ABSTRACT
Classic psychiatry patients are rare; real-world patients tend to have overlapping features of multiple disorders. Striving for diagnostic certainty, and treatments aimed at tentative diagnoses, often fail these patients. In such cases, tolerating diagnostic ambiguity and "treating the symptoms" can sometimes be transformative. An important symptom, often undertreated in a diagnosis-based approach, is rumination. We present a case study of a woman who, after 20 years of treatment failure, achieved significant symptom relief when her primary complaint-"labored thinking"-was targeted specifically. However, because no seriously ill person has only 1 symptom, 6 clinicians from different subdisciplines will discuss the patient's other issues, ones that an overfocus on rumination might leave out.
Subject(s)
Obsessive Behavior , Female , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The present study sought to identify predictors of outcome for a comprehensive cognitive therapy (CT) developed for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS: Treatment was delivered over 22 sessions and included standard CT methods, as well as specific strategies designed for subtypes of OCD including religious, sexual, and other obsessions. This study of 39 participants assigned to CT examined predictors of outcomes assessed on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. A variety of baseline symptom variables were examined as well as treatment expectancy and motivation. RESULTS: Findings indicated that participants who perceived themselves as having more severe OCD at baseline remained in treatment but more severe symptoms were marginally associated with worse outcome for those who completed therapy. Depressed and anxious mood did not predict post-test outcome, but more Axis I comorbid diagnoses (mainly major depression and anxiety disorders), predicted more improvement, as did the presence of sexual (but not religious) OCD symptoms, and stronger motivation (but not expectancy). A small rebound in OCD symptoms at 1-year follow-up was significantly predicted by higher scores on personality traits, especially for schizotypal (but not obsessive-compulsive personality) traits. CONCLUSIONS: Longer treatment may be needed for those with more severe symptoms at the outset. CT may have positive effects not only on OCD symptoms but also on comorbid depressive and anxious disorders and associated underlying core beliefs. Findings are discussed in light of study limitations and research on other predictors.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/therapy , Adult , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/therapy , Comorbidity , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Major/therapy , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Motivation , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Patient Dropouts/psychology , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Prognosis , Psychometrics , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/psychology , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The study compared the prevalence, correlates of functional impairment, and service utilization for eating disorders across Latinos, Asians, and African Americans living in the United States to non-Latino Whites. METHOD: Pooled data from the NIMH Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Studies (CPES;NIMH, 2007) were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN) and binge-eating disorder (BED) were similar across all groups examined, but bulimia nervosa (BN) was more prevalent among Latinos and African Americans than non-Latino Whites. Despite similar prevalence of BED among ethnic groups examined, lifetime prevalence of any binge eating (ABE) was greater among each of the ethnic minority groups in comparison to non-Latino Whites. Lifetime prevalence of mental health service utilization was lower among ethnic minority groups studied than for non-Latino Whites for respondents with a lifetime history of any eating disorder. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest the need for clinician training and health policy interventions to achieve optimal and equitable care for eating disorders across all ethnic groups in the United States.
Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology , Health Services Accessibility , Healthcare Disparities , Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Black or African American/psychology , Female , Health Care Surveys , Hispanic or Latino/psychology , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors , United States/epidemiology , White People/psychologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Deficits in cognitive flexibility and response inhibition have been linked to perturbations in cortico-striatal-thalamic circuitry in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although similar cognitive deficits have been identified in pediatric OCD, few neuroimaging studies have been conducted to examine its neural correlates in the developing brain. In this study, we tested hypotheses regarding group differences in the behavioral and neural correlates of cognitive flexibility in a pediatric OCD and a healthy comparison (HC) sample. METHOD: In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, a pediatric sample of 10- to 17-year-old subjects, 15 with OCD and 20 HC, completed a set-shifting task. The task, requiring an extradimensional shift to identify a target, examines cognitive flexibility. Within each block, the dimension (color or shape) that identified the target either alternated (i.e., mixed) or remained unchanged (i.e., repeated). RESULTS: Compared with the HC group, the OCD group tended to be slower to respond to trials within mixed blocks. Compared with the HC group, the OCD group exhibited less left inferior frontal gyrus/BA47 activation in the set-shifting contrast (i.e., HC > OCD, mixed versus repeated); only the HC group exhibited significant activation in this region. The correlation between set shifting-induced right caudate activation and shift cost (i.e., reaction time differential in response to mixed versus repeated trials) was significantly different between HC and OCD groups, in that we found a positive correlation in HC and a negative correlation in OCD. CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric OCD, less fronto-striatal activation may explain previously identified deficits in shifting cognitive sets.
Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Color Perception/physiology , Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/physiopathology , Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology , Reversal Learning/physiology , Adolescent , Attention/physiology , Brain Mapping , Caudate Nucleus/physiopathology , Child , Corpus Striatum/physiopathology , Dominance, Cerebral/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Orientation/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Reaction Time/physiology , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder have many similarities in clinical presentation. Obsessive-compulsive disorder has historically been considered an anxiety disorder, whereas body dysmorphic disorder has been grouped among the somatoform disorders. Researchers in these areas are currently debating whether the similarities warrant the inclusion of body dysmorphic disorder within a proposed category of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. This article describes the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder as evidenced by the emerging literature, and presents theoretical and clinical implications of this association.