Investigation of the Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Stability of Losartan Potassium 5 mg/mL Extemporaneous Oral Liquid Suspension.

Extemporaneous oral liquid preparations are commonly used when there is no commercially available dosage form for adjustable dosing. In most cases, there is a lack of stability data to allow for an accurately assigned shelf life and storage conditions to give greater confidence of product safety and efficacy over its shelf life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological stability of an extemporaneous oral liquid suspension of losartan potassium, 5 mg/mL, used to treat paediatric hypertension in Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Ireland. The losartan content of extemporaneous oral suspensions, prepared with and without addition of water, was measured by UV and confirmed by HPLC analysis. Suspensions were stored at 4 °C and room temperature (RT) and were monitored for changes in; pH, colour, odour, re-dispersibility, Total Aerobic Microbial Count, Total Yeast and Mould Count and absence of E. coli. Results showed that suspensions prepared by both methods, stored at 4 °C and RT, were physically and microbiologically stable over 28 days. Initial losartan content of all suspensions was lower than expected at 80-81% and did not change significantly over the 28 days. HPLC and NMR did not detect degradation of losartan in the samples. Suspensions prepared in water showed 100% losartan content. The reduced initial losartan content was confirmed by HPLC and was related to the acidic pH of the suspension vehicle. Physiochemical properties of the drug are important factors for consideration in the selection of suspension vehicle for extemporaneous compounding of oral suspensions as they can influence the quality, homogeneity and efficacy of these preparations.

Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain In Left Ventricular Assist Device Surgery-A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: Right ventricular (RV) failure is common after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) surgery and is associated with higher mortality. Measurement of longitudinal RV strain using speckle-tracking technology is a novel approach to quantify RV function. The authors hypothesized that depressed peak longitudinal RV strain measured by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examinations would be associated with adverse outcomes after LVAD surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Following Institutional Review Board approval, the authors retrospectively identified adult patients who underwent implantation of non-pulsatile LVAD. Exclusion criteria included inadequate TEE images and device explantation within 6 months for heart transplantation. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The postoperative adverse event outcome was defined as a composite of one or more of death within 6 months, ≥14 days of inotropes, mechanical RV support, or device thrombosis. Intraoperative TEE images were analyzed for peak RV free wall longitudinal strain by two blinded investigators. Simple logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between adverse outcome and the mean of the strain measurements of the two raters. Agreement between the raters was assessed by intra-class correlation (0.62) and Pearson correlation coefficient (0.63). Of the 57 subjects, 21 (37%) had an adverse outcome. The logistic regression indicated no significant association between RV peak longitudinal strain and adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study of patients undergoing non-pulsatile LVAD implantation, peak longitudinal strain of the RV free wall was not associated with adverse outcomes within 6 months after surgery. Additional quantitative echocardiographic measures for intraoperative RV assessment should be explored.

Alpha-2 agonist attenuates ischemic injury in spinal cord neurons.

BACKGROUND: Paraplegia secondary to spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury remains a devastating complication of thoracoabdominal aortic intervention. The complex interactions between injured neurons and activated leukocytes have limited the understanding of neuron-specific injury. We hypothesize that spinal cord neuron cell cultures subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) would simulate ischemia-reperfusion injury, which could be attenuated by specific alpha-2a agonism in an Akt-dependent fashion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spinal cords from perinatal mice were harvested, and neurons cultured in vitro for 7-10 d. Cells were pretreated with 1 µM dexmedetomidine (Dex) and subjected to OGD in an anoxic chamber. Viability was determined by MTT assay. Deoxyuridine-triphosphate nick-end labeling staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay were used for apoptosis and necrosis identification, respectively. Western blot was used for protein analysis. RESULTS: Vehicle control cells were only 59% viable after 1 h of OGD. Pretreatment with Dex significantly preserves neuronal viability with 88% viable (P < 0.05). Dex significantly decreased apoptotic cells compared with that of vehicle control cells by 50% (P < 0.05). Necrosis was not significantly different between treatment groups. Mechanistically, Dex treatment significantly increased phosphorylated Akt (P < 0.05), but protective effects of Dex were eliminated by an alpha-2a antagonist or Akt inhibitor (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using a novel spinal cord neuron cell culture, OGD mimics neuronal metabolic derangement responsible for paraplegia after aortic surgery. Dex preserves neuronal viability and decreases apoptosis in an Akt-dependent fashion. Dex demonstrates clinical promise for reducing the risk of paraplegia after high-risk aortic surgery.

Erythropoietin's Beta Common Receptor Mediates Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Neurons.

BACKGROUND: Paraplegia from spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (SCIR) remains an elusive and devastating complication of complex aortic operations. Erythropoietin (EPO) attenuates this injury in models of SCIR. Upregulation of the EPO beta common receptor (ßcR) is associated with reduced damage in models of neural injury. The purpose of this study was to examine whether EPO-mediated neuroprotection was dependent on ßcR expression. We hypothesized that spinal cord neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation would mimic SCIR injury in aortic surgery and EPO treatment attenuates this injury in a ßcR-dependent fashion. METHODS: Lentiviral vectors with ßcR knockdown sequences were tested on neuron cell cultures. The virus with greatest ßcR knockdown was selected. Spinal cord neurons from perinatal wild-type mice were harvested and cultured to maturity. They were treated with knockdown or nonsense virus and transduced cells were selected. Three groups (ßcR knockdown virus, nonsense control virus, no virus control; n = 8 each) were subjected to 1 hour of oxygen-glucose deprivation. Viability was assessed. ßcR expression was quantified by immunoblot. RESULTS: EPO preserved neuronal viability after oxygen-glucose deprivation (0.82 ± 0.04 versus 0.61 ± 0.01; p < 0.01). Additionally, EPO-mediated neuron preservation was similar in the nonsense virus and control mice (0.82 ± 0.04 versus 0.80 ± 0.05; p = 0.77). EPO neuron preservation was lost in ßcR knockdown mice compared with nonsense control mice (0.46 ± 0.03 versus 0.80 ± 0.05; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: EPO attenuates neuronal loss after oxygen-glucose deprivation in a ßcR-dependent fashion. This receptor holds immense clinical promise as a target for pharmacotherapies treating spinal cord ischemic injury.

Arterial Cannulation and Cerebral Perfusion Strategies for Aortic Arch Operations.

Neurologic injuries following aortic arch operations can be devastating, with stroke occurring in up to 12% of elective operations and significant cerebral dysfunction occurring in up to 25% of cases. The primary challenge unique to aortic arch operations involves interruption of direct perfusion of the brachiocephalic vessels during arch reconstruction. For this reason, neuroprotection is paramount. The 2 main modes of protection are (1) reducing metabolic demand through hypothermia and (2) limiting, or even eliminating, the ischemic period. Preoperative selection of the cerebral perfusion plan for each operation is imperative to maintain maximal diffuse cerebral protection and prevent focal neurologic events.

Vascular Anomalies in Pediatrics.

A standardized classification system allows improvements in diagnostic accuracy. Multidisciplinary vascular anomaly centers combine medical, surgical, radiologic, and pathologic expertise. This collaborative approach tailors treatment and management of vascular anomalies for affected individuals.

C-terminal tensin-like protein mediates invasion of human lung cancer cells and is regulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.

OBJECTIVES: C-terminal tensin-like (Cten) protein, a component of focal adhesions, contributes to cell motility and invasion in multiple human cancers. Epidermal growth factor can activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and both contribute to invasion through focal adhesion interactions. We hypothesize that Cten may mediate invasion of lung cancer cells provided by epidermal growth factor via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. METHODS: Four human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines were treated with epidermal growth factor to evaluate activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway and induction of Cten expression. Chemical inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was used to evaluate the effect on epidermal growth factor-induced Cten expression. Protein expression was quantified by Western blot. H125 and A549 cells were transduced with short-hairpin RNA via lentiviral vector to knockdown expression of Cten. An in vitro transwell invasion assay was used to assess the effects of Cten knockdown on cell invasion (n = 3 for all experiments). RESULTS: Stimulation of lung cancer cells with epidermal growth factor activated the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway and induced expression of Cten in all cell lines. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibition significantly reduced epidermal growth factor-induced expression of Cten in H125 (P < .0001), H358 (P = .006), and H441 (P = .014) cells in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of Cten expression resulted in significant decreases in cellular invasion in both H125 (P = .0036) and A549 (P = .0006) cells. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first findings in lung cancer to demonstrate that Cten expression mediates invasion of human lung cancer cells and is upregulated by epidermal growth factor via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. Cten should be considered a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.

Erythropoietin activates the phosporylated cAMP [adenosine 3'5' cyclic monophosphate] response element-binding protein pathway and attenuates delayed paraplegia after ischemia-reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVE: Paraplegia remains a devastating complication of complex aortic surgery. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to prevent paraplegia after ischemia reperfusion, but the protective mechanism remains poorly described in the spinal cord. We hypothesized that EPO induces the CREB (cAMP [adenosine 3'5' cyclic monophosphate] response element-binding protein) pathway and neurotrophin production in the murine spinal cord, attenuating functional and cellular injury. METHODS: Adult male mice were subjected to 4 minutes of spinal cord ischemia via an aortic and left subclavian cross-clamp. Experimental groups included EPO treatment 4 hours before incision (n = 7), ischemic control (n = 7), and shams (n = 4). Hind-limb function was assessed using the Basso motor score for 48 hours after reperfusion. Spinal cords were harvested and analyzed for neuronal viability using histology and staining with a fluorescein derivative. Expression of phosphorylated (p)AKT (a serine/threonine-specific kinase), pCREB, B-cell lymphoma 2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were determined using immunoblotting. RESULTS: By 36 hours of reperfusion, EPO significantly preserved hind-limb function after ischemia-reperfusion injury (P < .01). Histology demonstrated preserved cytoarchitecture in the EPO treatment group. Cords treated with EPO expressed significant increases in pAKT (P = .021) and pCREB (P = .038). Treatment with EPO induced expression of both of the neurotrophins, B-cell lymphoma 2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, beginning at 12 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Erythropoietin-mediated induction of the CREB pathway and production of neurotrophins is associated with improved neurologic function and increased neuronal viability following spinal cord ischemia reperfusion. Further elucidation of EPO-derived neuroprotection will allow for expansion of adjunct mechanisms for spinal cord protection in high-risk thoracoabdominal aortic intervention.

Spinal cord protection via alpha-2 agonist-mediated increase in glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor.

OBJECTIVES: Delayed paraplegia secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury is a devastating complication of thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Alpha-2 agonists have been shown to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the mechanism for protection has yet to be elucidated. A growing body of evidence suggests that astrocytes play a critical role in neuroprotection by release of neurotrophins. We hypothesize that alpha-2 agonism with dexmedetomidine increases glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor in spinal cord astrocytes to provide spinal cord protection. METHODS: Spinal cords were isolated en bloc from C57BL/6 mice, and primary spinal cord astrocytes and neurons were selected for and grown separately in culture. Astrocytes were treated with dexmedetomidine, and glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor was tested for by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to assess neuronal viability. RESULTS: Spinal cord primary astrocytes treated with dexmedetomidine at 1 µmol/L and 10 µmol/L had significantly increased glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor production compared with control (P < .05). Neurons subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation had significant preservation (P < .05) of viability with use of dexmedetomidine-treated astrocyte media. Glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor neutralizing antibody eliminated the protective effects of the dexmedetomidine-treated astrocyte media (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Astrocytes have been shown to preserve neuronal viability via release of neurotrophic factors. Dexmedetomidine increases glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor from spinal cord astrocytes via the alpha-2 receptor. Treatment with alpha-2 agonist dexmedetomidine may be a clinical tool for use in spinal cord protection in aortic surgery.

Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Induces Erythropoietin Receptor Expression.

BACKGROUND: Paraplegia remains a devastating complication of aortic surgery, occurring in up to 20% of complex thoracoabdominal repairs. Erythropoietin (EPO) attenuates this injury in models of spinal cord ischemia. Upregulation of the beta-common receptor (ßcR) subunit of the EPO receptor is associated with reduced damage in murine models of neural injury. This receptor activates anti-apoptotic pathways including signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We hypothesized that spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury upregulates the ßcR subunit with a subsequent increase in activated STAT3. METHODS: Adult male C57/BL6 mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mL of EPO (10 U/kg) or 0.9% saline after induction of anesthesia. Spinal cord ischemia was induced through sternotomy and 4-minute thoracic aortic cross-clamp. Sham mice underwent sternotomy without cross-clamp placement. Four groups were studied: ischemic and sham groups, each with and without EPO treatment. After 4 hours of reperfusion, spinal cords were harvested and homogenized. The ßcR subunit expression and STAT3 activation were evaluated by immunoblot. RESULTS: Ischemia reperfusion increased ßcR subunit expression in spinal cords of ischemia + saline and ischemia + EPO mice compared with shams (3.4 ± 1.39 vs 1.31 ± 0.3, p = 0.01 and 3.80 ± 0.58 vs 1.56 ± 0.32, p = 0.01). Additionally, both ischemic groups demonstrated increased STAT3 activation compared with shams (1.35 ± 0.14 vs 1.09 ± 0.07, p = 0.01 and 1.66 ± 0.35 vs 1.08 ± 0.17, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Ischemia-reperfusion injury induces EPO receptor ßcR subunit expression and early downstream anti-apoptotic signaling through STAT3 activation. Further investigation into the role of the ßcR subunit is warranted to determine tissue protective functions of EPO. Elucidation of mechanisms involved in spinal cord protection is essential for reducing delayed paraplegia.

Surgical Energy-Based Device Injuries and Fatalities Reported to the Food and Drug Administration.

BACKGROUND: Energy-based devices are used in virtually every operation. Our purposes were to describe causes of energy-based device complications leading to injury or death, and to determine if common mechanisms leading to injury or death can be identified. STUDY DESIGN: The FDA's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database was searched for surgical energy-based device injuries and deaths reported over 20 years (January 1994 to December 2013). Device-related complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: We analyzed 178 deaths and 3,553 injuries. Common patterns of complications were: thermal burns, 63% (n = 2,353); hemorrhage, 17% (n = 642); mechanical failure of device, 12% (n = 442); and fire, 8% (n = 294). Events were identified intraoperatively in 82% (3,056), inpatient postoperatively in 9% (n = 351), and after discharge in 9% (n = 324). Of the deaths, 12% (n = 22) occurred after discharge home. Common mechanisms for thermal burn injuries were: direct application, 30% (n = 694); dispersive electrode burn, 29% (n = 657); and insulation failure, 14% (n = 324). Thermal injury was the most common reason for death (39%, n = 70). The mechanism for these thermal injuries was most frequently direct application (84%, n = 59, p < 0.001 vs all other mechanisms). Fires were most common with monopolar "Bovie" instruments (88%, n = 258, p < 0.001 vs all other devices) when they were used in head and neck operations (66%, n = 193, p < 0.001 vs all other locations). CONCLUSIONS: Complications due to energy-based devices occur from 4 main causes: thermal burn, hemorrhage, mechanical failure, and fire. Thermal direct application injuries are the most common reason for both injury and death.

The effect of sevoflurane on neuronal degeneration and GABAA subunit composition in a developing rat model of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.

OBJECTIVE: The GABA(A) receptor subunit composition undergoes a switch from a predominantly alpha2 to a predominantly alpha1 around postnatal day (PND) 7 in a rat pup. This developmental switch in the GABA(A) receptor subunit composition changes the kinetics and pharmacologic properties of the GABA(A) receptor. Using a developmental organotypic hippocampal slice model, we hypothesized that the developmental changes in the GABA(A) receptor subunit composition may promote neurodegeneration after exposure to sevoflurane. DESIGN: Organotypic hippocampal slices (OHS) were prepared from rat pups on PND 4, 7, and 14 and exposed to 2.0% sevoflurane or air for 5 hours. Hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus neuronal survival and GABA(A) receptor subunit composition were assessed immediately, 24 and 72 hours after exposure and compared with air. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Early cell death immediately after exposure to sevoflurane was statistically significant in the PND14 (P<0.001). At 24 hours, cell death was not significant for any PND age-examined OHS. However, at 72 hours, cell death was significant in the OHS prepared from the PND7 and 4 rat pups (P<0.001). In further analysis, either a decrease in the alpha1 and/or increase in the alpha2 subunit composition promoted cell survival in the PND 4 and 7 OHS. On PND14, cell survival was promoted by an increase in the alpha1 subunit composition. CONCLUSIONS: This in vitro investigation supports an age-dependent and GABA(A) receptor subunit composition relationship between 2.0% sevoflurane exposure and cell death.