Comparative Study of Nano-liposome and Nano-niosome for Delivery of Achillea Millefolium Essential Oils: Development, Optimization, Characterization and Their Cytotoxicity Effects on Cancer Cell Lines and Antibacterial Activity.

Nanoencapsulation of essential oils (EOs) in drug delivery systems leads to their capability of improving their solubility, stability, and bioavailability of them. The aim of this study was preparation, optimization, and characterization of nano-liposomes/nano-niosomes containing Achillea millefolium essential oils (A. millefolium EOs) and comparison of their properties. In the experimental study, characteristics of nanoparticles including size, zeta potential, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), % encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and the release amount of essential oils from nano-liposome or niosome were assessed using different techniques. Then to determine cell viability at different concentrations, the MTT assay was used. Also, the dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of antimicrobial agents. The optimized formulations provided potential advantages, including an appropriate nano-size scale, and a negative charge, and also showed a continuous drug release behavior, which successfully encapsulated essential oil with high entrapment efficiency. In terms of size and release amount, nano-niosome had superiority to nano-liposome with smaller size and also slower release but nano-liposome could encapsulate essential oils in a higher percentage compared to nano-niosome. Also, there was a significant difference between the toxicity of encapsulated EOs and free EOs in terms of viability (P<0.05). In addition, the antimicrobial effect of liposomal and niosomal EO was greater than free EO. In conclusion, the designed nano-based systems were determined as promising lipid-based nano-carriers for essential oil delivery that proffered a novel, high potential therapy for breast cancer and favorable antimicrobial effects.

Effect of probiotic yogurt consumption on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common endocrine disease. Altered gut microbiota (Dysbiosis) is closely associated with development of T2DM. Growing body of evidence hypothesized that probiotics intake may be useful for patients with T2DM. We investigated the effect of probiotic yogurt consumption on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with T2DM. METHODS: In this 12-week randomized controlled clinical trial, seventy-two patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG) that received 200 g/d probiotic yogurt containing 4.65 × 106 CFU/g Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis) or placebo group (PG) that received 200 g/d conventional yogurt. RESULTS: We found no difference between two groups in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) after intervention. After adjusting for baseline values of covariate, a significant reduction in HbA1c (mean change: -0.76 ± 1.3 vs. -0.15 ± 1.3; P = 0.01), TC (mean change: -10.61 ± 27.8 vs. -2.97 ± 35.0; P = 0.02) and LDL-c (mean change: -8.62 ± 21.7 vs. 0.02 ± 25.8; P = 0.004) was observed in the IG compared to the PG. In addition, a non-significant trend to reduction was observed in term of FPG (mean change: -19.61 ± 29.1 vs. -4.19 ± 24.2; P = 0.13). TG and HDL-c remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Probiotic yogurt consumption may be useful for patients with T2DM. More well-designed clinical trials with longer intervention duration are required. Registered on 30 July 2022 at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220226054125N1) with URL: https://www.irct.ir/trial/62304.