ABSTRACT
Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms following a SARS-CoV-2 infection, presents a significant public health challenge with wide-ranging implications. This comprehensive review explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, patient impact, management strategies, and long-term prognosis of COVID. Despite a varied symptomatology that spans multiple organ systems, including respiratory, neurological, and cardiovascular systems, this condition is primarily associated with chronic inflammation and potential viral persistence. Prevalence varies, influenced by the initial infection severity, demographic factors, and pre-existing conditions. The review emphasizes the necessity for healthcare systems to adapt to the needs of long-COVID patients by developing standardized diagnostic criteria and personalized, multidisciplinary treatment approaches. Current research gaps and future directions are identified, highlighting the urgent need for further studies on pathophysiological mechanisms and effective therapeutic interventions. This review aims to inform healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers, enhancing patient care and guiding ongoing and future research initiatives. The continuing global focus and collaborative efforts offer hope for improved outcomes for those affected by long COVID, marking an essential step towards addressing this emergent condition comprehensively.
ABSTRACT
The vertebrobasilar system is made up of the two vertebral arteries that unite to form the basilar artery near the base of the skull. Aneurysms in the vertebrobasilar system are distinct from other cerebral aneurysms due to their unique morphologic characteristics. They can be large and bulging (massive), pressing on the brainstem. Alternatively, they might be weak and splitting apart (dissecting) or have an elongated shape (fusiform). On the other end of the spectrum, Vertebral artery aneurysms (VAAs) can also be small and rounded (saccular). These aneurysms can occur at the vertebral artery itself or where it joins the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Anatomically, they are situated near the brainstem and cranial nerves, deep within the posterior fossa. The cerebrospinal fluid is kept in transit and flux by the ventricular system's chambers circulating the fluid within themselves. An intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) can occasionally result from vertebral artery aneurysmal ruptures that result in bleeding into the subarachnoid space and then extravasate into the ventricles. Persistent and poorly controlled hypertension affects about 50% of individuals with IVH. In this case report, we study a 74-year-old woman who complained of a sudden onset headache that had been bothering her for three days at the medical emergency room. She had been diagnosed with systemic hypertension eight years prior and had not taken her medicines as prescribed. She was discovered to have rigidity in her neck and a blood pressure reading of 170/100 mmHg, which had been followed by an episode of vomiting. Radiological investigations revealed a VAA that had a high risk of rupturing and causing an IVH.
ABSTRACT
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as potent therapeutic agents, revolutionizing the landscape of modern medicine. This comprehensive review traces the evolution of mAbs from their inception to their current prominence, highlighting key milestones in their development and exploring their diverse therapeutic applications. Beginning with an overview of their molecular structure and mechanisms of action, we delve into the production and engineering of mAbs, including hybridoma technology and recombinant DNA techniques. Therapeutic applications across various medical disciplines, including cancer treatment, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, are examined in detail, showcasing the significant clinical successes of mAbs. Furthermore, this review discusses the challenges and opportunities in manufacturing scalability, cost-effectiveness, and access to therapies. Looking ahead, the implications of mAbs in future research and clinical practice are explored, emphasizing the potential for next-generation mAbs, personalized medicine, and integration with emerging modalities such as immunotherapy and gene therapy. In conclusion, the evolution of monoclonal antibodies underscores their transformative impact on healthcare and their continued promise to advance the frontiers of medicine.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a global health crisis with significant neurological implications. While initially characterized by respiratory symptoms, COVID-19 has been increasingly recognized for its diverse neurological manifestations, including encephalopathy, stroke, peripheral neuropathies, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Understanding the neurological landscape of COVID-19 is essential for elucidating its pathophysiology, optimizing clinical management, and improving patient outcomes. This comprehensive review provides insights into the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, management strategies, and prognostic implications of neurological involvement in COVID-19. Mechanistic insights highlight the multifactorial nature of neurological complications involving direct viral invasion, immune-mediated mechanisms, and thrombotic events. Diagnostic challenges underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to patient care, while management strategies emphasize early recognition and appropriate intervention. Long-term neurological sequelae and prognostic factors are also examined, emphasizing the need for comprehensive follow-up and rehabilitation services. Finally, recommendations for future research prioritize efforts to elucidate underlying mechanisms, identify biomarkers, and evaluate rehabilitative interventions. By addressing these challenges, we can better understand and mitigate the neurological consequences of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.