Accuracy of the tuberculosis molecular bacterial load assay to diagnose and monitor response to anti-tuberculosis therapy: a longitudinal comparative study with standard-of-care smear microscopy, Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, and culture in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: In 2018, the tuberculosis molecular bacterial load assay (TB-MBLA), a ribosomal RNA-based test, was acknowledged by WHO as a molecular assay that could replace smear microscopy and culture for monitoring tuberculosis treatment response. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of TB-MBLA for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response in comparison with standard-of-care tests. METHODS: For this longitudinal prospective study, patients aged 18 years or older with presumptive tuberculosis (coughing for at least 2 weeks, night sweats, and weight loss) were enrolled at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital Naguru (Kampala, Uganda). Participants were evaluated for tuberculosis by TB-MBLA in comparison with Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert-Ultra) and smear microscopy, with Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) culture as a reference test. Participants who were positive on Xpert-Ultra were enrolled on a standard 6-month anti-tuberculosis regimen, and monitored for treatment response at weeks 2, 8, 17, and 26 after initiation of treatment and then 3 months after treatment. FINDINGS: Between Nov 15, 2019, and June 15, 2022, 210 participants (median age 35 years [IQR 27-44]) were enrolled. 135 (64%) participants were male and 72 (34%) were HIV positive. The pretreatment diagnostic sensitivities of TB-MBLA and Xpert-Ultra were similar (both 99% [95% CI 95-100]) but the specificity was higher for TB-MBLA (90% [83-96]) than for Xpert-Ultra (78% [68-86]). Ten participants were Xpert-Ultra trace positive, eight (80%) of whom were negative by TB-MBLA and MGIT culture. Smear microscopy had lower diagnostic sensitivity (75% [65-83]) but higher specificity (98% [93-100]) than TB-MBLA and Xpert-Ultra. Among participants who were smear microscopy negative, the sensitivity of TB-MBLA was 96% (95 CI 80-100) and was 100% (95% CI 86-100) in those who were HIV positive. 129 (61%) participants were identified as tuberculosis positive by Xpert-Ultra and these individuals were enrolled in the treatment group and monitored for treatment response. According to TB-MBLA, 19 of these patients cleared bacillary load to zero by week 2 of treatment and remained negative throughout the 6-month treatment follow-up. Positivity for tuberculosis decreased with treatment as measured by all tests, but the rate was slower with Xpert-Ultra. Consequently, 31 (33%) of 95 participants were still Xpert-Ultra positive at the end of treatment but were clinically well and negative on TB-MBLA and culture at 6 months of treatment. Two patients were still Xpert-Ultra positive with a further 3 months of post-treatment follow-up. The rate of conversion to negative of the DNA-based Xpert-Ultra was 3·3-times slower than that of the rRNA-based TB-MBLA. Consequently for the same patient, it would take 13 weeks and 52 weeks to reach complete tuberculosis negativity by TB-MBLA and Xpert-Ultra, respectively. Participants who were positive on smear microscopy at 8 weeks, who received an extra month of intensive treatment, had a similar TB-MBLA-measured bacillary load at 8 weeks to those who were smear microscopy negative. INTERPRETATION: TB-MBLA has a similar performance to Xpert-Ultra for pretreatment diagnosis of tuberculosis, but is more accurate at detecting and characterising the response to treatment than Xpert-Ultra and standard-of-care smear microscopy. FUNDING: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund, US National Institutes of Health.

A brief history of and future prospects for pneumococcal vaccination in Malaysia.

Pneumococcal pneumonia remains a significant global public health issue. Malaysia has recently added the 10 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to its national immunisation programme. Data on pneumococcal serotype epidemiology is vital for informing national vaccination policy. However, there remains a lack of representative population-based pneumococcal surveillance in Malaysia to help both the assessment of vaccine effectiveness in the country and to shape future vaccine policy. This review explores the history of pneumococcal vaccination, the burden of pneumococcal disease in Malaysia, and offers an insight into the prospects for reducing pneumococcal disease in Malaysia.

Localization and phenotyping of tuberculosis bacteria using a combination of deep learning and SVMs.

Successful treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) depends on early diagnosis and careful monitoring of treatment response. Identification of acid-fast bacilli by fluorescence microscopy of sputum smears is a common tool for both tasks. Microscopy-based analysis of the intracellular lipid content and dimensions of individual Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cells also describe phenotypic changes which may improve our biological understanding of antibiotic therapy for TB. However, fluorescence microscopy is a challenging, time-consuming and subjective procedure. In this work, we automate examination of fields of view (FOVs) from microscopy images to determine the lipid content and dimensions (length and width) of Mtb cells. We introduce an adapted variation of the UNet model to efficiently localising bacteria within FOVs stained by two fluorescence dyes; auramine O to identify Mtb and LipidTox Red to identify intracellular lipids. Thereafter, we propose a feature extractor in conjunction with feature descriptors to extract a representation into a support vector multi-regressor and estimate the length and width of each bacterium. Using a real-world data corpus from Tanzania, the proposed method i) outperformed previous methods for bacterial detection with a 8% improvement (Dice coefficient) and ii) estimated the cell length and width with a root mean square error of less than 0.01%. Our network can be used to examine phenotypic characteristics of Mtb cells visualised by fluorescence microscopy, improving consistency and time efficiency of this procedure compared to manual methods.

Effect of seven anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens on sputum microbiome: a retrospective analysis of the HIGHRIF study 2 and PanACEA MAMS-TB clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract microbiota has been described as the gatekeeper for respiratory health. We aimed to assess the impact of standard-of-care and experimental anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens on the respiratory microbiome and implications for treatment outcomes. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we analysed the sputum microbiome of participants with tuberculosis treated with six experimental regimens versus standard-of-care who were part of the HIGHRIF study 2 (NCT00760149) and PanACEA MAMS-TB (NCT01785186) clinical trials across a 3-month treatment follow-up period. Samples were from participants in Mbeya, Kilimanjaro, Bagamoyo, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Experimental regimens were composed of different combinations of rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H), pyrazinamide (Z), ethambutol (E), moxifloxacin (M), and a new drug, SQ109 (Q). Reverse transcription was used to create complementary DNA for each participant's total sputum RNA and the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using the Illumina metagenomic technique. Qiime was used to analyse the amplicon sequence variants and estimate alpha diversity. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess differences in alpha diversity pre-treatment and post-treatment initiation and the effect of each treatment regimen. FINDINGS: Sequence data were obtained from 397 pre-treatment and post-treatment samples taken between Sept 26, 2008, and June 30, 2015, across seven treatment regimens. Pre-treatment microbiome (206 genera) was dominated by Firmicutes (2860 [44%] of 6500 amplicon sequence variants [ASVs]) at the phylum level and Streptococcus (2340 [36%] ASVs) at the genus level. Two regimens had a significant depressing effect on the microbiome after 2 weeks of treatment, HR20mg/kgZM (Shannon diversity index p=0·0041) and HR35mg/kgZE (p=0·027). Gram-negative bacteria were the most sensitive to bactericidal activity of treatment with the highest number of species suppressed being under the moxifloxacin regimen. By week 12 after treatment initiation, microbiomes had recovered to pre-treatment level except for the HR35mg/kgZE regimen and for genus Mycobacterium, which did not show recovery across all regimens. Tuberculosis culture conversion to negative by week 8 of treatment was associated with clearance of genus Neisseria, with a 98% reduction of the pre-treatment level. INTERPRETATION: HR20mg/kgZM was effective against tuberculosis without limiting microbiome recovery, which implies a shorter efficacious anti-tuberculosis regimen with improved treatment outcomes might be achieved without harming the commensal microbiota. FUNDING: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership and German Ministry of Education and Research.

A Tuberculosis Molecular Bacterial Load Assay (TB-MBLA).

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a pathogen classified by the United Nations (UN) as a dangerous category B biological substance. For the sake of the workers' safety, handling of all samples presumed to carry Mtb must be conducted in a containment level (CL) 3 laboratory. The TB molecular bacterial load assay (TB-MBLA) test is a reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test that quantifies Mtb bacillary load using primers and dual-labelled probes for 16S rRNA. We describe the use of heat inactivation to render TB samples noninfectious while preserving RNA for the TB-MBLA. A 1 mL aliquot of the sputum sample in tightly closed 15 mL centrifuge tubes is boiled for 20 min at either 80 °C, 85 °C, or 95 °C to inactivate Mtb bacilli. Cultivation of the heat inactivated and control (live) samples for 42 days confirmed the death of TB. The inactivated sample is then spiked with 100 µL of the extraction control and RNA is extracted following the standard RNA isolation procedure. No growth was observed in the cultures of heat treated samples. The isolated RNA is subjected to real-time RT-qPCR, which amplifies a specific target in the Mtb 16S rRNA gene, yielding results in the form of quantification cycles (Cq). A standard curve is used to translate Cq into bacterial load, or estimated colony forming units per mL (eCFU/mL). There is an inverse relationship between Cq and the bacterial load of a sample. The limitation is that heat inactivation lyses some cells, exposing the RNA to RNases that cause a loss of <1 log10eCFU/mL (i.e., <10 CFU/mL). Further studies will determine the proportion of very low burden patients that cause false negative results due to heat inactivation.