ABSTRACT
In the present work, we performed Density Functional Theory calculations to explore the bioactivation mechanism of thiophene-containing molecules mediated by P450s. For this purpose, relatively large size compounds, 2,5-diaminothiophene derivatives were selected particularly for this investigation. Here we found the successive regio-selectivity triggered by conformational turn played a significant role in the occurrence of bioactivation. 2,5-Diaminothiophene was oxidized to a 2,5-diimine thiophene-reactive intermediate by Compound I (Cpd I) through successive activations of two N-H bonds (H3-N11 and H1-N6). This reaction exhibited three special characteristics: (1) self-controlled regio-selectivity during the oxidation process. There was a large scale of conformational turn in the abstraction of the first H atom which triggers the selection of the second H for abstraction. (2) Proton-shuttle mechanism. In high spin (HS) state, proton-shuttle mechanism was observed for the abstraction of the second H atom. (3) Spin-selective manner. In protein environment, the energy barrier in HS state was much lower than that in low spin state. The novel proposed bioactivation mechanism of 2,5-diaminothiophene compounds can help us in rational design of thiophene-contained drugs avoiding the occurrence of bioactivation.
Subject(s)
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Density Functional Theory , Thiophenes/chemistry , Thiophenes/metabolism , Biocatalysis , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Stereoisomerism , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0473-z.].
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney cancer, accounting for approximately 80-90% of all primary kidney cancer. Treatment for patients with advanced RCC remains unsatisfactory. Rare cancer stem cells (CSCs) are proposed to be responsible for failure of current treatment. METHODS: OncoLnc was used as a tool for interactively exploring survival correlations. Gene manipulation and expression analysis were carried out using siRNA, RT-PCR and Western blotting. Wound healing and invasion assays were used for phenotypical characterization. Aldefluor assay and FACS sorting Sphere culture were used to determine the "stemness" of CSCs. Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was used to examine the interaction between OCT4 and CBFA2T2. Student's t-test and Chi square test was used to analyze statistical significance. RESULTS: CBFA2T2 expression can significantly predict the survival of RCC patients. Knocking-down of CBFA2T2 can inhibit cell migration and invasion in RCC cells in vitro, and reduce ALDHhigh CSCs populations. CBFA2T2 expression is necessary for sphere-forming ability and cancer stem cells marker expression in RCC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that CBFA2T2 expression correlates with aggressive characteristics of RCC and CBFA2T2 is required for maintenance of "stemness" through regulation of stem cells factors, thereby highlighting CBFA2T2 as a potential therapeutic target for RCC treatment.
ABSTRACT
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone sarcoma that mostly occurs in young adults. The causes of osteosarcoma are heterogeneous and still not fully understood. Identification of novel, important oncogenic factors in osteosarcoma and development of better, effective therapeutic approaches are in urgent need for better treatment of osteosarcoma patients. In this study, we uncovered that the oncogene MYC is significantly upregulated in metastastic osteosarcoma samples. In addition, high MYC expression is associated with poor survival of osteosarcoma patients. Analysis of MYC targets in osteosarcoma revealed that most of the osteosarcoma super enhancer genes are bound by MYC. Treatment of osteosarcoma cells with super enhancer inhibitors THZ1 and JQ1 effectively suppresses the proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Mechanistically, THZ1 treatment suppresses a large group of super enhancer containing MYC target genes including CDK6 and TGFB2. These findings revealed that the MYC-driven super enhancer signaling is crucial for the osteosarcoma tumorigenesis and targeting the MYC/super enhancer axis represents as a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of osteosarcoma patients.
ABSTRACT
EGFR inhibitors, even with therapeutics superiorities in anticancer, can cause idiosyncratic pulmonary and hepatic toxicities that are associated with the reactive electrophile bioactivated by Cytochrome P450s (P450s). Until now, neither has the electrophilic intermediate been caught experimentally, nor has the subtle mechanism been declared. Herein, the underlying mechanism of bioactivation mediated by P450s was explored by DFT calculations for a case of EGFR inhibitor, Erlotinib. Based on the calculation and analysis, we suggest that with other metabolites, reactive electrophiles of Erlotinib: epoxide and quinine-imine, can be generated by several steps along the oxidative reaction pathway. The generation of epoxide needs two steps: (1) the addition of Erlotinib to Compound I (Cpd I) and (2) the rearrangement of protons. Whereas, quinine-imine needs a further oxidation step (3) via which quinone is generated and ultimately turns into quinine-imine. Although both reactive electrophiles can be produced for either face-on or side-on pose of Erlotinib, the analysis of energy barriers indicates that the side-on path is preferred in solvent environment. In the rate-determining step, e.g. the addition of Erlotinib to the porphyrin, the reaction barrier for side-on conformation is decreased in aqueous and protein environment compared with gas phase, whereas, the barrier for face-on pose is increased in solvent environment. The simulated mechanism is in good agreement with the speculation in previous experiment. The understanding of the subtle mechanism of bioactivation of Erlotinib will provide theoretical support for toxicological mechanism of EGFR inhibitors.