Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS: A systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) are related mental disorders that share genetic, neurobiological, and phenomenological features. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is a neuropsychiatric autoimmune disorder with symptoms of OCD and/or TS associated with streptococcal infections. Therefore, PANDAS represents a strong link between OCD, TS, and autoimmunity. Notably, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses can provide insight into the central nervous processes in OCD, TS, and PANDAS. METHODS: A systematic literature search according to the PRISMA criteria was conducted to collect all CSF studies in patients with OCD, TS, and PANDAS. The total number of cases and the heterogeneity of the low number of studies were not sufficient for a meta-analysis to provide a high level of evidence. Nevertheless, meta-analytical statistics could be performed for glutamate, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (degradation product of serotonin), homovanillic acid (degradation product of dopamine), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (major metabolite of noradrenaline), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in OCD. A risk-of-bias assessment was implemented using the Cochrane ROBINS-E tool. RESULTS: Meta-analytical testing identified elevated glutamate levels in the CSF of OCD patients compared with healthy controls, while no significant differences were found in other neurotransmitters or CRH. Single studies detected novel neuronal antibodies in OCD patients and elevated oligoclonal bands in TS patients. For TS and PANDAS groups, there was a dearth of data. Risk of bias assessment indicated a substantial risk of bias in most of the included studies. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review of available CSF data shows that too few studies are currently available for conclusions with good evidence. The existing data indicates glutamate alterations in OCD and possible immunological abnormalities in OCD and TS. More CSF studies avoiding sources of bias are needed.

Association of rheumatological markers with neuronal antibodies, cerebrospinal fluid, electroencephalography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 224 patients with psychotic syndromes.

INTRODUCTION: Psychotic syndromes can have autoimmune-mediated causes in some patients. Thus, this retrospective work aims to investigate the role of rheumatological markers in the development of psychosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 224 patients with psychotic syndromes receiving a "rheumatological laboratory screening" (including C-reactive protein [CRP], immunofixation, complement factors, rheumatoid factor [RF], antiphospholipid antibodies [APAs], antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies [ANCAs], and antinuclear antibodies [ANAs]) were analyzed. A further diagnostic work-up included investigations of neuronal antibodies and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. ANA testing was routinely performed in all patients using serum on human epithelioma-2 (Hep2) cells, and a subset of patients (N = 73) also underwent tissue-based assays from serum and CSF. The number of cases with autoimmune psychotic syndromes was descriptively collected, and ANA-positive and -negative patients were compared in detail. RESULTS: CRP was elevated in 9 % of patients, immunofixation identified alterations in 8 %, complement factor C3 was decreased in 14 %, RF was elevated in 1 %, APAs were elevated in 7 %, ANCAs were not clearly positive, and ANAs were positive in 19 % (extractable nuclear antigen [ENA] differentiation resulted in positive findings in 14 patients). From the 73 patient samples additionally investigated using tissue-based assays, there were 26 positive results for some kind of ANA (36 %), and overall using both methods, 54 patients (24 %) were considered positive for ANAs. A neuropsychiatric evaluation revealed a possible autoimmune psychotic syndrome in seven patients (3 %) and a probable autoimmune psychotic syndrome in two patients (1 %). ANA-positive patients were more frequently treated with antidepressants (p = 0.040) and had a higher number of somatic comorbidities (p < 0.001). In addition, (chronic) inflammatory MRI lesions (p = 0.008) and focal atrophies (p = 0.012) were found more frequently in ANA-positive than ANA-negative patients. DISCUSSION: Rheumatological screening led to suspicion of a possible or probable autoimmune psychotic syndrome in 4%. ANAs were associated with MRI pathologies. Therefore, rheumatological processes may contribute to the development of psychotic syndromes in rare cases.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and brain lesions compatible with multiple sclerosis.

Autoimmune-mediated obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can occur in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, a well-studied case study of a patient with OCD and MS-compatible diagnostic findings is presented. The 42-year-old female patient had displayed OCD symptoms for 6 years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified several periventricular and one brainstem lesion suggestive of demyelination. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses detected an increased white blood cell count, intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM synthesis, CSF-specific oligoclonal bands, and a positive MRZ reaction. Neopterin was increased, but sarcoidosis was excluded. In the absence of neurological attacks and clues for MRI-based dissemination in time, a radiologically isolated syndrome, the pre-disease stage of MS, was diagnosed. Neurotransmitter measurements of CSF detected reduced serotonin levels. In the absence of visible strategic demyelinating lesions within the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits, OCD symptoms may relate to reduced intrathecal serotonin levels and mild neuroinflammatory processes. Serotonin abnormalities in MS should be studied further, as they could potentially explain the association between neuroinflammation and mental illnesses.

Reduced contrast sensitivity, pattern electroretinogram ratio, and diminished a-wave amplitude in patients with major depressive disorder.

The electroretinogram (ERG), a non-invasive electrophysiological tool used in ophthalmology, is increasingly applied to investigate neural correlates of depression. The present study aimed to reconsider previous findings in major depressive disorder (MDD) reporting (1) a diminished contrast sensitivity and (2) a reduced patten ERG (PERG) amplitude ratio, and additionally, to assess (3) the photopic negative response (PhNR) from the flash ERG (fERG), with the RETeval® device, a more practical option for clinical routine use. We examined 30 patients with a MDD and 42 healthy controls (HC), assessing individual contrast sensitivity thresholds with an optotype-based contrast test. Moreover, we compared the PERG ratio, an established method for early glaucoma detection, between both groups. The handheld ERG device was used to measure amplitudes and peak times of the fERG components including a-wave, b-wave and PhNR in both MDD patients and HCs. MDD patients exhibited diminished contrast sensitivity together with a reduced PERG ratio, compared to HC. With the handheld ERG device, we found reduced a-wave amplitudes in MDD, whereas no significant differences were observed in the fERG b-wave or PhNR between patients and controls. The reduced contrast sensitivity and PERG ratio in MDD patients supports the hypothesis that depression is associated with altered visual processing. The findings underscore the PERG's potential as a possible objective marker for depression. The reduced a-wave amplitude recorded with the RETeval® system in MDD patients might open new avenues for using handheld ERG devices as simplified approaches for advancing depression research compared to the PERG.

[Treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorders]. / Therapieresistente Zwangsstörungen.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) are mainly treated with disorder-specific cognitive behavioral therapy using exposure and response management and/or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; however, a significant subgroup of patients does not sufficiently benefit from this approach. OBJECTIVE: This article provides an overview of treatment-resistant OCD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this narrative review the definition, causes, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to treatment-resistant OCD are addressed. RESULTS: Treatment resistance can be assumed in the absence of clinically relevant improvement under therapy, in the sense of a reduction of < 25% on the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale and a score of 4 (no change) on the clinical global impression-improvement scale. The number of unsuccessful treatment attempts required to establish treatment resistance is defined differently. Causative factors include misdiagnosis, a high severity, comorbid disorders, substance use, specific symptom constellations, organic causes, environmental factors, and aggravating factors in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Suggestions for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on the German S3 guideline on OCD are presented. CONCLUSION: For patients with treatment resistance to first-line therapy, useful diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations are available (psychotherapeutic, psychopharmacological and neurostimulation procedures).

Clinical manifestations and immunomodulatory treatment experiences in psychiatric patients with suspected autoimmune encephalitis: a case series of 91 patients from Germany.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) can rarely manifest as a predominantly psychiatric syndrome without overt neurological symptoms. This study's aim was to characterize psychiatric patients with AE; therefore, anonymized data on patients with suspected AE with predominantly or isolated psychiatric syndromes were retrospectively collected. Patients with readily detectable neurological symptoms suggestive of AE (e.g., epileptic seizures) were excluded. Patients were classified as "probable psychiatric AE (pAE)," if well-characterized neuronal IgG autoantibodies were detected or "possible pAE" (e.g., with detection of nonclassical neuronal autoantibodies or compatible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes). Of the 91 patients included, 21 (23%) fulfilled our criteria for probable (autoantibody-defined) pAE and 70 (77%) those for possible pAE. Among patients with probable pAE, 90% had anti-NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) autoantibodies. Overall, most patients suffered from paranoid-hallucinatory syndromes (53%). Patients with probable pAE suffered more often from disorientation (p < 0.001) and impaired memory (p = 0.001) than patients with possible pAE. Immunotherapies were performed in 69% of all cases, mostly with high-dose corticosteroids. Altogether, 93% of the patients with probable pAE and 80% of patients with possible pAE reportedly benefited from immunotherapies (p = 0.251). In summary, this explorative, cross-sectional evaluation confirms that autoantibody-associated AE syndromes can predominantly manifest as psychiatric syndromes, especially in anti-NMDA-R encephalitis. However, in three out of four patients, diagnosis of possible pAE was based on nonspecific findings (e.g., slight CSF pleocytosis), and well-characterized neuronal autoantibodies were absent. As such, the spectrum of psychiatric syndromes potentially responding to immunotherapies seems not to be limited to currently known autoantibody-associated AE. Further trials are needed.

Autoantibody-associated psychiatric syndromes: a systematic literature review resulting in 145 cases.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an important consideration during the diagnostic work-up of secondary mental disorders. Indeed, isolated psychiatric syndromes have been described in case reports of patients with underlying AE. Therefore, the authors performed a systematic literature review of published cases with AE that have predominant psychiatric/neurocognitive manifestations. The aim of this paper is to present the clinical characteristics of these patients. METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic Medline search via Ovid, looking for case reports/series of AEs with antineuronal autoantibodies (Abs) against cell surface/intracellular antigens combined with predominant psychiatric/neurocognitive syndromes. The same was done for patients with Hashimoto encephalopathy/SREAT. Only patients with signs of immunological brain involvement or tumors in their diagnostic investigations or improvement under immunomodulatory drugs were included. RESULTS: We identified 145 patients with AE mimicking predominant psychiatric/neurocognitive syndromes. Of these cases, 64% were female, and the mean age among all patients was 43.9 (±22.1) years. Most of the patients had Abs against neuronal cell surface antigens (55%), most frequently against the NMDA-receptor (N = 46). Amnestic/dementia-like (39%) and schizophreniform (34%) syndromes were the most frequently reported. Cerebrospinal fluid changes were found in 78%, electroencephalography abnormalities in 61%, and magnetic resonance imaging pathologies in 51% of the patients. Immunomodulatory treatment was performed in 87% of the cases, and 94% of the patients responded to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that AEs can mimic predominant psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders, such as schizophreniform psychoses or neurodegenerative dementia, and that affected patients can be treated successfully with immunomodulatory drugs.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in ACTG1-associated Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome.

Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may rarely occur in the context of genetic syndromes. So far, an association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and ACTG1-associated Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome has not been described as yet. A thoroughly phenotyped patient with OCS and ACTG1-associated Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome is presented. The 25-year-old male patient was admitted to in-patient psychiatric care due to OCD. A whole-exome sequencing analysis was initiated as the patient also showed an autistic personality structure, below average intelligence measures, craniofacial dysmorphia signs, sensorineural hearing loss, and sinus cavernoma as well as subtle cardiac and ophthalmological alterations. The diagnosis of Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome type 2 was confirmed by the detection of a heterozygous likely pathogenic variant in the ACTG1 gene [c.1003C > T; p.(Arg335Cys), ACMG class 4]. The automated analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed changes in the orbitofrontal, parietal, and occipital cortex of both sides and in the right mesiotemporal cortex. Electroencephalography (EEG) revealed intermittent rhythmic delta activity in the occipital and right temporal areas. Right mesiotemporal MRI and EEG alterations could be caused by a small brain parenchymal defect with hemosiderin deposits after a cavernomectomy. This paradigmatic case provides evidence of syndromic OCS in ACTG1-associated Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome. The MRI findings are compatible with a dysfunction of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops involved in OCD. If a common pathophysiology is confirmed in future studies, corresponding patients with Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome type 2 should be screened for OCS. The association may also contribute to a better understanding of OCD pathophysiology.

Hepatitis E virus and Bell's palsy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have been associated with various neurological disorders, including individual cases with Bell's palsy. Nonetheless, systematic studies in the latter are lacking. Therefore, this retrospective study systematically screened a cohort of patients with Bell's palsy for an acute HEV infection. METHODS: Overall, 104 patients with Bell's palsy treated in our clinic between 2008 and 2018 were identified. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, serum samples were tested for HEV RNA by polymerase chain reaction in 92 of these 104 patients presenting within the first 7 days from symptom onset. A large group of 263 healthy individuals served as controls. RESULTS: None of the patients with Bell's palsy but two healthy controls (0.8%) had an acute HEV infection. Anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence indicating previous infection was unexpectedly high in patients with Bell's palsy (34%) and revealed an age-dependent increase. CONCLUSIONS: In this first systematic study, no cases of Bell's palsy in association with an acute HEV infection were identified. However, based on previous case descriptions, rare associations cannot be excluded. Therefore, large prospective multicenter studies will be necessary for conclusions that are more definitive.

Reduced structural connectivity in the corpus callosum in patients with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: Previous diffusion tensor imaging studies reported a reduced fractional anisotropy in the body of the corpus callosum in patients with anorexia nervosa, which may indicate impaired white matter integrity in interhemispheric connections. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether structural connectivity is affected in patients with anorexia nervosa. METHOD: To this end, we compared the number of streamlines (a model of the white matter fibre tracts) and the total volume filled by these streamlines in different subsections of the corpus callosum in 33 women with and 33 without anorexia nervosa as well as in 20 recovered individuals. RESULTS: The volume of streamlines in the anterior and mid-anterior subsection of the corpus callosum was reduced in women with, but not in those who had recovered from anorexia nervosa. No differences in number of streamlines was detected in the corpus callosum between patients with anorexia nervosa, healthy controls and recovered patients. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations of the corpus callosum have been repeatedly reported in anorexia nervosa. Since the recovered group did not differ from the healthy control group, the reported alterations in acute patients appear to represent a state and not a trait marker.

Anti-MOG autoantibody-associated schizophreniform psychosis.

OBJECTIVES: Autoimmune mechanisms are related to disease development in a subgroup of patients with psychosis. The contribution of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is mainly unclear in this context. METHODS: Therefore, two patients with psychosis and anti-MOG antibodies - detected in fixed cell-based and live cell-based assays - are presented. RESULTS: Patient 1 suffered from late-onset psychosis with singular white matter lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intermittent electroencephalography (EEG) slowing. Patient 2 suffered from a chronic paranoid-hallucinatory disorder with intermittent confusional states, non-specific white matter alterations on MRI, a disorganised alpha rhythm on EEG, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein. Both patients had anti-MOG antibody titres of 1 : 320 in serum (reference < 1 : 20). CONCLUSIONS: The arguments for and against a causal role for anti-MOG antibodies are discussed. The antibodies could be relevant, but due to moderate titres, they may have caused a rather 'subtle clinical picture' consisting of psychosis instead of 'classical' MOG encephalomyelitis.

[Neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder]. / Neurobiologie der Zwangsstörung.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a frequent mental disorder that leads to an enormous impairment in the quality of life. Cognitive-behavioral explanatory approaches are well established. Scientific research on the underlying neurobiology has increased in recent years. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews current research findings and the etiopathophysiological considerations derived from them. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An overview of the genetic, epigenetic, structural, functional, and neurochemical alterations in OCD is presented. Additionally, the possible organic causes that can trigger obsessive-compulsive symptoms are summarized. RESULTS: With respect to OCD a moderate heritability is assumed. On a molecular level, genetic variants and epigenetic variations in the serotonergic, dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in particular seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease and affect the corresponding neurotransmission. Cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loops are neurochemically modulated, and predominance of the activity of the direct excitatory pathway is hypothesized in OCD. Recent research also provides evidence for the involvement of frontoparietal and frontolimbic networks. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms may also have different organic (e.g., immunological) causes. CONCLUSION: The neurobiology of OCD is partially understood and categorized in an integrative neurobiological model. For the rare secondary immunological causes the concept of "autoimmune OCD" has recently been proposed. The better understanding of the neurobiology of OCD might allow for individualized, personalized treatment approaches in the future.

Hepatitis E virus as a trigger for Guillain-Barré syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. An association with neuralgic amyotrophy and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was previously described. Concerning GBS, studies from other countries found an acute HEV infection in 5-11% of cases. However, HEV prevalence shows considerable regional variations. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the frequency of HEV infections in association with GBS in a monocentric cohort in Southwestern Germany. METHODS: Overall, 163 patients with GBS treated in our clinic between 2008 and 2018 of whom serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were available, were identified. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies by ELISA. Additionally, both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were tested for HEV RNA by PCR if IgM was positive or patients presented within the first 7 days from GBS symptom onset. A group of 167 healthy volunteers and 96 healthy blood donors served as controls. RESULTS: An acute HEV infection was found in two GBS patients (1.2%) with anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies. HEV PCR in serum and CSF was negative in these two patients as well as in all other tested cases. Seroprevalences indicated that acute infection did not differ significantly from controls (0.8%). Anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence indicating previous infection was unexpectedly high (41%) and revealed an age-dependent increase to more than 50% in patients older than 60 years. CONCLUSION: In this study, serological evidence of an acute HEV infection in patients with GBS was rare and not different from controls. Comparing our data with previous studies, incidence rates show considerable regional variations.

Effects of a Novel GPR55 Antagonist on the Arachidonic Acid Cascade in LPS-Activated Primary Microglial Cells.

Neuroinflammation is a crucial process to maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). However, chronic neuroinflammation is detrimental, and it is described in the pathogenesis of CNS disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression. This process is characterized by the activation of immune cells, mainly microglia. The role of the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) in inflammation has been reported in different models. However, its role in neuroinflammation in respect to the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade in activated microglia is still lacking of comprehension. Therefore, we synthesized a novel GPR55 antagonist (KIT 10, 0.1-25 µM) and tested its effects on the AA cascade in lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 ng / mL)-treated primary rat microglia using Western blot and EIAs. We show here that KIT 10 potently prevented the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reduced microsomal PGE2 synthase (mPGES-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) synthesis, and inhibited the phosphorylation of Ikappa B-alpha (IκB-α), a crucial upstream step of the inflammation-related nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. However, no effects were observed on COX-1 and -2 activities and mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK). In summary, the novel GPR55 receptor antagonist KIT 10 reduces neuroinflammatory parameters in microglia by inhibiting the COX-2/PGE2 pathway. Further experiments are necessary to better elucidate its effects and mechanisms. Nevertheless, the modulation of inflammation by GPR55 might be a new therapeutic option to treat CNS disorders with a neuroinflammatory background such as AD or depression.

Autoimmune encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of schizophreniform psychosis: clinical symptomatology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic considerations.

Primary schizophreniform psychoses are thought to be caused by complex gene-environment interactions. Secondary forms are based on a clearly identifiable organic cause, in terms of either an etiological or a relevant pathogenetic factor. The secondary or "symptomatic" forms of psychosis have reentered the focus stimulated by the discovery of autoantibody (Ab)-associated autoimmune encephalitides (AEs), such as anti-NMDA-R encephalitis, which can at least initially mimic variants of primary psychosis. These newly described secondary, immune-mediated schizophreniform psychoses typically present with the acute onset of polymorphic psychotic symptoms. Over the course of the disease, other neurological phenomena, such as epileptic seizures, movement disorders, or reduced levels of consciousness, usually arise. Typical clinical signs for AEs are the acute onset of paranoid hallucinatory symptoms, atypical polymorphic presentation, psychotic episodes in the context of previous AE, and additional neurological and medical symptoms such as catatonia, seizure, dyskinesia, and autonomic instability. Predominant psychotic courses of AEs have also been described casuistically. The term autoimmune psychosis (AP) was recently suggested for these patients. Paraclinical alterations that can be observed in patients with AE/AP are inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathologies, focal or generalized electroencephalographic slowing or epileptic activity, and/or suspicious "encephalitic" imaging findings. The antibody analyses in these patients include the testing of the most frequently found Abs against cell surface antigens (NMDA-R, CASPR2, LGI1, AMPA-R, GABAB-R), intracellular antigens (Hu, Ri, Yo, CV2/CRMP5, Ma2 [Ta], amphiphysin, GAD65), thyroid antigens (TG, TPO), and antinuclear Abs (ANA). Less frequent antineuronal Abs (e.g., against DPPX, GABAA-R, glycine-R, IgLON5) can be investigated in the second step when first step screening is negative and/or some specific clinical factors prevail. Beyond, tissue-based assays on brain slices of rodents may detect previously unknown antineuronal Abs in some cases. The detection of clinical and/or paraclinical pathologies (e.g., pleocytosis in CSF) in combination with antineuronal Abs and the exclusion of alternative causes may lead to the diagnosis of AE/AP and enable more causal therapeutic immunomodulatory opportunities.

Increased IL-8 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with unipolar depression.

INTRODUCTION: Unipolar depression is a common and debilitating disorder. Immunological explanatory approaches have become increasingly important in recent years and can be studied particularly well in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Previous studies discerned alterations in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels; however, findings regarding IL-8 were partly contradictory. The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentrations of different cytokines and chemokines, focusing on IL-8, in the CSF of patients with unipolar depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants included 40 patients with unipolar depression and 39 mentally healthy controls with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. CSF cytokine levels were measured using a magnetic bead multiplexing immunoassay. RESULTS: IL-8 levels in the CSF of the patient group with depression were significantly higher than those in the control group (Mean ± SD: 38.44 ± 6.26 pg/ml versus 21.40 ± 7.96 pg/ml; p < .001). LIMITATIONS: The significance of the results is limited by the retrospective design and methodological aspects. DISCUSSION: The main findings of this study were significantly higher concentrations of IL-8 in the CSF of patients with unipolar depression than in the control group. The detection of high CSF IL-8 levels in this study supports the idea that inflammatory processes might play a role in the pathophysiology of a subgroup of patients with depression.

New Cav1.2 Channelopathy with High-Functioning Autism, Affective Disorder, Severe Dental Enamel Defects, a Short QT Interval, and a Novel CACNA1C Loss-Of-Function Mutation.

Complex neuropsychiatric-cardiac syndromes can be genetically determined. For the first time, the authors present a syndromal form of short QT syndrome in a 34-year-old German male patient with extracardiac features with predominant psychiatric manifestation, namely a severe form of secondary high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD), along with affective and psychotic exacerbations, and severe dental enamel defects (with rapid wearing off his teeth) due to a heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in the CACNA1C gene (NM_000719.6: c.2399A > C; p.Lys800Thr). This mutation was found only once in control databases; the mutated lysine is located in the Cav1.2 calcium channel, is highly conserved during evolution, and is predicted to affect protein function by most pathogenicity prediction algorithms. L-type Cav1.2 calcium channels are widely expressed in the brain and heart. In the case presented, electrophysiological studies revealed a prominent reduction in the current amplitude without changes in the gating behavior of the Cav1.2 channel, most likely due to a trafficking defect. Due to the demonstrated loss of function, the p.Lys800Thr variant was finally classified as pathogenic (ACMG class 4 variant) and is likely to cause a newly described Cav1.2 channelopathy.