Understanding the Poly (Triazine Imide) Crystals Formation Process: The Conversion from Heptazine to Triazine.

Poly (triazine imide) (PTI) generally obtained via ionothermal synthesis features extended π-conjugation and enhanced crystallinity. However, in-depth investigation of the polycondensation process for PTI is an onerous task due to multiple influencing factors and limited characterization techniques. Herein, to simplify the polymerization route and exclude non-essential factors, PTI was prepared by calcining only melamine and LiCl. This study aims to identify the pivotal role of LiCl in PTI formation, which can convert heptazine-based intermediates into more stable triazine-based PTI framework. Based on this discovery, we demonstrate the transformation process of the prepared samples from amorphous Bulk g-C3 N4 to regular PTI, and further prove that the reaction with LiCl causes disruption of heptazine covalent organic frameworks. Additionally, the PTI exhibits higher photocatalytic water splitting performance due to efficient charge carrier mobility and separation, as well as faster reaction kinetics. This discovery deepens understanding of the polycondensation process of PTI crystals and provides insights toward the rational design of crystalline carbon nitride-based semiconductors.

A sandwich-type photoelectrochemical biosensor based on Ru(bpy)32+ sensitized In2S3 for aflatoxin B1 detection.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), classified as a class I carcinogen, is a widespread mycotoxin that poses a serious threat to public health and economic development, and the food safety problems caused by AFB1 have aroused worldwide concern. The development of accurate and sensitive methods for the detection of AFB1 is significant for food safety monitoring. In this work, a sandwich-type photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor for AFB1 detection was constructed on the basis of an aptamer-antibody structure. A good photocurrent response was obtained due to the sensitization of In2S3 by Ru(bpy)32+. In addition, this sandwich-type sensor constructed by modification with the antibody, target detector, and aptamer layer by layer attenuated the migration hindering effect of photogenerated carriers caused by the double antibody structure. The aptamer and antibody synergistically recognized and captured the target analyte, resulting in more reliable PEC response signals. CdSe@CdS QDs-Apt were modified as a signal-off probe onto the sensor platform to quantitatively detect AFB1 with a "signal-off" response, which enhanced the sensitivity of the sensor. The PEC biosensor showed a linear response range from 10-12 to 10-6 g mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.023 pg mL-1, providing a feasible approach for the quantitative detection of AFB1 in food samples.

An electrochemiluminescence aptasensor based on highly luminescent silver-based MOF and biotin-streptavidin system for mercury ion detection.

In this study, for the first time, a silver-based metal-organic framework (Ag-MOF) was synthesized and used as the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter for building an ECL sensor. After modification with chitosan (CS) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the ECL stability of Ag-MOF was improved. To detect mercury ions, a biosensor was constructed using the mercury ion aptamer and steric effect of streptavidin. First, the capture strand (cDNA) with terminal-modified sulfhydryl group was attached to the electrode surface by the Au-S bond. Then, the mercury-ion aptamer (Apt-Hg) modified with biotin was anchored to the electrode by complementary pairing with cDNA. Streptavidin (SA) could be fixed on the electrode by linking with biotin, thereby reducing the ECL signal. However, in the presence of mercury ions, the aptamer was removed and streptavidin could not be immobilized on the electrode. Hence, the ECL signal of the sensor increased with the concentration of mercury ions, which was linear in the range from 1 µM to 300 fM. The detection limit could reach 66 fM (S/N = 3). The sensor provided a new method for the detection of mercury ions.

Priority Occupation of C-Sites by N-Confining P-Implantation in Pyrrodic N-Sites in NCNT@P,N-Mo2C for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Optimizing the electronic configuration of Mo2C by activating heteroatom(s)-neighboring carbon atoms to enhance the activity of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been demonstrated. However, the development of heteroatom-doped Mo2C to fabricate a water electrolyzer is still a challenge because of the limitation of a well-defined electronic structure of hybridization of Mo with heteroatom(s). Here, nitrogen (N) and phosphor (P) codoped Mo2C embedded carbon nanotubes (NCNT@P,N-Mo2C) with the priority occupation of C-sites by N, which well confines the P-implantation at the pyrrodic N-sites and brings out N-O bonding on the surface, which favorably modifies the electronic configuration of adjacent Mo, resulting in highly efficient pH-tolerant HER activity. This study not only presents a potential HER electrocatalyst candidate but also provides a strategy for the construction of a well-defined electronic structure of heteroatom(s)-neighboring carbon-based materials.

Coupled electrochemiluminescent and resonance energy transfer determination of microRNA-141 using functionalized Mxene composite.

The electrochemiluminescence and resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) method was adopted to detect miRNAs, in which the two-dimensional Ti3C2 Mxenes with high surface area modified with CdS:W nanocrystals (CdS:W NCs) were used as ECL signal emitter. Mxenes with a specific surface area of 5.2755 m2/g carried more emitters and promote ECL intensity. As an energy acceptor, BiOCl nanosheets (BiOCl NSs) have a wide UV-Vis absorption peak in the range 250 nm-700 nm, including the emission band of CdS:W NCs with 520 nm emission wavelength. Hence, BiOCl NSs are covalently bound to hairpin DNA 2 by amide bond to quench the ECL signal of CdS:W NCs. In the presence of miRNA-141, the hairpin DNA 1 modified on the GCE was unfold and then paired with hairpin DNA 2 to release miRNA-141 and quench the signal of the ECL biosensor. Then, the concentration signal of miRNA-141 was amplified by catalytic hairpin assembly. The novel specific biosensor demonstrated a satisfactory linear relationship with miRNA-141 in the range 0.6 pM to 4000 pM; the detection limit was as low as 0.26 pM (3 s/m) under the potential of 0 ~ -1.3 V and showed outstanding RSD of 1.19%. The findings of the present work with high accuracy and sensitivity will be of positive significance for the clinical diagnosis of miRNA in the future work. The construction process of the biosensor and electrochemiluminescence mechanism.

A label-free photoelectrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen detection based on a g-C3N4/CdSe nanocomposite.

Herein, a label-free photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on a g-C3N4/CdSe nanocomposite was established and applied to detect carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The prepared nanocomposite materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The results indicate that g-C3N4/CdSe nanocomposite materials were successfully synthesized. In a typical assembly process, the immunosensor was constructed by modifying a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode with poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDDA), the g-C3N4/CdSe nanocomposite, the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody (Ab) and the blocking agent bovine serum albumin (BSA) successively. In the presence of CEA, the photocurrent signal of the prepared immunosensor decreased significantly. Accordingly, under the optimal conditions, a label-free photoelectrochemical immunosensor was established, and it exhibited excellent selectivity and repeatability for CEA detection. The detection limit was 0.21 ng mL-1, and the range was 10 ng mL-1-100 µg mL-1. Simultaneously, the immunosensor also provides a likely sensing device for detecting other protein targets, which is of great significance for early clinical diagnosis.

Highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor for VEGF165 detection based on a g-C3N4/PDDA/CdSe nanocomposite.

In this work, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was fabricated for the selective detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165). g-C3N4/PDDA/CdSe nanocomposites were used as the ECL substrate. Then, DNA labeled at the 5' end with amino groups (DNA1) was immobilized on the surface of g-C3N4/PDDA/CdSe nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by amido linkage. AuNP-labeled target DNA (Au-DNA2) could hybridize with DNA1 to form a double strand. The ECL of the g-C3N4/PDDA/CdSe nanocomposite was efficiently quenched due to the resonance energy transfer between CdSe QDs and Au NPs. After VEGF165 was recognized and bound by Au-DNA2, the double helix was disrupted, and the energy transfer was broken. In this case, Au-DNA2 was released from the electrode surface, and the ECL intensity recovered to a higher level. Under optimal conditions, this ECL biosensor possesses excellent selectivity, accuracy, and stability for VEGF165 detection in a linear range of 2 pg mL-1 to 2 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.68 pg mL-1. In addition, this assay has been successfully applied to the determination of VEGF165 in serum samples. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the electrochemiluminescence sensor based on a g-C3N4/PDDA/CdSe nanocomposite, which can be determined in the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor in serum.

An electrochemiluminescence biosensor for p53 antibody based on Zn-MOF/GO nanocomposite and Ag+-DNA amplification.

An ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor was established based on the Zn-MOF/GO nanocomposite. Ag(I)-embedded DNA complexes were used as a signal amplification reagent. In this work, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) and Zn2+ were integrated into a porphyrin paddlewheel framework (Zn-MOF) by a hydrothermal method. The synthesized Zn-MOF material has electrochemiluminescence property, and the luminescence intensity is improved after being composited with graphene oxide (GO). Based on the composite material, we constructed an ultrasensitive ECL biosensor for the p53 antibody detection. The composite material acted as an admirable substrate and then loaded plenty of p53 antigens to recognize the target (p53 antibody) accurately. Because of the bridging effect of streptavidin and biotin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (bio-ab2), the rich-C DNA with positive correlation with the target was modified on the electrode and then captured the co-reactant accelerator Ag+ to amplify the signal. Therefore, the ECL biosensor response increases with increasing p53 antibody concentration. In the range 0.1 fg/mL-0.01 ng/mL, the response signal of the biosensor has a good linear relationship with the p53 antibody concentration. The detection limit is 0.03 fg/mL (S/N = 3). Impressively, the biosensor not only featured high sensitivity, good stability, and excellent specificity for the detection of p53 antibody, but also provides a new way for early detection of cancer. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the electrochemiluminescence sensor based on a Zn-MOF/GO nanocomposite, which can be applied to the determination of p53 antibody.

Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the prostate-specific antigen by using a CdS/chitosan/g-C3N4 nanocomposite.

An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was fabricated for the evaluation of prostate specific antigen (PSA). The sensor was developed by successively modifying glassy carbon electrode (GCE) electrodes with CdS/Chito/g-C3N4 nanocomposites and DNA1 was labeled at the 5' end with thiol. The aptamer DNA was labeled at the 3' end with a quencher ferrocene (Fc) was ligated to DNA1 by the principle of complementary base pairing. In the absence of PSA, the ECL intensity signal is effectively quenches through the energy transfer and photoexcitation electron transfer between CdS/Chito/g-C3N4 emitter and quencher Fc. After incubation with target PSA, the aptamer DNA interacts with PSA and then moved away from the electrode surface together, which will recover the ECL intensity. Under the optimal conditions, the ECL intensity increases linearly with the logarithm of PSA concentration in the range of 1 pg·mL-1 to 100 ng·mL-1, and the detection limit is 0.14 pg·mL-1 (S/N = 3). The biosensor has been successfully applied to the determination of PSA in serum sample. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of the electrochemiluminescence sensor based on a CdS/chitosan/g-C3N4 nanocomposite, which can be applied to the determination of prostate specific antigen in serum.

A Cd-MOF as a fluorescent probe for highly selective, sensitive and stable detection of antibiotics in water.

Recently, the pollution and damage caused by antibiotics in water have aroused serious concerns. In this situation, it is extremely important to develop a highly effective approach to detect antibiotics in water. In this contribution, we built a Cd-MOF material with stable fluorescence properties, using bbi = 1,4-bis(2-methyl-imidazol-1-yl)butane and H2L = 1,2-phenylenediacetic acid as organic ligands and Cd(NO3)2·4H2O as the metal node. The highly selective response of this MOF probe to ceftriaxone sodium (an antibiotic) can reach up to the ppb level in water, along with a fast response time, acid and alkali resistance, and anti-interference ability.

Photoelectrochemical immunoassay for human interleukin 6 based on the use of perovskite-type LaFeO3 nanoparticles on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass.

A film of perovskite-type LaFeO3 nanoparticles (NPs) was deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass via dipping-lifting and calcination. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the NPs are evenly distributed on the surface of the glass. The modified glass was further coated with antibody against human interleukin 6 (IL-6) to result in a photoelectrochemical immunosensor for IL-6. The well-established photoelectrochemical immunoassay has a linear current response in the range of 0.1 pg·mL-1 to 0.1 µg·mL-1 and a detection limit as low as 33 fg·mL-1. Graphical abstract Schematic of a novel photoelectochemical immunoassay for the measurement of IL-6 based on perovskite-type LaFeO3 nanoparticles. The immunoassay had a higher sensitivity and may also be applied to other bioanalysis and environment monitoring.

Strong cathode electroluminescence biosensor based on CeO2 functionalized PCN-222@Ag NPs for sensitive detection of p-Tau-181 protein.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors provide a convenient and high sensitivity method for early disease diagnosis. However, creating luminophore arrays relying on powerful ECL signals remains a daunting task. Porphyrin-centered metal organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit remarkable potential in ECL sensing applications. In this paper, based on a simple one-pot synthesis method, PCN-222@Ag NPs doped with CeO2 was synthesized to enhance the ECL performance. Due to the strong catalytic ability of CeO2, the ECL signal strength of the new material PCN-222@CeO2@Ag NPs is much higher than that of the PCN-222@Ag NPs and PCN-222. The luminous properties of PCN-222@CeO2@Ag NPs become more intense and stable due to the excellent electronic conductivity of Ag NPs. Based on the fact that CuS@PDA composite can quench the ECL signal of PCN-222@CeO2@Ag NPs, we constructed a novel sandwich ECL immune sensor for the detection of phosphorylated Tau 181 (p-Tau-181) protein. The ECL sensor has a great linear relationship with p-Tau-181 protein concentration, ranging from 1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL. The detection limit is as low as 0.147 pg/mL. This work provides new ideas for developing sensitive ECL sensors for the p-Tau-181 protein, the marker of Alzheimer's disease.

A photoelectrochemical biosensor based on b-TiO2/CdS:Eu/Ti3C2 heterojunction for the ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-21.

A novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor based on b-TiO2/CdS:Eu/Ti3C2 heterojunction was developed for ultrasensitive determination of miRNA-21. In this device, the b-TiO2/CdS:Eu/Ti3C2 heterojunction with excellent energy level arrangement effectively facilitated photoelectric conversion efficiency and accelerated the separation of the photogenerated electron hole pairs, which because that the structure of heterojunction overcomes the drawbacks of single material, such as narrow light absorption range, wide band gap, short carrier lifetime, etc., improves light utilization, extends the lifetime of photogenerated electron hole pairs, and promotes electron transfer. Herein, hairpin DNA1 (H1) decorated on the b-TiO2/CdS:Eu/Ti3C2 electrode surface by Cd-S bonds, after H2/miRNA-21 heterduplex was introduced, the strand-displacement reaction (SDR) was triggered between H1 and H2/miRNA-21, accordingly, miRNA-21 was discharged from the H2/miRNA-21 heterduplex, forming the H1/H2 duplex, and the reuse of miRNA-21 was realized. As a signal amplification factor, the signal amplification factor H3-CdSe was hybridized with H1/H2 duplex, which greatly enhanced the sensitivity of the PEC biosensor. Under optimal conditions, the designed PEC biosensor displayed outstanding sensitivity, selectivity and stability with a wide liner range from 1.0 µM to 10.0 fM and a low detection limit of 3.3 fM. The preparation of the optoelectronic material affords a new direction for the progress of heterojunction photovoltaic materials and the construction of the proposed biosensor also provides a new thought for the PEC detection of human miRNA-21 with superior performance. Simultaneously, the established biosensor exhibiting tremendous possibility for detecting other biomarkers and biomolecules in clinical diagnosis fields.

A ZnIn2S4@ReS2/AgInS2-based photoelectrochemical aptasensor for the ultrasensitive detection of kanamycin.

An ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was originally designed by using ZnIn2S4/ReS2 as a photoactive material and AgInS2 as a signal amplifier. The signal amplifier AgInS2 was incubated on the terminal of H-DNA (immobilized on the ZnIn2S4/ReS2/FTO surface), leading to an enhanced photocurrent response. Then, due to the introduction of DNA2, the formation of a double-stranded structure caused AgInS2 to keep away from the electrode surface, and the photocurrent was reduced. In the presence of kanamycin, DNA2 was released from the system due to the competition relationship, and a restored photocurrent response was obtained. The combination of ZnIn2S4/ReS2 and AgInS2 accelerated the electron transfer and enhanced the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, resulting in an improved performance of the PEC aptasensor, which was capable of accurate and sensitive detection of kanamycin in actual samples.

ORAOV 1 Detection Made with Metal Organic Frameworks Based on Ti3C2Tx MXene.

In this work, a two-dimensional (2D) MOF sheet with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) activity is prepared with Ti3C2Tx MXene as the metal precursor and the meso-tetra(4-carboxyl-phenyl) porphyrin (H2TCPP) as the organic ligand. The atomically thin 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene is utilized as the metal precursor and soft template to produce the MOF with a 2D nanosheet morphology (Ti3C2Tx-PMOF). Ti3C2Tx MXene is a kind of strong electron acceptor, which can deprotonate H2TCPP due to the high electronegativity and low work function of its terminal atoms. The deprotonated H2TCPP continues to bind with Ti atoms to form the 2D MOF sheet. The ECL activity is inherited from H2TCPP and stabilized by introducing Ag NPs. Then, we construct an ECL biosensor based on the Ag NPs/Ti3C2Tx-PMOF to detect the oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV 1). A bipedal three-dimensional DNA walker strategy is adopted to further improve the biosensor sensitivity. As expected, the biosensor exhibits sterling sensitivity and selectivity. The ECL biosensor responds linearly to ORAOV 1 concentrations in the range of 10 fM-1 nM, and the detection limit is as low as 3.3 fM (S/N = 3). It means that Ag NPs/Ti3C2Tx-PMOF is a potential material to design and construct the high-performance ECL biosensors.

Piezoelectric built-in electric field advancing TiO2 for highly efficient photocatalytic air purification.

Photocatalytic air purification is a promising technology; however, it suffers from a limited rate of photocatalytic mineralization (easily inactivated surfactant sites of hydroxyls) and poor kinetics of degradation. Herein, we report a ferroelectric strategy, employing a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer embedded with TiO2, where the polarization field of stretched PVDF dramatically enhances and stabilizes active adsorption sites for the promotion of charge separation. The F (-) and H (+) atomic layers with distinct local structures in stretched PVDF increase the electron cloud density around Ti which simultaneously promotes the dissociation of water to form hydroxyl groups which are easier to activate for adsorption of formaldehyde molecules. Besides, the ferroelectric field of stretched PVDF effectively separates the photogenerated charge carriers and facilitates the carriers' transportation of TiO2/PVDF. The optimal stretched TiO2/PVDF exhibits excellent photocatalytic mineralization for formaldehyde with considerable stability. This work may evolve the polarization field as a new method to enhance adsorption and activation of hydroxyls and disclose the mechanism by which hydroxyl radicals mineralize gaseous formaldehyde for photocatalytic air purification.

Electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for lincomycin antigen detection by using a SnO2/chitosan/g-C3N4 nanocomposite.

In this paper, hydrothermal method was used for the synthesis of SnO2 quantum dots (QDs). The prepared SnO2 QDs have a uniform particle size distribution and good electrochemiluminescence (ECL) property. Then the prepared SnO2 QDs was combined with graphene-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) through chitosan to form SnO2/chitosan/g-C3N4 nanocomposite and used for detecting the lincomycin. The characteristics of SnO2/chitosan/g-C3N4 nanocomposite were presented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and the analytical results proving that the nanocomposite was prepared successfully. In this strategy, the SnO2/chitosan/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was acted as the substrate of aptasensor. Then, SH-DNA (aptamer DNA) was assembled on the surface of electrode, after 6-mercaptohexanol (MCH) blocked the unbound sites of the electrode surface, ferrocene-DNA (Fc-DNA) was incubated on the electrode surface through base complementation with aptamer DNA. In the absence of lincomycin, due to the low conductivity of Fc-DNA and the photo-excited energy electron transfer, the ECL signal was quenched. In the presence of lincomycin, the aptamer DNA was specific binding with lincomycin, and ferrocene-DNA (Fc-DNA) was detached from the surface of aptasensor electrode, generating an obviously enhancement of ECL signal. To ensure the accuracy of the data, each electrode runs continuously for 3600 s. Under optimal experimental conditions, the detection range of the aptasensor was 0.10 ng mL-1 - 0.10 mg mL-1, and the detection limit was 0.028 ng mL-1. In addition, the aptasensor has good stability and reproducibility, and also provided a hopeful device for all kinds of other protein target.

Highly sensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor for microRNA159c detection based on a Ti3C2:CdS nanocomposite of breast cancer.

Herein, an ultra-sensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor based on Ti3C2:CdS nanocomposite was established for the selective detection of microRNA159c. Ti3C2:CdS nanocomposites were used as optoelectronic materials because Ti3C2:CdS interaction effectively separates photogenerated electrons and holes, and significantly improves the high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Firstly, Ti3C2:CdS nanocomposite was deposited on the surface of the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode. After the chitosan (CS) was dropped, the SH-miRNA were bonded on the electrode surface via the S-Cd bond. Then 6-mercaptohexanol (MCH) blocked the unbound site, the DNA strand was introduced to hybridize with the target SH-miRNA. At this time, the obtained photocurrent gradually decreases. Subsequently, the photosensitizer TMPyP as signal amplification was modified, the photocurrent increased significantly. The target SH-miRNA was detected based upon the photocurrent change originated from quantities change of TMPyP. Working under the best experimental conditions, the sensing platform had good stability, selectivity, and high sensitivity. The detection range for miRNA159c was 1.0 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-13 mol·L-l, and the detection limit was approximately 33 fmol·L-l. The detection of miRNA159c in human serum provided a huge opportunity to explore the relationship between the abundance of this miRNA and the incidence of breast cancer (BC), and to further achieve effective detection of BC.

Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets coupled with CdIn2S4 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water splitting has become a favorable route for the utilization of solar energy. An effective strategy, the combination of C-doping with nanocomposite semiconductors, is presented in this work. C-doped g-C3N4 (CCN) was prepared by supramolecular self-assembly and subsequently a number of CdIn2S4/CCN composite photocatalysts were designed and fabricated though in situ decoration of CdIn2S4 crystals on the surface of CCN nanosheets via a hydrothermal method. This unique architecture was able to efficiently promote the transfer and separation of photon-generated charges, enhance light absorption, and significantly increase photocatalytic H2 production. Detailed characterization was performed to analyze the crystal structure, morphology, elementary composition, optical properties and catalytic mechanism. The CdIn2S4/CCN nanocomposites with optimal CdIn2S4 content exhibited a maximum H2 production rate of 2985 µmol h-1 g-1, almost 15 times more than that obtained using pure g-C3N4 (205 µmol h-1 g-1). In addition, the hybrid photocatalysts display good recycling stability under visible-light irradiation. This research may provide promising information for the preparation of more efficient multifunctional hybrid photocatalysts with excellent stability in fine chemical engineering.

Electrochemiluminescent biosensor with DNA link for selective detection of human IgG based on steric hindrance.

A highly selective DNA-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) based biosensor is described for the detection of human IgG. It is exploiting the effect of steric hindrance that affects the strength of the ECL signal in the presence of IgG. Digoxin-linked signaling DNA was specifically bound to IgG, and this causes steric hindrance which limits the ability of DNA to hybridize with capturing DNA attached to a gold electrode. Europium (II) doped CdSe quantum dots were covalently linked to the DNA in order to generate the ECL signal. Using this steric hindrance hybridization method, the ECL signal of the biosensor were proportional to the concentration of IgG with a wide linear range and a 14 pM detection limit. Conceivably, the method can be expanded to the detection of a wide range of proteins for which homologous recognition elements are available.