ABSTRACT
A series of novel hydroxamic acid based histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors with aryl ether and aryl sulfone residues at the terminus of a substituted, unsaturated 5-carbon spacer moiety have been synthesized for the first time and evaluated. Compounds with meta- and para-substitution on the aryl ring of ether hydroxamic acids 19c, 20c, 19e, 19f and 19g are potent HDAC inhibitors with activities at low nanomolar levels.
Subject(s)
Ethers/chemistry , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Hydroxamic Acids/chemistry , Sulfones/chemistry , Binding Sites , Catalytic Domain , Drug Design , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemistry , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Histone Deacetylases/chemistry , Histone Deacetylases/metabolism , Hydroxamic Acids/chemical synthesis , Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology , Models, Molecular , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is a serine-threonine mitogen-activated protein kinase that is highly expressed in many types of human cancer. Due to its important role in cancer progression, TOPK is becoming an attractive target in chemotherapeutic drug design. In this study, a series of 1-phenyl phenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivatives have been identified as a novel chemical class of TOPK inhibitors. Some of them displayed very potent anti-cancer activity with IC50s less than 100â¯nM, superior than reference compound OTS964. The most potent compound, 9g suppressed the growth of cancer cells by apoptosis and specifically inhibited the activities of TOPK. Oral administration of 9g effectively suppressed tumor growth with TGI >79.7% in colorectal cancer xenograft models, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to OTS964. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal its good oral bioavailability. Our findings therefore show that 9g is a specific inhibitor of TOPK both in vitro and in vivo that may be further developed as a potential therapeutic agent against colorectal cancer.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Phenanthrenes/chemical synthesis , Phenanthridines/chemical synthesis , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Heterografts , Humans , Mice , Phenanthrenes/pharmacology , Phenanthridines/pharmacology , Quinolones/pharmacology , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
In its natural environment, the plant cuticle, which is composed of the biopolymer cutin and a mixture of surface and embedded cuticular waxes, experiences a wide variety of temperatures and hydration states. Consequently, a complete understanding of cuticular function requires study of its thermal and mechanical properties as a function of hydration. Herein, we report the results of a comprehensive 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation study of hydrated tomato fruit cuticle. Cross-polarization and direct-polarization experiments serve to measure the solid-like and liquid-like components, respectively, of hydrated cuticle. Localized, high-frequency motions are probed by T1(C) spin relaxation measurements, whereas T1rho(H) and T1rho(C) experiments reflect low-frequency, lower amplitude polymer-chain motions. In addition, variable-temperature measurements of T1(C) and T1rho(C) for dry tomato cuticles are used to evaluate the impact of temperature stress. Results of these experiments are interpreted in terms of changes occurring in individual polymer motions of the cutin/wax components of tomato cuticle and in the interaction of these components within intact cuticle, both of which are expected to influence the functional integrity of this protective plant covering.
Subject(s)
Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/drug effects , Solanum lycopersicum/chemistry , Solanum lycopersicum/drug effects , Stress, Physiological , Temperature , Water/pharmacology , Carbon/chemistry , Fruit/metabolism , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Polymers/chemistry , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A series of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine sulfonamides and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine sulfonamides have been synthesized. These compounds increase transcription of a calcitonin-luciferase promoter and production of cellular calcitonin in a calcitonin-secretion/RIA assay with minimized phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitory activity at 30 microM as compared to structurally related xanthine methylene ketones such as denbufyllene. These two series are notable examples of small molecules that act as CT-inducers, a method to potentially treat bone loss diseases.
Subject(s)
Calcitonin/biosynthesis , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors , Calcitonin/genetics , Cell Line , Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 , Genes, Reporter , Humans , Luciferases/genetics , Luciferases/metabolism , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/chemistry , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Radioimmunoassay , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Transcriptional Activation , Xanthines/chemistry , Xanthines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The mouse metallothionein (mMT) mutant alpha-KKS-alpha has a higher capacity for binding heavy metals than wild type mMT. The mMT mutant alpha-KKS-alpha gene was placed under the control of the strong promoter PpbsA to generate the intermediate vector pRL-alpha-KKS-alpha. pRLalpha-KKS-alpha was then linked with the plasmid pDC-08 to construct shuttle expression vector pDC-alphaKKS-alpha. This expression vector was transformed into Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 using triparental conjugative transfer. After antibiotic selection (ampicillin and kanamycin), transgenic Anabaena was identified by PCR and Western blotting. The expression level of the mMT mutation alpha-KKS-alpha reached 7.4 mg/g dry cells weight, as detected by ELISA, and heavy metal resistance of the transgenic Anabaena was significantly improved.