ABSTRACT
We have developed a macromolecular prodrug platform based on poly(l-lysine succinylated) (PLS) that targets scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), a receptor expressed by myeloid and endothelial cells. We demonstrate the selective uptake of PLS by murine macrophage, RAW 264.7 cells, which was eliminated upon cotreatment with the SR-A inhibitor polyinosinic acid (poly I). Further, we observed no uptake of PLS in an SR-A1-deficient RAW 264.7 cell line, even after 24 h incubation. In mice, PLS distributed to lymphatic organs following i.v. injection, as observed by ex vivo fluorescent imaging, and accumulated in lymph nodes following both i.v. and i.d. administrations, based on immunohistochemical analysis with high-resolution microscopy. As a proof-of-concept, the HIV antiviral emtricitabine (FTC) was conjugated to the polymer's succinyl groups via ester bonds, with a drug loading of 14.2% (wt/wt). The prodrug (PLS-FTC) demonstrated controlled release properties in vitro with a release half-life of 15 h in human plasma and 29 h in esterase-inhibited plasma, indicating that drug release occurs through both enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms. Upon incubation of PLS-FTC with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the released drug was converted to the active metabolite FTC triphosphate. In a pharmacokinetic study in rats, the prodrug achieved â¼7-19-fold higher concentrations in lymphatic tissues compared to those in FTC control, supporting lymphatic-targeted drug delivery. We believe that the SR-A1-targeted macromolecular PLS prodrug platform has extraordinary potential for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Carriers/chemistry , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Scavenger Receptors, Class A/metabolism , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , Drug Liberation , Emtricitabine/administration & dosage , Emtricitabine/pharmacokinetics , Female , Half-Life , Humans , Male , Mice , Poly I/pharmacology , Polylysine/chemistry , Prodrugs/administration & dosage , Prodrugs/pharmacokinetics , Proof of Concept Study , RAW 264.7 Cells , Rats , Scavenger Receptors, Class A/antagonists & inhibitors , Scavenger Receptors, Class A/geneticsABSTRACT
A systemic and quantitative study was performed to examine whether different levels of mitotic activities, assessed by the percentage of S-phase cells at any given time point, existed at different physical regions of human embryonic stem (hES) cell colonies at 2, 4, 6 days after cell passaging. Mitotically active cells were identified by the positive incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) within their newly synthesized DNA. Our data indicated that mitotically active cells were often distributed as clusters randomly across the colonies within the examined growth period, presumably resulting from local deposition of newly divided cells. This latter notion was further demonstrated by the confined growth of enhanced green florescence protein (EGFP) expressing cells amongst non-GFP expressing cells. Furthermore, the overall percentage of mitotically active cells remained constantly at about 50% throughout the 6-day culture period, indicating mitotic activities of hES cell cultures were time-independent under current growth conditions.