Biofeedback therapy for female patients with constipation caused by radical hysterectomy or vaginal delivery.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Chronic constipation is frequently seen in women who have undergone hysterectomy or delivery. However, reports regarding anorectal physiologic features in those patients are rare. Patients with constipation associated with either radical hysterectomy or vaginal delivery were analyzed in order to clarify the anorectal physiologic features and the effectiveness of biofeedback therapy. METHODS: Of the constipated patients, a hysterectomy group (n = 40), delivery group (n = 41), and a control group (n = 89), who had no history of either surgery or delivery before developing functional constipation were included. Their anorectal physiological tests and the effectiveness of biofeedback therapy were investigated. RESULTS: The volume of desire to defecate was greater in the hysterectomy group than in the control group (86.5 ± 55.0 mL vs 62.9 ± 33.7 mL; P = 0.03), and more than 240 mL of maximal volume of toleration was more frequently noted in the hysterectomy group (32.5%) than in the delivery group (14.6%) and control group (13.5%) (P = 0.02).The failure of balloon expulsion was more frequently noted in the delivery group (44.0%) than in the hysterectomy group (15.0%) and control group (25.0%) (P = 0.01). The defecation satisfaction score was significantly increased after biofeedback therapy in the hysterectomy group (2.0 ± 2.7 vs 7.8 ± 1.5, P < 0.001), the delivery group (1.6 ± 2.1 vs 6.7 ± 2.0, P < 0.001), and the control group (2.5 ± 2.7 vs 6.9 ± 2.1, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Rectal hyposensitivity could have been the characteristic mechanism in the hysterectomy group, whereas dyssynergic defecation could have been the cause in the delivery group. Biofeedback therapy was effective for both groups.

The conserved and divergent roles of carbonic anhydrases in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans.

Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and its hydration product bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)) are essential molecules in various physiological processes of all living organisms. The reversible interconversion between CO(2) and HCO(3)(-) is in equilibrium. This reaction is slow without catalyst, but can be rapidly facilitated by Zn(2+)-metalloenzymes named carbonic anhydrases (CAs). To gain an insight into the function of multiple clades of fungal CA, we chose to investigate the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and A. nidulans. We identified four and two CAs in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans, respectively, named cafA-D and canA-B. The cafA and cafB genes are constitutively, strongly expressed whereas cafC and cafD genes are weakly expressed but CO(2)-inducible. Heterologous expression of the A. fumigatus cafB, and A. nidulans canA and canB genes completely rescued the high CO(2)-requiring phenotype of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Deltance103 mutant. Only the DeltacafA DeltacafB and DeltacanB deletion mutants were unable to grow at 0.033% CO(2), of which growth defects can be restored by high CO(2). Defects in the CAs can affect Aspergilli conidiation. Furthermore, A. fumigatus DeltacafA, DeltacafB, DeltacafC, DeltacafD and DeltacafA DeltacafB mutant strains are fully virulent in a low-dose murine infection.

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava/heart invasion.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis and treatment outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with inferior vena cava (IVC)/heart invasion have not been established. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with HCC extending to IVC/heart and ascertained whether active treatment beyond best supportive care (BSC) can prolong overall survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 50 patients with HCC extending to IVC/heart who were admitted from November 1987 to November 2010. They were stratified into a control group with BSC alone (n=18) and a treated group with active treatment more than BSC (n=32). RESULTS: The mean age was 56.5 years and male gender predominated (n=39, 78.0%). Treatment modalities in the treated group included systemic chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil with/without cisplatin (n=10, 31.3%), transarterial chemoembolization (n=8, 25.0%), intra-arterial chemotherapy (n=3, 9.4%), concurrent chemoradiation therapy (n=3, 9.4%), radiation (n=2, 6.2%), surgery (n=1, 3.1%), and of the combination above (n=5, 15.6%). Active treatment more than BSC was the only independent predictor of overall survival and the overall survival of the treated group was significantly better than that of the control group (median 4.0 vs. 2.0 months, p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The prognosis of HCC with IVC/heart invasion is poor. However, if patients are cautiously selected, active treatment beyond BSC might provide a survival benefit in patients with HCC extending to IVC/heart.

Prognostic value of the 7th edition of the AJCC staging system as a clinical staging system in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In 2009, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) published the 7th edition of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging system. We investigated the prognostic value of the 7th AJCC staging system as a clinical staging system in patients with HCC. METHODS: We retrospectively applied the 6th and 7th AJCC systems to 877 patients who were diagnosed with HCC between January 2004 and December 2006 using radiological findings and compared the performance of the AJCC systems to that of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system. The prognostic power was quantified using a linear trend χ(2) test and -2 log likelihood. RESULTS: The median age was 57years and males predominated (n=701, 79.9%). There was no significant difference in survival between adjoining advanced stages of the 6th and 7th AJCC systems (⩾stage IIIA in the 6th and ⩾stage IIIB in the 7th; all p>0.05), although a significant difference between adjoining early stages was identified. The 7th AJCC system had greater prognostic power than the 6th (linear trend χ(2) test, 168.195 versus 160.293; -2 log likelihood, 7366.347 versus 7396.380), but not greater than that of the BCLC system (linear trend χ(2) test=207.013, -2 log likelihood=7320.726). CONCLUSIONS: The 7th AJCC staging system provided better prognostic power than the 6th for patients with HCC, but not better than that of the BCLC system. Thus, the 7th AJCC staging system should be applied cautiously in patients with advanced HCC because of its low prognostic power in advanced stages.

Peroral direct cholangioscopic-guided biopsy and photodynamic therapy using an ultraslim upper endoscope for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with intraductal tiny nodular tumor growth.

Bile-duct invasion is rare in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We report a case that received peroral direct cholangioscopy (PDCS)-guided endoscopic biopsy and photodynamic treatment (PDT) for recurrent HCC with intraductal tiny nodular tumor growth. A 64-year-old woman presented with recurrent right upper-quadrant pain. Six months previously she had been diagnosed with HCC with bile-duct invasion in the right anterior segment and had received right anterior segmentectomy. On pathological examination, the margin of resection was clear, but macroscopic bile-duct invasion was noted. On admission, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a 0.5-cm-sized polypoid mass at the hilar portion. ERCP-guided biopsy failed, and an ampullary stricture was noted. PDCS-guided endoscopic biopsy was thus performed, and histopathology of the retrieved specimen revealed HCC. The patient submitted to PDT. There was no procedure-related complication. After 1 month of PDT the polypoid lesion and scar change at the hilar lesion had disappeared.