Ecological integrity assessment of streams in the light of natural ecoregions and anthropic land use.

Reference conditions for river bioassessment should be established inside ecoregions. Our objectives were (1) to implement a bioassessment methodology for Uruguayan prairie streams regarding ecoregions and land use and (2) to assess the ecological integrity of streams of the Río Negro basin in Uruguay. Due to logistical constraints, sampling was divided into two collection trips: one including the upper basin in fall 2015 and the other including the lower basin in spring 2016. Basins were analyzed separately due to seasonal and geographical differences. In the streams sampled in fall 2015, conductivity, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were higher in sedimentary ecoregions than in crystalline ones, independent on land use. In those sampled in spring 2016, these variables showed the highest values in the ecoregions dominated by agriculture. Eighty percent of the sampled streams presented the impact of cattle in their riparian zone. Discriminant analysis showed a similar composition of macroinvertebrates among ecoregions in 2015, but different composition between land uses. Conversely, in 2016, there were differences among some ecoregions, but not between land uses. Agriculture was correlated with tolerant invertebrates, while natural land use and afforestation were correlated with sensitive ones. The BMWP-Colombia showed the impact of livestock on streams, but in general good water quality, while an index of genera for Uruguay, indicated that all streams are eutrophic, thereby confirming the importance of using different types of metrics. Due to its geographical homogeneity and small size, a smaller number of ecoregions could be defined for stream assessments in the Río Negro basin.

Agriculture and elevation are the main factors for Pampasic stream habitat and water quality.

Streams of the Pampasic plain in Southeastern South America are ecosystems affected by both water pollution and habitat alteration mainly due to agricultural activity. Water quality is influenced by the quality of habitats and both depend on land use and watershed morphology. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the variables of four factors: (1) the morphology of the watershed, (2) land use in the watershed, (3) river habitat, and (4) water quality of wadeable streams in Uruguay, as well as to determine the most representative variables to quantify such factors. We studied 28 watersheds grouped into three ecoregions and four principal activities, which generated seven zones with three to five streams each. Correlations between the variables of each factor allowed reducing the total number of variables from 57 to 32 to perform principal component analyses (PCA) by factor, reducing the number of variables to 18 for a general PCA. The first component was associated with water quality and elevation. The second was associated with the stream and watershed size, the third with habitat quality, and the fourth to the use of neighboring soils and objects in the channel. Our results indicate that agricultural intensity and elevation are the main factors associated with the habitat and water quality of these lowland streams. These factors must be especially considered in the development of water quality monitoring programs.

Effects of Wind Mixing in a Stratified Water Column on Toxic Cyanobacteria and Microcystin-LR Distribution in a Subtropical Reservoir.

We analyzed the effects of stratification changes due to wind on the vertical cyanobacteria distribution and microcystin-LR concentrations in a reservoir and assessed the implications for water management. Under stratified conditions, the highest microcystin concentrations (up to 4.16 µg/L) and toxic cyanobacteria biovolume occurred in the epilimnion (~ 1 m). The lowest microcystin concentrations were between 0.02 and 1.28 µg/L and occurred in the hypolimnion (~ 20 m). A cold front passage associated with high wind velocities induced water column mixing, promoting the redistribution of microcystin-LR and cyanobacteria throughout the water column and increasing their concentrations in deeper zones. Microcystin-LR concentration was positively correlated with cyanobacteria biovolume (r = 0.747) and chlorophyll a concentration (r = 0.798). Changes in thermal profile due to wind would imply a greater challenge for drinking water treatment plants, since high cyanobacterial and microcystin concentrations could reach deep-water intakes.

Dynamics of Total Microcystin LR Concentration in Three Subtropical Hydroelectric Generation Reservoirs in Uruguay, South America.

This study analyzed the temporal dynamics of total microcystin LR concentrations between the years of 2012 and 2015 in the Bonete, Baygorria and Palmar hydroelectric generation reservoirs in the central region of the Negro River, Uruguay. The three reservoirs showed differents total microcystin LR concentration, with no significant differences among them. Over 20 sampling dates, the three reservoirs exhibited total microcystin LR concentrations on eight occasions that corresponded to a slight to moderate human health risk according to WHO guideline values for recreational waters. By determining the concentration of microcystin LR in cyanobacterial biomass, we identified cyanobacterial populations that occurred over time with varying degrees of toxin production (maximal 85.4 µg/mm3). The microcystin LR concentration in Bonete was positively correlated with temperature (r = 0.587) and cyanobacterial biomass (r = 0.736), in Baygorria with cyanobacterial biomass (r = 0.521), and in Palmar with temperature (r = 0.500) and negatively correlated with ammonia (r = -0.492). Action is needed to reduce the presence of toxic cyanobacteria in these systems. A decrease in the use of agrochemicals and management changes in the reservoir basins could be successful long-term measures.

Correction to: Dynamics of Total Microcystin LR Concentration in Three Subtropical Hydroelectric Generation Reservoirs in Uruguay, South America.

The original version of this article contains mistakes. The author inadvertently mentioned units mg/L in all the places of first paragraph under "Results and discussion" section. The correct unit is µg/L. In second paragraph, 10th line under "Results and discussion" section, the value should read as (< 0.05-85.4 µg/mm3) instead of (< 0.05-854.00 µg/mm3). The units and value are corrected through this erratum.

240Pu/239Pu signatures allow refining the chronology of radionuclide fallout in South America.

Atmospheric nuclear tests (1945-1980) have led to radioactive fallout across the globe. French tests in Polynesia (1966-1974) may influence the signature of fallout in South America in addition to those conducted by USA and former USSR until 1963 in the Northern hemisphere. Here, we compiled the 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios reported for soils of South America and conducted additional measurements to examine their latitudinal distributions across this continent. Significantly lower ratio values were found in the 20-45° latitudinal band (0.04 to 0.13) compared to the rest of the continent (up to 0.20) and attributed to the contribution of the French atmospheric tests to the ultra-trace plutonium levels found in these soils. Based on sediment cores collected in lakes of Chile and Uruguay, we show the added value of measuring 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios to refine the age models of environmental archives in this region of the world.

Índice de calidad ecológica con base en macroinvertebrados acuáticos para la cuenca del río Negro (ICE RN-MAE), Colombia

Aquatic Ecological Index based on freshwater (ICE RN-MAE) for the Río Negro watershed, Colombia. Available indices to assess the ecological status of rivers in Colombia are mostly based on subjective hypotheses about macroinvertebrate tolerance to pollution, which have important limitations. Here we present the application of a method to establish an index of ecological quality for lotic systems in Colombia. The index, based on macroinvertebrate abundance and physicochemical variables, was developed as an alternative to the BMWP-Col index. The method consists on determining an environmental gradient from correlations between physicochemical variables and abundance. The scores obtained in each sampling point are used in a standardized correlation for a model of weighted averages (WA). In the WA model abundances are also weighted to estimate the optimum and tolerance values of each taxon; using this information we estimated the index of ecological quality based also on macroinvertebrate (ICE RN-MAE) abundance in each sampling site. Subsequently, we classified all sites using the index and concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in a cluster analysis. Using TP and ICE RN-MAE, mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation, we defined threshold values corresponding to three categories of ecological status: good, fair and critical. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 233-247. Epub 2014 April 01.

Los índices disponibles para la evaluación del estado ecológico de los ríos en Colombia están basados principalmente en hipótesis subjetivas generalizadas acerca de la toleración de los macroinvertebrados, un proceso que presenta limitaciones. En este estudio se presenta la aplicación de un método para establecer un índice de calidad ecológica para sistemas lóticos, basado en abundancia de macroinvertebrados y variables fisicoquímicas. Se tomó como caso de estudio la cuenca del rio Negro (Colombia). Este nuevo índice se ha formulado como alternativa al BMWP-Col y consiste en la determinación de un gradiente ambiental a partir de un Análisis de Correspondencia Canónica de correlaciones entre abundancias y registros fisicoquímicos. Los puntajes de las estaciones -obtenidos en las correlaciones- son estandarizados y usados en un modelo de Promedios Ponderados (WA); en el modelo se ponderan también las abundancias para estimar los valores óptimos y de tolerancia de cada taxón. Con ellos y la abundancia se calcula los valores del Índice de Calidad Ecológica con base en macroinvertebrados acuáticos para la cuenca del rio Negro (ICE RN-MAE). Se utilizan los valores del índice junto con las concentraciones de fósforo total (FT) en un análisis de agrupamiento, para así clasificar los sitios de estudio. De ahí se obtienen finalmente los valores medios, máximos, mínimos y de desviación estándar del ICE RN-MAE y FT. Con ellos se definen los umbrales que corresponden a diferentes categorías de calidad ecológica (buena, regular y crítica).