[Cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: a review of the literature]. / Remédiation cognitive dans la sclérose en plaques: revue de la litérature.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment is now well-known in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, few rehabilitation interventions are proposed or really efficient. OBJECTIVES: To present a review of cognitive rehabilitation intervention research conducted in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), regarding different findings about episodic memory, working memory, attention and executive function disorders in MS. DATA SOURCES: A search of Medline (yield 20 papers) and of PsychInfo (yield 1 article), using combinations of the following terms: cognitive rehabilitation, multiple sclerosis, cognitive therapy, neuropsychological rehabilitation, in the title or in the abstract, from 1960 to March 2010, excluding animal studies. RESULTS: Episodic memory rehabilitation studies appear to be promising. Programs on working memory, attention and executive functions are in the very early phases. CONCLUSIONS: Results are encouraging and allow specific recommendations for future research about: (1) inclusion criteria, often not defined, (2) a specific baseline adapted to the program of rehabilitation, (3) a control measure regarding program efficiency and (4) a role for the psychologist (presence and advice during the program).

[Place of local thrombolytic therapy in the treatment for cerebral venous thrombosis]. / Thrombolyse in situ dans la thrombose veineuse cérébrale.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is uncommon with a variable clinical presentation and an unpredictable outcome. Heparin is used for first-line treatment in association with symptomatic and etiologic management. Despite adequate anticoagulation, the condition may deteriorate in some patients warranting the use of local thrombolysis (LT) known for good efficacy and safety. But there are few cases and trials upon which to base guidelines for the use of LT. METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical and radiological records of patients with CVT was managed in the Caen hospital over a six-year period. We compared clinical factors of poor prognosis and radiological findings according to treatment delivered. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients are treated for CVT. LT was performed in eight of them; dose-adjusted intravenous heparin was the only treatment in the 28 others. Good outcome was achieved in two thirds of the patients with functional sinus patency in all cases. Based on an analysis of the radiological data of the 36 patients, we propose a summary of radiological risk factors associated with a worsening condition despite adequate anticoagulation. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Based on our experience and a review of the literature which includes 98 previous cases, LT appears to be a relative effective end safe procedure even in the presence of a hemorrhagic infarct. The treatment by LT should be considered in patients who present clinical criteria of gravity and radiological risk factors associated with failure of heparin treatment. The usefulness of LT remains to be determined in a randomized trial comparing heparin alone and heparin associated with LT.

[Current management of brain metastases]. / Traitement actuel des métastases cérébrales.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral metastases occur in 15 to 20% of cancers and their incidence is increasing. The majority occur at an advanced stage of the disease, but metastasis may be the inaugural sign of cancer. The aim of treatments, which are often palliative, is to preserve the neurological status of the patient with the best quality of life. STATE OF ART: Corticosteroids are widely used for symptomatic palliation, requiring close monitoring and regular dose adaptation. Antiepileptic drugs should be given only for patients who have had a seizure. In case of multiple cerebral metastases occurring at an advanced stage of the disease, whole brain radiation is the most effective therapy for rapid symptom control. However, radiotherapy moderately improves overall survival, which often depends on the progression of disseminated systemic disease. On the contrary, surgery is indicated in case of a solitary metastasis, particularly when the patient is young (less than 65 years), with good general status (Karnofsky greater than 70), and when the systemic disease is under control. Radiosurgery offers an attractive alternative for these patients with good prognostic factors and a small number of cerebral metastases (< or = 4). PERSPECTIVES: Chemotherapy, considered in the past as not effective, is taking on a more important place in patients with multiple nonthreatening metastases from chemosensitive cancers (breast, testes...). Radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy are complementary techniques. Their respective role in the management of multiple metastases (< 4) remains to be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic options are increasingly effective to improve the functional prognosis of patients with cerebral metastases. Ideally, a multidisciplinary assessment offers the best choice of therapeutic modalities.

[Therapeutic management of cognitive disorders in multiple sclerosis]. / Prise en charge thérapeutique des troubles cognitifs dans la sclérose en plaques: données et perspectives.

Taking in charge cognitive disorders is a new concept in the global care of MS patients. Cognitive disorders are observed in the all forms of the disease, sometimes early on in the evolution. These disorders can be evaluated in details even detected despite any complain in the patient. Because of the lack of clear demonstration that disease-modifying treatments could act on cognition, new specific therapeutic issues have emerged during last years. This article first discusses relationships between disease-modifying treatments and cognition for the different forms of the disease, then analyse the effects of symptomatic drug therapy especially the use of anticholinesterasics. In the last part of the article new issues about antagonists of excitatory amino-acids and individual or group cognitive training are discussed. Recent functional imaging data concerning cerebral adaptation and their modifications by drug or non-drug procedures in MS patients suggest interesting therapeutic development in a next future.

[Study of episodic memory in multiple sclerosis using the California Verbal Learning Test: the data favour altered encoding]. / Etude de la mémoire épisodique dans la sclérose en plaques grâce au California Verbal Learning Test: données en faveur d'une altération de l'encodage.

INTRODUCTION: Alteration of episodic memory is one of the main cognitive deficits observed in MS patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied episodic memory in a group of 71 MS patients (37 RR, 34 SP) with the California Verbal Learning test (CVLT). Direct scores and calculated indices from CVLT performances were analyzed in comparison with controls. RESULTS: We observed a deficit of episodic memory in 69 p.cent of patients. This deficit was related to an alteration of encoding and retrieval processes. Despite SP-MS patients performances were constantly lower than those of RR-MS patients no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Significant correlation between the disease duration and CVLT performances were observed for the whole group but not for RR- or SP-MS groups separately, indicating that duration is more important than the phase of the disease in the worsening of memory deficit.

[Surgical treatment: inclusion criteria]. / Le traitement chirurgical: criteres d'inclusion.

Different surgical strategies have been suggested to treat PD patients. Cerebral grafting remains experimental and pallidotomy is not performed among the French neurosurgery departments. Therefore selection criteria for surgical interventional therapies will be only discussed for deep brain stimulation (DBS) even if these criteria are not really different between grafting, pallidotomy and DBS. Choice of selection criteria is very important in order to separate PD patients with a high probability of clinical benefit after surgery from those in whom the surgical procedure includes a high risk of morbidity. A selection procedure is proposed according to data of the literature and to the results of a questionnaire filled by 7 french expert centers involved in surgical therapies of PD. The selection procedure in a patient with a parkinsonian syndrome lasting for more 5 years has to include:

[Memory and executive functions in multiple sclerosis: preliminary findings with a cognitive battery]. / Mémoire et fonctions exécutives dans la sclérose en plaques: proposition d'une batterie adaptée.

Twenty one MS patients suffering from a relapsing-remitting (four patients), a secondary progressive (12 patients) or a primary progressive form of the disease (five patients) were assessed using a cognitive battery specifically devoted to executive and memory processes. Results showed that, patients without significant depressive state evaluated by the MADR scale, exhibited significant impairments in executive processes, working, episodic and procedural memories whereas short term memory, language and global intellectual efficiency were normal. The preliminary data suggest an impairment of encoding, a process previously underestimated in this disease. In addition, the battery was easily administered to the patients and relevant for the cognitive assessment of MS.

[Familial idiopathic striato-pallido-dentate calcifications: clinical and brain imaging study in a family]. / Calcifications striato-pallido-dentelées idiopathiques familiales. Etude clinique et en imagerie d'une famille et revue de la littérature.

Familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (FIBGC) is a rare condition and its pathophysiology has not so far been elucidated. We report the results of a clinical study in two patients of a family affected with FIBGC. Brain imaging with 18-FDG-PET was performed in one. Psychiatric and cognitive troubles were the main clinical symptoms. Basal ganglia calcifications were associated with white matter lesions. The PET study performed in one patient revealed a striatal and a posterior cingulate hypometabolism. Posterior cingulate gyrus is involved in episodic memory processing, and could be involved in episodic memory deficit observed in this patient. These results suggest that a cortical dysfunction could be associated to the disease. The underlying mechanism, that could be a neuronal loss, a cortical deafferentation or an alteration of synaptic transmission, remains to be elucidated.

[Frequency and nature of neurologic emergencies]. / Fréquence et nature des urgences neurologiques.

In the last decade, it has been shown that neurological problems account for approximately 15% of medical emergencies treated in metropolitan France, in all types of medical establishments. Four major diagnostic groups are concerned: stroke, epilepsy and loss of consciousness, headache, confusional syndromes and behavioural disorders. Among patients seen in emergency units for neurological problems, 80% require hospital admission. These figures underline the need for medical and administrative directors of public hospitals to take greater account of the neurological emergency in providing adequate means to meet this demand.

Pharmacokinetics of all-trans retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoic acid, and fenretinide in plasma and brain of Rat.

We have measured the pharmacokinetics of three retinoids, all-trans retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoic acid, and fenretinide in rat blood and rat brain [especially white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM)] to help select retinoids for treating human malignant glioma. All-trans retinoic acid permeated well into the WM, giving peak concentration in WM of 25.7 microg/g, 6 to 7 times higher than the peak serum concentration. There was less 13-cis retinoic acid in WM: area under the curve (AUC)(0-->infinity) WM/AUC(0-->infinity) serum = 18.00 microg ml(-1) h/32.67 microg ml(-1) h. The ratio WM/GM was over 1 for these two compounds, but the half-lives were short in the serum and cerebral tissue (0.57-1.02 h). Fenretinide had different pharmacokinetics: the peak concentrations were in serum (1.7 microg/ml) and WM (1.2 microg/ml)-low, but the AUC(0-->infinity) was large (25.55 microg ml(-1) in serum and 57.53 microg ml(-1) in WM) due to its long elimination half-life (13.78 h in serum and 17.77 h in WM). These findings provide information that may be used to select a retinoid and establish therapeutic regimens that provide optimal efficacy with minimal toxicity.

Methylprednisolone infusion during acute exacerbation of MS: plasma and CSF concentrations.

Plasma and CSF concentrations of methylprednisolone (MP), after a high-dose intravenous administration (1,500 mg) prescribed to patients presenting acute exacerbation of multiple sclerosis, were measured. A plasma pharmacokinetic study with 1 CSF sample was performed in 9 patients and 4 other patients had a single plasma sample at the time of lumbar puncture. MP plasma kinetics were similar between patients. Pharmacokinetic parameters were very close to previous published values obtained in normal volunteers or patients with rheumatoid disease. Passage of MP into the CSF was delayed since mean plasma/CSF ratio dropped dramatically from 150 at the 2nd h to 25 at the 3rd h after starting infusion. CSF concentrations of MP were high with a mean reaching 522 micrograms/l at the 6th h. The high levels of CSF concentrations suggest that MP may have powerful pharmacological effects within the CNS. No correlation was found between CSF concentration and the clinical response to steroid therapy. The issues related to previous data on clinical, biological and radiological effects of high-dose intravenous MP are discussed in the light of our results.