, Fisher's test = 13.3, p < 0.01. However, these improvements were not maintained at FU. Between-group differences at VHI were -10.8 (95% CI: -21.2 to -0.4) and -11.3 (95% CI: -24.3 to -1.7) in favor of LSVT-LOUD at post and FU. CONCLUSION: LSVT-LOUD can be a valid treatment to increase voice intensity in PwMS. However, results suggest the need for FU interventions targeting maintenance.

Balance Impairments in People with Early-Stage Multiple Sclerosis: Boosting the Integration of Instrumented Assessment in Clinical Practice.

The balance of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) is commonly assessed during neurological examinations through clinical Romberg and tandem gait tests that are often not sensitive enough to unravel subtle deficits in early-stage PwMS. Inertial sensors (IMUs) could overcome this drawback. Nevertheless, IMUs are not yet fully integrated into clinical practice due to issues including the difficulty to understand/interpret the big number of parameters provided and the lack of cut-off values to identify possible abnormalities. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, an instrumented modified Romberg test (ImRomberg: standing on foam with eyes closed while wearing an IMU on the trunk) was administered to 81 early-stage PwMS and 38 healthy subjects (HS). To facilitate clinical interpretation, 21 IMU-based parameters were computed and reduced through principal component analysis into two components, sway complexity and sway intensity, descriptive of independent aspects of balance, presenting a clear clinical meaning and significant correlations with at least one clinical scale. Compared to HS, early-stage PwMS showed a 228% reduction in sway complexity and a 63% increase in sway intensity, indicating, respectively, a less automatic (more conscious) balance control and larger and faster trunk movements during upright posture. Cut-off values were derived to identify the presence of balance abnormalities and if these abnormalities are clinically meaningful. By applying these thresholds and integrating the ImRomberg test with the clinical tandem gait test, balance impairments were identified in 58% of PwMS versus the 17% detected by traditional Romberg and tandem gait tests. The higher sensitivity of the proposed approach would allow for the direct identification of early-stage PwMS who could benefit from preventive rehabilitation interventions aimed at slowing MS-related functional decline during neurological examinations and with minimal modifications to the tests commonly performed.

Instrumentally assessed gait quality is more relevant than gait endurance and velocity to explain patient-reported walking ability in early-stage multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) often report walking limitations even when the gold standard Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) indicates normal walking endurance/autonomy. The present multicenter study on early-stage PwMS aims at analyzing which aspects are associated with patient-reported walking limitations measured with the 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12). METHODS: Eighty-two PwMS (EDSS ≤ 2.5) were assessed using the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale-short (FAB-s), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the 6-min Walk Test (6MWT), the latter administered also to 21 healthy subjects. Participants performed the 6MWT wearing three inertial sensors on ankles and trunk. Instrumented metrics describing gait velocity (stride length and frequency) and quality (regularity, symmetry, instability) were computed from sensor data. Fatigue (FSS), balance (FAB-s), walking endurance (6MWT) and instrumented metrics were entered in a multiple regression model with MSWS-12 as dependent variable. RESULTS: Gait symmetry, gait instability, fatigue and balance were significantly associated with self-rated walking ability, whilst walking endurance and velocity were not. Fatigue, balance, gait symmetry and instability were more impaired in participants reporting mild-to-moderate (MSMM-PWL , 25 ≤ MSWS-12 < 75) compared to those reporting none-to-minimal (MSnm-PWL , 0 ≤ MSWS-12 ≤ 25) perceived walking limitations. Compared to healthy subjects, gait symmetry and stability were reduced in MSnm-PWL and MSMM-PWL , even in those participants with EDSS ≤ 1.5. CONCLUSION: Instrumentally assessed gait quality aspects (symmetry and instability) are associated with patient-reported walking ability in early-stage PwMS and seem sensitive biomarkers to detect subtle impairments even in the earliest stages of the disease (EDSS ≤ 1.5). Future studies should assess their ability to follow walking change due to MS progression or pharmacological/rehabilitation interventions.

Wearable Devices for Biofeedback Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Design Application Rules and Estimate the Effectiveness on Balance and Gait Outcomes in Neurological Diseases.

Wearable devices are used in rehabilitation to provide biofeedback about biomechanical or physiological body parameters to improve outcomes in people with neurological diseases. This is a promising approach that influences motor learning and patients' engagement. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear what the most commonly used sensor configurations are, and it is also not clear which biofeedback components are used for which pathology. To explore these aspects and estimate the effectiveness of wearable device biofeedback rehabilitation on balance and gait, we conducted a systematic review by electronic search on MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, and the Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to January 2020. Nineteen randomized controlled trials were included (Parkinson's n = 6; stroke n = 13; mild cognitive impairment n = 1). Wearable devices mostly provided real-time biofeedback during exercise, using biomechanical sensors and a positive reinforcement feedback strategy through auditory or visual modes. Some notable points that could be improved were identified in the included studies; these were helpful in providing practical design rules to maximize the prospective of wearable device biofeedback rehabilitation. Due to the current quality of the literature, it was not possible to achieve firm conclusions about the effectiveness of wearable device biofeedback rehabilitation. However, wearable device biofeedback rehabilitation seems to provide positive effects on dynamic balance and gait for PwND, but higher-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed for stronger conclusions.

How do resistance training and balance and motor control training affect gait performance and fatigue impact in people with multiple sclerosis? A randomized controlled multi-center study.

BACKGROUND: Despite a shared purpose of improving functional capacity, the principles of progressive resistance training (PRT) and balance and motor control training (BMCT) are fundamentally different. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of PRT and BMCT on gait performance and fatigue impact in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). METHODS: A multi-center, single-blinded, cluster-randomized controlled trial with two intervention groups (PRT and BMCT) and a control group (CON). The interventions lasted 10 weeks. A total of 71 participants with impaired mobility (Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW) > 5 seconds or Six Spot Step Test (SSST) > 8 seconds) were enrolled. Primary outcomes were the T25FW and the SSST. Fatigue impact, self-perceived gait function, 6-minute walk, balance, and muscle strength were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 83% completed the study. The primary comparisons showed that BMCT, but not PRT, improved T25FW, SSST, and self-perceived gait function when compared to CON. Secondary comparisons showed that BMCT improved SSST more than PRT, while T25FW did not differ. Both BMCT and PRT reduced the fatigue impact. Finally, the effect of BMCT was superior to PRT on dynamic balance, while PRT was superior to BMCT on knee extensor muscle strength. CONCLUSION: BMCT, but not PRT, was superior to CON in improving gait performance, while both BMCT and PRT reduced fatigue.

Italian translation and psychometric validation of the Manual Ability Measure-36 (MAM-36) and its correlation with an objective measure of upper limb function in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with an unpredictable course. During its course, deficits affecting upper limb functions may occur. Hence, there is a need for self-administered scales providing a comprehensive assessment of upper limb functions. The Manual Ability Measure-36 (MAM-36), which investigates patients' performance in activities of daily living requiring upper limb function, has not been adapted and validated in the Italian context. OBJECTIVES: We develop an Italian translation and validation of the MAM-36 in a population of people with MS (PwMS), explore its psychometric properties and investigate its associations with clinical data and the Nine Hole Peg Test (9-HPT). RESEARCH PLAN AND METHODS: The multicentre study involved five Italian neurological centres. Subjects were evaluated using EDSS, 9-HPT and the MAM-36 scale. We used confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis to investigate the properties of the MAM-36. RESULTS: We enrolled 218 PwMS. Results supported the unidimensionality of the MAM-36, and adequate functioning of rating scale and items. Additionally, the MAM-36 showed weak negative associations with age and disease duration, and moderate associations with EDSS and 9-HPT scores. DISCUSSION: The adapted MAM-36 showed adequate psychometric properties. However, indications of problematic targeting to PwMS with low disability emerged. For this reason, use of the scale appears to be more suitable among patients with moderate-to-severe disability.

Effect of Impairment-Oriented and Function-Oriented Exercises on Mouth Function in Subjects with Systemic Sclerosis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop an exercise protocol to improve maximal mouth opening (MMO), tongue protrusion (Tprot), tongue strength (Tstren), and lip strength (Lstren), and to assess its effects on subjects with scleroderma. METHODS: We performed four replicated single-system studies in a consecutive sample of subjects with scleroderma. An instrumented assessment measured MMO, Tprot, Tstren, and Lstren. Each day, subjects were assessed and performed orofacial exercises conducted by speech therapists. Treatments were first aimed at improving mouth physical characteristics by impairment-oriented exercises and then to improve skills with function-oriented exercises. RESULTS: The mean phase differences between assessment and treatment phases across subjects were from 0.88 to 9.56 mm in MMO, from 2.03 to 12.3 mm in Tprot, from -0.12 to 5.35 N in Tstren, and from -0.84 to 5.19 N in Lstren. After treatment, 3 subjects crossed the 5th percentile discriminating normal from abnormal performances for both Tstren and Tprot, while this occurred in 2 subjects for MMO and Lstren. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that rehabilitation appears to be useful in reducing tongue and lip impairments and in improving oral functions in subjects with scleroderma.

Is a Wearable Sensor-Based Characterisation of Gait Robust Enough to Overcome Differences Between Measurement Protocols? A Multi-Centric Pragmatic Study in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) allow accurate quantification of gait impairment of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Nonetheless, it is not clear how IMU-based metrics might be influenced by pragmatic aspects associated with clinical translation of this approach, such as data collection settings and gait protocols. In this study, we hypothesised that these aspects do not significantly alter those characteristics of gait that are more related to quality and energetic efficiency and are quantifiable via acceleration related metrics, such as intensity, smoothness, stability, symmetry, and regularity. To test this hypothesis, we compared 33 IMU-based metrics extracted from data, retrospectively collected by two independent centres on two matched cohorts of pwMS. As a worst-case scenario, a walking test was performed in the two centres at a different speed along corridors of different lengths, using different IMU systems, which were also positioned differently. The results showed that the majority of the temporal metrics (9 out of 12) exhibited significant between-centre differences. Conversely, the between-centre differences in the gait quality metrics were small and comparable to those associated with a test-retest analysis under equivalent conditions. Therefore, the gait quality metrics are promising candidates for reliable multi-centric studies aiming at assessing rehabilitation interventions within a routine clinical context.

Prediction of Falls in Subjects Suffering From Parkinson Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk of falls and fall predictors in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and stroke using the same study design. DESIGN: Multicenter prospective cohort study. SETTING: Institutions for physical therapy and rehabilitation. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=299) with PD (n=94), MS (n=111), and stroke (n=94) seen for rehabilitation. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional scales were applied to investigate balance, disability, daily performance, self-confidence with balance, and social integration. Patients were followed for 6 months. Telephone interviews were organized at 2, 4, and 6 months to record falls and fall-related injuries. Incidence ratios, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS: Of the 299 patients enrolled, 259 had complete follow-up. One hundred and twenty-two patients (47.1%) fell at least once; 82 (31.7%) were recurrent fallers and 44 (17.0%) suffered injuries; and 16%, 32%, and 40% fell at 2, 4, and 6 months. Risk of falls was associated with disease type (PD, MS, and stroke in decreasing order) and confidence with balance (Activities-specific Balance Confidence [ABC] scale). Recurrent fallers were 7%, 15%, and 24% at 2, 4, and 6 months. The risk of recurrent falls was associated with disease type, high educational level, and ABC score. Injured fallers were 3%, 8%, and 12% at 2, 4, and 6 months. The only predictor of falls with injuries was disease type (PD). CONCLUSIONS: PD, MS, and stroke carry a high risk of falls. Other predictors include perceived balance confidence and high educational level.

Minimal Clinically Important Difference of Berg Balance Scale in People With Multiple Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) to define clinically meaningful patient's improvement on the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) in response to rehabilitation. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Neurorehabilitation institute. PARTICIPANTS: PwMS (N=110). INTERVENTIONS: This study comprised inpatients and outpatients who participated in research on balance and gait rehabilitation. All received 20 rehabilitation sessions with different intensities. Inpatients received daily treatments over a period of 4 weeks, while outpatients received 2 to 3 treatments per week for 10 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: An anchor-based approach using clinical global impression of improvement in balance (Activities-specific Balance Confidence [ABC] Scale) was used to determine the MCID of the BBS. The MCID was defined as the minimum change in the BBS total score (postintervention - preintervention) that was needed to perceive at least a 10% improvement on the ABC Scale. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to define the cutoff of the optimal MCID of the BBS discriminating between improved and not improved subjects. RESULTS: The MCID for change on the BBS was 3 points for the whole sample, 3 points for the inpatients, and 2 points for the outpatients. The area under the curve was .65 for the whole sample, .64 for inpatients, and .68 for outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: The MCID for improvement in balance as measured by the BBS was 3 points, meaning that PwMS are likely to perceive that as a reproducible and clinically important change in their balance performance.

Participation Restriction in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Prevalence and Correlations With Cognitive, Walking, Balance, and Upper Limb Impairments.

OBJECTIVES: To calculate the percentage of participation restrictions according to disability level in multiple sclerosis (MS), and to assess the relationship between participation restrictions and cognitive, gait, balance, and upper limb deficits. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Rehabilitation unit. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (N=125) consisted of people with MS (n=105) and healthy subjects (HS; n=20). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Community integration Questionnaire was used to assess participation in home, social, and productive activities. Percentages of people with MS having Community Integration Questionnaire scores lower than the 10th percentile of those of HS were calculated for each subscale to categorize the persons with participation restrictions. Cognitive deficits (Symbol Digit Modalities Test), walking disability (25-ft walking test/Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]), balance disorders (Bohannon Standing Balance Test), and manual dexterity (Nine Hole Peg Test) were recorded. RESULTS: Seventy-seven percent of participants showed participation restrictions, which increased with higher EDSS scores from 40% (EDSS<4) to 82% (EDSS>5.5). Social participation was more restricted than home integration, with <20% of participants shopping for groceries alone. Cognitive deficits were more highly associated (r=.60) with participation restrictions than balance (r=.47), gait (r=-.45), and hand dexterity (r=.45) limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Participation restrictions are present in MS and increase with disability level. However, the results also show that MS does not restrict participation in all domains. Participation restrictions at home are less restricted compared with social participation. Cognitive disorders are more associated with participation restrictions than physical limitations.

Wearable Sensor-Based Biofeedback Training for Balance and Gait in Parkinson Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the feasibility and efficacy of a novel system (Gamepad [GAMing Experience in PArkinson's Disease]) for biofeedback rehabilitation of balance and gait in Parkinson disease (PD). DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Clinical rehabilitation gym. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects with PD (N=42) were randomized into experimental and physiotherapy without biofeedback groups. INTERVENTIONS: Both groups underwent 20 sessions of training for balance and gait. The experimental group performed tailored functional tasks using Gamepad. The system, based on wearable inertial sensors, provided users with real-time visual and acoustic feedback about their movement during the exercises. The physiotherapy group underwent individually structured physiotherapy without feedback. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessments were performed by a blinded examiner preintervention, postintervention, and at 1-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and 10-m walk test (10MWT). Secondary outcomes included instrumental stabilometric indexes and the Tele-healthcare Satisfaction Questionnaire. RESULTS: Gamepad was well accepted by participants. Statistically significant between-group differences in BBS scores suggested better balance performances of the experimental group compared with the physiotherapy without biofeedback group both posttraining (experimental group-physiotherapy without biofeedback group: mean, 2.3±3.4 points; P=.047) and at follow-up (experimental group-physiotherapy without biofeedback group: mean, 2.7±3.3 points; P=.018). Posttraining stabilometric indexes showed that mediolateral body sway during upright stance was significantly reduced in the experimental group compared with the physiotherapy without biofeedback group (experimental group-physiotherapy without biofeedback group: -1.6±1.5mm; P=.003). No significant between-group differences were found in the other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Gamepad-based training was feasible and superior to physiotherapy without feedback in improving BBS performance and retaining it for 1 month. After training, 10MWT data were comparable between groups. Further development of the system is warranted to allow the autonomous use of Gamepad outside clinical settings, to enhance gait improvements, and to increase transfer of training effects to real-life contexts.

The organisation of physiotherapy for people with multiple sclerosis across Europe: a multicentre questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the organisational set-up of physiotherapy services across different countries is increasingly important as clinicians around the world use evidence to improve their practice. This also has to be taken into consideration when multi-centre international clinical trials are conducted. This survey aimed to systematically describe organisational aspects of physiotherapy services for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) across Europe. METHODS: Representatives from 72 rehabilitation facilities within 23 European countries completed an online web-based questionnaire survey between 2013 and 2014. Countries were categorised according to four European regions (defined by United Nations Statistics). Similarities and differences between regions were examined. RESULTS: Most participating centres specialized in rehabilitation (82 %) and neurology (60 %), with only 38 % specialising in MS. Of these, the Western based Specialist MS centres were predominately based on outpatient services (median MS inpatient ratio 0.14), whilst the Eastern based European services were mostly inpatient in nature (median MS inpatient ratio 0.5). In almost all participating countries, medical doctors - specialists in neurology (60 %) and in rehabilitation (64 %) - were responsible for referral to/prescription of physiotherapy. The most frequent reason for referral to/prescription of physiotherapy was the worsening of symptoms (78 % of centres). Physiotherapists were the most common members of the rehabilitation team; comprising 49 % of the team in Eastern countries compared to approximately 30 % in the rest of Europe. Teamwork was commonly adopted; 86 % of centres based in Western countries utilised the interdisciplinary model, whilst the multidisciplinary model was utilised in Eastern based countries (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: This survey is the first to provide data about organisational aspects of physiotherapy for people with MS across Europe. Overall, care in key organisational aspects of service provision is broadly similar across regions, although some variations, for example the models of teamwork utilised, are apparent. Organisational framework specifics should be considered anytime a multi-centre study is conducted and results from such studies are applied.

Unilateral and bilateral upper limb dysfunction at body functions, activity and participation levels in people with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: There has been limited research on upper limb dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to study unilateral and bilateral upper limb dysfunction at different International Classification of Functioning (ICF) levels according to overall disability in PwMS. METHODS: A total of 105 PwMS (16 with EDSS<4 (mild); 17 with EDSS 4-5.5 (moderate); 37 with EDSS 6-6.5 (severe); 35 with EDSS>6.5 (severe non-ambulant)) were recruited from two rehabilitation centers and assessed in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The whole sample showed a diminished sensory function (median (first/third interquartile)) score of 3 (2/3) on the Monofilament Test and a reduced strength 91 (76/100) points on the Motricity Index (Body-Function level). Sensory dysfunction did not increase with higher EDSS while strength decreased from 100 (86/100) in the mild subgroups to 91 (80/100) points in the severe subgroup. All showed diminished dexterity, scoring 0.28 peg/s (0.17/0.35) on the Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT) (activity level). Score was better for the mild (0.38 (0.35/0.46)) peg/s compared to the severe subgroup (0.28 (0.17/0.35)). Sixty-eight percent, 44% and 75% of PwMS showed bilateral disorders in sensation, strength and dexterity, respectively. The Community Integration Questionnaire (participation level) showed a 35% reduction in home activities, even among PwMS with EDSS<4. CONCLUSION: This study showed uni-/bilateral upper limb abnormalities at all ICF levels increasing with the overall disability.