Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis using eight-plates for angular deformities of the lower extremities in children with X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets.

PURPOSES: Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (TH) using eight-plates is one of the most frequently performed surgeries for correcting angular deformities of the lower extremities in adolescents. Rarely have studies examined children with X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets (X-LHPR) treated with TH using eight-plates. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy, the endpoint, and the complications of TH using eight-plates to correct angular deformities of the lower extremities in skeletally immature children. METHODS: We reviewed a total of 26 children (86 physes, 52 knees) with X-LHPR (mean age of 6.2 years, range from 2 to 13 years) who underwent TH using eight-plate to correct angular deformities of the lower extremities. Radiographs and clinical records of these patients were evaluated for demographic data and related clinical factors. RESULTS: The average correction of the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) was 11.7 ± 8.7° (range from 1.0 to 29.7°), and the average correction of the mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA) was 8.4 ± 5.0° (range from 0.3 to 16.7°). The mean deformity correction time was 22.7 months (range from 7 to 60 months), and the mean follow-up after eight-plate removal was 43.9 months (range from 24 to 101 months). Overall, 76.9% (20/26 patients) of the angular deformities of the knee were completely corrected and 15.4% (4/26) of the patients received osteotomy surgery. The femoral correction velocity (0.9° per month) was significantly higher than the proximal tibial (0.6° per month) (p = 0.02). The correction velocity of the mLDFA and mMPTA with the TH procedure was faster than that in the absence of intervention (0.9° vs. 0.2°, 0.7° vs. 0.4° per month, p < 0.05). The correction velocity of the mLDFA (1.2° vs. 0.5° per month, [Formula: see text]) and mMPTA (0.7° vs. 0.5° per month, p = 0.04) of patients whose age ≤ five years old was faster than that of patients whose age > five years old. A total of 69.2% (18/26) patients experienced one TH procedure using eight-plates only. Two patients had screw loosening (2/26, 7.7%). One patient (1/26, 3.8%) had a rebound phenomenon after the removal of eight-plate and had the TH procedure again. There was no breakage, infection, physis preclosure, or limited range of movement found in the follow-up. CONCLUSION: TH using eight-plates is a safe and effective procedure with a relatively low incidence of complication and rebound, and it could be used as part of a streamlined treatment for younger X-LHPR patients with resistant or progressive lower limb deformity despite optimal medical treatment. Early intervention can achieve better results.

Dicer promotes Atg8 expression through RNAi independent mechanism in Cryptococcus neoformans.

ATG8 is one of the critical genes that participate in several essential autophagic steps. The expression of ATG8 must be exquisitely regulated to avoid physiological disorder and even cell death. However, the mechanisms of regulating ATG8 expression remain to be fully uncovered. In this investigation, we found that Dicer homologs in Cryptococcus neoformans could activate the expression of ATG8 independent of RNAi. Deletion of two Dicer homologs (DCR1 and DCR2) from C. neoformans, especially DCR2, led to significantly reduced Atg8 protein level, but deletion of other RNAi components did not result in the same phenotype. The autophagic flux, the numbers of autophagic bodies and the tolerance to glucose starvation of dcr2∆ were also significantly reduced. Further investigation showed that Dcr2 activates the expression of ATG8 through the promoter region, not the Open Reading Frame or 3' Untranslated Region. We also found that a similar phenomenon exists in mammalian cells, as DCR1 instead of AGO2 knockdown also reduced the expression of LC3, indicating that this mechanism may be conservative in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, a novel transcription activation mechanism was revealed in this paper.

Simultaneous measurement of aqueous redox-sensitive elements and their species across the soil-water interface.

The redox-sensitive elements, such as iron, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and arsenic, shift their speciation every millimeter (mm) across the soil-water interface in the flooded soil environments. Monitoring of element speciation at this high-resolution (HR) within the SWI is still difficult. The key challenge lies in obtaining sufficient porewater samples at specific locations along the soil gradient for downstream analysis. Here with an optimized inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method and a HR porewater sampler, we demonstrate mm-scale element profiles mapping across the SWI in paddy soils. High-concentrations of iron and manganese (> 10 mg/L) were measured by ICP-MS in an extended dynamic range mode to avoid signal overflow. The iron profile along the SWI generated by the ICP-MS method showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to that measured independently using a colorimetric method. Furthermore, four arsenic (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acid), two phosphorus (phosphite and phosphate) and two sulfur (sulfide and sulfate) species were separated in 10 min by ion chromatography -ICP-MS with the NH4HCO3 mobile phase. We verified the technique using paddy soils collected from the field, and present the mm-scale profiles of iron, manganese, and arsenic, phosphorus, sulfur species (relative standard deviation < 8%). The technique developed in this study will significantly promote the measurement throughput in limited samples (e.g. 100 µL) collected by HR samplers, which would greatly facilitate redox-sensitive elements biogeochemical cycling in saturated soils.

Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals Potential Pathway Biomarkers and Their Interactions for Clubfoot.

BACKGROUND Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot), one of the most regular pediatric congenital skeletal anomalies, seriously affects the normal growth and development of about 1 in 1000 newborns. Although it has been investigated widely, the etiology and pathogenesis of clubfoot are still controversial. MATERIAL AND METHODS g: Profiler, NetworkAnalyst and WebGestalt were used to probe the enriched signaling pathways by using the Gene Ontology (GO), Human Phenotype Ontology (HP), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Reactome (REAC), and WikiPathways (WP) databases. Large numbers of enriched signaling pathways were identified using the integrated bioinformatics enrichment analyses. RESULTS Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD), disease, muscle contraction, metabolism, and immune system were the top functions. Embryo or organ morphogenesis and development, cell or muscle contraction, and apoptosis were the top biological processes, and cell/muscle contraction and apoptosis were the top molecular functions using enriched GO terms analysis. There were a large number of complex interactions in the genes, enriched pathways, and transcription factor (TF)-miRNA co-regulatory networks. Transcription factors such as FOXN3, GLI3, HOX, and NCOR2 family regulated the gene expression of APAF1, BCL2, BID, CASP, MTHFR, and TPM family. CONCLUSIONS The results of bioinformatics enrichment analysis not only supported the previously proposed hypotheses, e.g., extracellular matrix (ECM) abnormality, fetal movement reducing, genetic abnormality, muscle abnormality, neurological abnormality, skeletal abnormality and vascular abnormality, but also indicated that cellular or immune responses to external stimulus, molecular transport and metabolism may be new etiological mechanisms in clubfoot.

Multi-Scale Global Contrast CNN for Salient Object Detection.

Salient object detection (SOD) is a fundamental task in computer vision, which attempts to mimic human visual systems that rapidly respond to visual stimuli and locate visually salient objects in various scenes. Perceptual studies have revealed that visual contrast is the most important factor in bottom-up visual attention process. Many of the proposed models predict saliency maps based on the computation of visual contrast between salient regions and backgrounds. In this paper, we design an end-to-end multi-scale global contrast convolutional neural network (CNN) that explicitly learns hierarchical contrast information among global and local features of an image to infer its salient object regions. In contrast to many previous CNN based saliency methods that apply super-pixel segmentation to obtain homogeneous regions and then extract their CNN features before producing saliency maps region-wise, our network is pre-processing free without any additional stages, yet it predicts accurate pixel-wise saliency maps. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed network generates high quality saliency maps that are comparable or even superior to those of state-of-the-art salient object detection architectures.

Gremlin2 Suppression Increases the BMP-2-Induced Osteogenesis of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Via the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 Signaling Pathway.

Osteoblasts are essential for maintaining skeletal architecture and modulating bone microenvironment homeostasis. From numerous associated investigations, the BMP-2 pathway has been well-defined as a vital positive modulator of bone homeostasis. Gremlin2 (Grem2) is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. However, the effect of Grem2 on the BMP-2-induced osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) remains ambiguous. This study aimed to analyze the procedure in vitro and in vivo. The differentiation of hBMSCs was assessed by determining the expression levels of several osteoblastic genes, as well as the enzymatic activity and calcification of alkaline phosphatase. We found that Grem2 expression was upregulated by BMP-2 within the range of 0-1 µg/mL, and significant increases were evident at 48, 72, and 96 h after BMP-2 treatment. Si-Grem2 increased the BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, whereas overexpression of Grem2 had the opposite trend. The result was confirmed using a defective femur model. We also discovered that the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 pathway played an important role in the process. This study showed that si-Grem2 increased the BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 286-297, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Severe cartilage degeneration in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a developmental disorder that has long-term chronic pain and limited hip joint mobility as major pathological characteristics. This study aims to access the association between the development of DDH and cartilage metabolic disorders. Cartilage tissue samples were acquired from patients with DDH, osteoarthritis (OA) and femoral neck fracture. The proteoglycan level was evaluated by safranin O-fast green, toluidine blue and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The levels of collagen-II (Col-II), collagen-X (Col-X) and metal matrix proteinase-13 (MMP-13) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting analysis. The morphologic evaluation of cartilage was conducted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the mRNA level of aggrecan, Col-II, Col-X and MMP-13. The aggrecan level in the cartilage matrix was significantly decreased in DDH patients by safranin O-fast green and toluidine blue staining in comparison with that in the OA and control groups. In contrast with the OA group, the Col-II expression was reduced while the MMP-13 expression increased in DDH patients, as shown by IHC and Western blotting analysis. The collagenous fibrils in cartilage of DDH patients appeared significantly sparse and disordered in the TEM analysis. In DDH patients, the mRNA expression levels of Col-II and aggrecan were markedly reduced, while the mRNA expression of Col-X was markedly increased, compared with the OA patients. There is severe articular cartilage degeneration in DDH patients. This observation provides us with new insight into cartilage metabolic regulation in DDH. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(3):179-187, 2017.

Protecting China's major urban bird diversity hotspots.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework puts forward a new conservation target to enhance urban biodiversity. Cities have a great potential for sustaining biodiversity and nurturing a healthy relationship between people and our nearest nature. It is especially important in developing countries such as China, which has a rich biodiversity and a rapidly growing urban population. Using citizen science data, we show that 48% of the national bird diversity and 42% of its threatened species have been recorded in the top-20 most avian-diverse cities of China. Urban bird diversity hotspots clustered along the eastern coast, indicating the importance of establishing an inter-city conservation network along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. This urban conservation network would be a starting point to promote social recognition of biodiversity's relational value in a country with a vast population and an increasingly important role in meeting UN's Sustainable Development Goals.

Scaled correlation analysis: a better way to compute a cross-correlogram.

When computing a cross-correlation histogram, slower signal components can hinder the detection of faster components, which are often in the research focus. For example, precise neuronal synchronization often co-occurs with slow co-variation in neuronal rate responses. Here we present a method - dubbed scaled correlation analysis - that enables the isolation of the cross-correlation histogram of fast signal components. The method computes correlations only on small temporal scales (i.e. on short segments of signals such as 25 ms), resulting in the removal of correlation components slower than those defined by the scale. Scaled correlation analysis has several advantages over traditional filtering approaches based on computations in the frequency domain. Among its other applications, as we show on data from cat visual cortex, the method can assist the studies of precise neuronal synchronization.

Targeted removal of mitochondrial DNA from mouse and human extrachromosomal circular DNA with CRISPR-Cas9.

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) of chromosomal origin is common in eukaryotic cells. Amplification of oncogenes on large eccDNA (ecDNA) can drive biological processes such as tumorigenesis, and identification of eccDNA by sequencing after removal of chromosomal DNA is therefore important for understanding their impact on the expressed phenotype. However, the circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) might challenge the detection of eccDNA because the average somatic cell has hundreds of copies of mtDNA. Here we show that 61.2-99.5% of reads from eccDNA-enriched samples correspond to mtDNA in mouse tissues. We have developed a method to selectively remove mtDNA from total circular DNA by CRISPR/Cas9 guided cleavage of mtDNA with one single-guide RNA (sgRNA) or two sgRNAs followed by exonuclease degradation of the linearized mtDNA. Sequencing revealed that mtDNA reads were 85.9% ± 12.6% removed from eccDNA of 9 investigated mouse tissues. CRISPR/Cas9 cleavage also efficiently removed mtDNA from a human HeLa cell line and colorectal cancer samples. We identified up to 14 times more, and also larger eccDNA in CRISPR/Cas9 treated colorectal cancer samples than in untreated samples. We foresee that the method can be applied to effectively remove mtDNA from any eukaryotic species to obtain higher eccDNA yields.

Sustainable removal of soil arsenic by naturally-formed iron oxides on plastic tubes.

Arsenic (As) pollution in paddy fields is a major threat to rice safety. Existing As remediation techniques are costly, require external chemical addition and degrade soil properties. Here, we report the use of plastic tubes as a recyclable tool to precisely extract As from contaminated soils. Following insertion into flooded paddy soils, polyethylene tube walls were covered by thin but massive Fe coatings of 76.9-367 mg Fe m-2 in 2 weeks, which adsorbed significant amounts of As. The formation of tube-wall Fe oxides was driven by local Fe-oxidizing bacteria with oxygen produced by oxygenic phototrophs (e.g., Cyanobacteria) or diffused from air through the tube wall. The tubes with As-bound Fe oxides can be easily separated from soil and then washed and reused. We tested the As removal efficiency in a pot experiment to remove As from ~ 20 cm depth/40 kg soils in a 2-year experiment and achieved an overall removal efficiency of 152 mg As m-2 soil year-1, comparable to phytoremediation with the As hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. The cost of Fe hooks was estimated at 8325 RMB ha-1 year-1, and the profit of growing rice (around 16080 RMB ha-1 year-1 can be still maintained. The As accumulated in rice tissues was markedly decreased in the treatment (>11.1 %). This work provides a low-cost and sustainable soil remediation method for the targeted removal of As from soils and a useful tool for the study and management of the biogeochemical Fe cycle in paddy soils.

Circle-Seq reveals genomic and disease-specific hallmarks in urinary cell-free extrachromosomal circular DNAs.

BACKGROUND: Extrachromosomal circular deoxyribonucleic acid (eccDNA) is evolving as a valuable biomarker, while little is known about its presence in urine. METHODS: Here, we report the discovery and analysis of urinary cell-free eccDNAs (ucf-eccDNAs) in healthy controls and patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) by Circle-Seq. RESULTS: Millions of unique ucf-eccDNAs were identified and comprehensively characterised. The ucf-eccDNAs are GC-rich. Most ucf-eccDNAs are less than 1000 bp and are enriched in four pronounced peaks at 207, 358, 553 and 732 bp. Analysis of the genomic distribution of ucf-eccDNAs shows that eccDNAs are found on all chromosomes but enriched on chromosomes 17, 19 and 20 with a high density of protein-coding genes, CpG islands, short interspersed transposable elements (SINEs) and simple repeat elements. Analysis of eccDNA junction sequences further suggests that microhomology and palindromic repeats might be involved in eccDNA formation. The ucf-eccDNAs in CKD patients are significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Moreover, eccDNA with miRNA genes is highly enriched in CKD ucf-eccDNA. CONCLUSIONS: This work discovers and provides the first deep characterisation of ucf-eccDNAs and suggests ucf-eccDNA as a valuable noninnvasive biomarker for urogenital disorder diagnosis and monitoring.

Effects of 5'-3' Exonuclease Xrn1 on Cell Size, Proliferation and Division, and mRNA Levels of Periodic Genes in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Cell size affects almost all biosynthetic processes by controlling the size of organelles and disrupting the nutrient uptake process. Yeast cells must reach a critical size to be able to enter a new cell cycle stage. Abnormal changes in cell size are often observed under pathological conditions such as cancer disease. Thus, cell size must be strictly controlled during cell cycle progression. Here, we reported that the highly conserved 5'-3' exonuclease Xrn1 could regulate the gene expression involved in the cell cycle pathway of Cryptococcus neoformans. Chromosomal deletion of XRN1 caused an increase in cell size, defects in cell growth and altered DNA content at 37 °C. RNA-sequencing results showed that the difference was significantly enriched in genes involved in membrane components, DNA metabolism, integration and recombination, DNA polymerase activity, meiotic cell cycle, nuclear division, organelle fission, microtubule-based process and reproduction. In addition, the proportion of the differentially expressed periodic genes was up to 19.8% when XRN1 was deleted, including cell cycle-related genes, chitin synthase genes and transcription factors, indicating the important role of Xrn1 in the control of cell cycle. This work provides insights into the roles of RNA decay factor Xrn1 in maintaining appropriate cell size, DNA content and cell cycle progression.

Mitigation effects of the microbial fuel cells on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The increase in toxic heavy metal pollutants in rice paddies threatens food safety. There is an urgent need for lnow-cost remediation technology for immobilizing these trace metals. In this study, we showed that the application of the soil microbial fuel cell (sMFC) can greatly reduce the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni in the rice plant tissue. In the sMFC treatment, the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni in rice grains was 35.1%, 32.8%, 56.9% and 21.3% lower than the control, respectively. The reduction of these elements in the rice grain was due to their limited mobility in the soil porewater of soils employing the sMFC. The restriction in Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni bioavailability was ascribed to the sMFC ability to immobilize trace metals through both biotic and abiotic means. The results suggest that the sMFC may be used as a promising technique to limit toxic trace metal bioavailability and translocation in the rice plants.

Conserved Autophagy Pathway Contributes to Stress Tolerance and Virulence and Differentially Controls Autophagic Flux Upon Nutrient Starvation in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Autophagy is mainly a catabolic process, which is used to cope with nutrient deficiency and various stress conditions. Human environment often imposes various stresses on Cryptococcus neoformans, a major fungal pathogen of immunocompromised individuals; therefore, autophagic response of C. neoformans to these stresses often determines its survival in the host. However, a systematic study on how autophagy related (ATG) genes influence on autophagic flux, virulence, stress response and pathogenicity of C. neoformans is lacking. In this study, 22 ATG-deficient strains were constructed to investigate their roles in virulence, pathogenesis, stress response, starvation tolerance and autophagic flux in C. neoformans. Our results showed that Atg6 and Atg14-03 significantly affect the growth of C. neoformans at 37°C and laccase production. Additionally, atg2Δ and atg6Δ strains were sensitive to oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide. Approximately half of the atgΔ strains displayed higher sensitivity to 1.5 M NaCl and remarkably lower virulence in the Galleria mellonella model than the wild type. Autophagic flux in C. neoformans was dependent on the Atg1-Atg13, Atg5-Atg12-Atg16, and Atg2-Atg18 complexes and Atg11. Cleavage of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Atg8 was difficult to detect in these autophagy defective mutants; however, it was detected in the atg3Δ, atg4Δ, atg6Δ and atg14Δ strains. Additionally, no homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATG10 were detected in C. neoformans. Our results indicate that these ATG genes contribute differentially to carbon and nitrogen starvation tolerance in C. neoformans compared with S. cerevisiae. Overall, this study advances our knowledge of the specific roles of ATG genes in C. neoformans.

Inflammatory and fibrosis infiltration in synovium associated with the progression in developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by progressive joint soreness and limited mobility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathological changes and inflammatory infiltration in the hypertrophic synovium of the hip joint associated with the progression of DDH. Synovial biopsies in the hip joint are obtained from patients with moderate DDH and severe DDH during surgery. These biopsies are processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and investigation of the pathological processes in a synovium, including types of inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial angiogenesis and fibrosis, neuron endings and neuropeptide invasion. Correlation analysis was performed between the mean optical density (MOD) of each antibody, and Harris hip score (HHS) and visual analogue score (VAS) using the Spearman correlation test. Chronic inflammation in the synovium was observed via the positive IHC staining of inflammatory cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages and leukocytes. Excessive staining of vimentin and α smooth muscle actin in the synovium of severe DDH represented significant fibrosis and angiogenesis. These targets were also significantly correlated with HHS in severe DDH. The MOD levels of CD68 (indicators of macrophage) indicated apparent correlations with HHS and VAS in patients with severe DDH. The labels of nerve fibers and pain transmission indicators were as follows: Neurofilament­200 and substance P. Calcitonin gene­related peptide was upregulated in the synovium of severe DDH in contrast to that in the synovium of moderate DDH. The MOD levels of NF­200, SP and CGRP were correlated with VAS in severe DDH. The pathology of DDH includes chronic inflammatory cell infiltration corresponding with nerve fibers and fibroblastic proliferation, which might contribute to arthritis progression and joint soreness in DDH.

Frequencies of gamma/beta oscillations are stably tuned to stimulus properties.

Stimulus-induced changes in oscillation frequencies may affect information flow in the brain. We investigated whether the oscillation frequency of spiking activity in cat area 17 changes as a function of the drifting direction of sinusoidal gratings. Oscillation frequencies were tuned to specific drifting directions, such that some directions induced higher oscillation frequencies than others. When activity from the same neurons was recorded at a later time point, the average oscillation frequency with which the neurons responded had also often changed. However, the direction tuning of the neurons' oscillation frequencies remained constant. Thus, while the overall oscillation frequency, across all drift directions, was state-dependent, the relative change in oscillation frequencies induced by stimulus properties was not, the tuning remaining stable.

EEG default mode network in the human brain: spectral regional field powers.

Eyes-closed (EC) and eyes-open (EO) are essential behaviors in mammalians, including man. At resting EC-EO state, brain activity in the default mode devoid of task-demand has recently been established in fMRI. However, the corresponding comprehensive electrophysiological conditions are little known even though EEG has been recorded in humans for nearly 80 years. In this study, we examined the spatial characteristics of spectral distribution in EEG field powers, i.e., sitting quietly with an EC and EO resting state of 3 min each, measured with high-density 128-ch EEG recording and FFT signal analyses in 15 right-handed healthy college females. Region of interest was set at a threshold at 90% of the spectral effective value to delimit the dominant spatial field power of effective energy in brain activity. Low-frequency delta (0.5-3.5 Hz) EEG field power was distributed at the prefrontal area with great expansion of spatial field and enhancement of field power (t=-2.72, p<0.02) from the EC to the EO state. Theta (4-7 Hz) EEG field power was distributed over the fronto-central area and leaned forward from EC to the EO state but with drastic reduction in field power (t=4.04, p<0.01). The middle-frequency alpha-1 (7.5-9.5 Hz) and alpha-2 (10-12 Hz) EEG powers exhibited bilateral distribution over the posterior areas with an anterior field in lower alpha-1. Both showed significantly reduction of field powers (respectively, W=120, p<0.001 for alpha-1; t=4.12, p<0.001 for alpha-2) from EC to the EO state. Beta-1 (13-23 Hz) exhibited a similar spatial region over the posterior area as in alpha-2 and showed reduction of field power (t=4.42, p<0.001) from EC to the EO state. In contrast, high-frequency beta-2 and gamma band exhibited similar, mainly prefrontal distribution in field power, and exhibited no change from EC to the EO state. Corresponding correlation analyses indicated significant group association between EC and EO only in the field powers of delta (r=0.95, p<0.001) and theta (r=0.77, p<0.001) band. In addition, the great inter-individual variability (90 folds in alpha-1, 62 folds in alpha-2) in regional field power was largely observed in the EC state (10 folds) than the EO state in subjects. To summarize, our study depicts a network of spectral EEG activities simultaneously operative at well defined regional fields in the EC state, varying specifically between EC and EO states. In contrast to transient EEG spectral rhythmic dynamics, current study of long-lasting (e.g. 3 min) spectral field powers can characterize state features in EEG. The EEG default mode network (EEG-DMN) of spectral field powers at rest in the respective EC or EO state is valued to serve as the basal electrophysiological condition in human brain. In health, this EEG-DMN is deemed essential for evaluation of brain functions without task demands for gender difference, developmental change in age span, and brain response to task activation. It is expected to define brain dysfunction in disease at resting state and with consequences for sensory, affective and cognitive alteration in the human brain.