Densità di popolazione e SARS-CoV-2: uno studio epidemiologico di urban health.

Despite SARS-CoV-2 transmission being a complex phenomenon, greater population density seems to be a risk factor. The aim of this study was to analyze through an epidemiologic urban health approach the relationship between population density and SARS-CoV-2 incidence using data which are comparable with regard to testing strategies. All 10,300 SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases between October and December 2020 were included. We conducted separate analysis by gender standardizing and stratifying by age and month. In the Province Capital (p.d.=765 inhabitants/km2), standardized SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate was higher than the expected, both in men (SIR=1.17, 95%CI=1.12;1.22, p<0.0001) and women (SIR=1.20, 95%CI=1.15;1.25, p<0.0001). In municipalities with p.d. >200 inhabitants/km2, standardized SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate was similar to the expected (p>0.05). In municipalities with p.d. <200 inhabitants/km2, standardized SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate was lower than the expected, both in men (SIR=0.85, 95%CI=0.81;0.90, p<0.0001) and women (SIR=0.84, 95%CI=0.80;0.88, p<0.0001). Stratified analysis by months with likelihood ratio test showed heterogeneity of the p.d. effect in men and women (p<0.05). SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate seemed to be higher in most densely populated areas, both in men and women. Our results confirmed the great importance of restrictive measures as well as the importance of limiting the epidemic wave in the initial stages and could help guide pandemic management strategies according to urban context and population density.

Impact of the environment on the health: From theory to practice.

The Erice 56 Charter titled "Impact of the environment on the health: from theory to practice" was unanimously approved at the end of the 56th course of the "International School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine G. D'Alessandro" held from 3rd to November 7, 2019 in Erice - Sicily (Italy) and promoted by the Study Group of "Environment and Health" of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health. The course, that included lectures, open discussions and guided working groups, was aimed to provide a general training on epidemiological and toxicological aspects of the environmental health impact, to be used by public health professionals for risk assessment, without forgetting the risk communications. At the end of the course 12 key points were agreed among teachers and students: they underlined the need of specific training and research, in the perspective of "One Health" and "Global Health", also facing emerging scientific and methodological issues and focusing on communication towards stakeholders. This Discussion highlight the need to improve knowledge of Health and Environment topic in all sectors of health and environmental prevention and management.

Universal proposal strategies of anti-HPV vaccination for adolescents: comparative analysis between school-based and clinic immunization programs.

INTRODUCTION: A promising approach to increase teenager's adherence to immunization against HPV is the administration of vaccinations within the school facilities. The Local Health Unit of Taranto experienced two different vaccine strategy proposals in the twelve-year-olds: the first one was the usual active call strategy in the outpatient clinic, while the second one provided the involvement of the schools in the area. The aim of the study is to evaluate the results of the proposed vaccination strategies in both sexes and in towns of different sizes in order to identify an effective path for achieving vaccine coverage improvement. METHODS: To estimate the number of anti-HPV vaccine doses administered in adolescents of the 2003 cohort, we used the computerized vaccination system data of the Apulia Region. Then, once analyzed, the data for anti-HPV vaccine were broken down by gender, vaccine strategy and size of the town of residence. Analyses performed by using STATA SE 14. RESULTS: The multiple logistic regression points out that, females (OR = 3.2; p < 0.01), living in small towns (OR = 1.3; p < 0.01) and school vaccination strategy (OR = 2; p < 0.01) increase the likelihood of completing the anti-HPV vaccine cycle in adolescents. The comparative assessment of anti-HPV coverage strategies, suggests that school vaccination has resulted in significantly better outcomes than outpatient clinic one, for all the groups considered (overall 72.3% vs 55.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The involvement of school institutes can define a winning organizational model to get a wider adolescent's adherence to immunization programs, especially in bigger towns. The school vaccination strategy could improve anti-HPV vaccine adherence also in males, who perceives a lower HPV-related diseases risk than females.

Assessment of coverage and analysis of the determinants of adherence to influenza vaccination in the general practitioners of Taranto.

BACKGROUND: In Italy, the general practitioner (GP) is the operations manager of the campaigns regarding influenza immunization. He/she identifies people eligible for vaccination among the clients, invites them actively and administers the vaccine. The GPs are directly in contact with the target population that should be vaccinated and their opinion about the flu vaccine may ultimately influence the decision of the patient to accept or not the vaccination. This study aims to assess levels of immunization for influenza vaccination among GPs and factors influencing their adherence to the vaccinations recommended for GPs in the province of Taranto (Apulia region, Southern Italy). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 471 general practitioners working in the province of Taranto during the February-March period of 2016. We emailed all GPs a self-administered web-based standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire analyzed the self-reported flu vaccination coverage, knowledge, perception and positions of the GPs with regard to the forecasted vaccinations of the in-risk categories among their patients. RESULTS: A total of 229 (48.6%) GPs participated in the survey. In the 2015/2016 influenza season, the vaccination coverage among the interviewed GPs was 76.4% (n = 175). A patient number ≥ 900 increased the likelihood to have been vaccinated in the 2015/2016 season (OR = 3.3; P < 0.01). Overall only 79.9% prefers to use the adjuvated vaccines on patients > 64 and the 58% of GPs who chose not to get vaccinated considers influenza as a non-risk pathology for a healthy subject. CONCLUSIONS: The coverage achieved among the Taranto's ASL GPs during the 2015/16 season reaches the minimum threshold set by the Minister, but they could implement their knowledge and their participation in relation to the anti-influenza vaccine in order to discard all the wrong or clearly unfounded common beliefs. The best strategy in order to optimize the governance system seems to be the empowerment of primary care physicians, to be fulfilled through actions shared with the Public Healthcare Services based on training, communication and projects supporting vaccine coverage.