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PURPOSE: To develop a simple, subjective, and reliable grading scale for isotretinoin-induced meibography changes. METHODS: After analyzing meibography images obtained from systemic isotretinoin users, a grading scale was proposed and named "meibography health score." The score ranged from 1 to 3, with decreasing gland reflectivity and identifiable margins. A total of 11 medical professionals were asked to grade 10 meibography images obtained from isotretinoin users using the proposed scale and were divided into three groups: (A) ophthalmologists with experience with meibography, (B) ophthalmologists with no experience with meibography, and (C) radiologists. The kappa statistic was determined to test interrater reliability. RESULTS: The overall kappa was approximately 0.64. The kappa scores for Groups A, B, and C were 0.78, 0.59, and 0.90, respectively. Grade 2 had the lowest kappa scores (0.62, 0.35, and 0.82 for A, B, and C, respectively) and grade 3 the highest (0.78, 0.90, and 1.0 for A, B and C, respectively). Furthermore, Group C had the highest kappa scores and Group B the lowest. CONCLUSION: The meibography health score exhibited good interrater reliability, particularly in severe cases.
Subject(s)
Acne Vulgaris , Dermatologic Agents , Isotretinoin , Meibomian Glands , Observer Variation , Humans , Isotretinoin/adverse effects , Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy , Reproducibility of Results , Meibomian Glands/drug effects , Meibomian Glands/diagnostic imaging , Meibomian Glands/pathology , Dermatologic Agents/adverse effects , Severity of Illness Index , Female , Male , Eyelid Diseases/chemically induced , Eyelid Diseases/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To assess Meibomian gland dysfunction using meibography in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and correlate with ocular surface changes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. All patients underwent a comprehensive and standardized interview. The best-corrected visual acuity of each eye was determined. Detailed ophthalmic examination was conducted, including biomicroscopy examination of the ocular surface, Schirmer test type I, and meibography, and fundus examination was also performed when possible. Meibomian gland dysfunction was assessed by non-contact meibography using Oculus Keratograph® 5M (OCULUS Inc., Arlington, WA, USA). Saliva samples were collected using the Oragene DNA Self-collection kit (DNA Genotek Inc., Ottawa, Canada), and DNA was extracted as recommended by the manufacturer. Factors associated with abnormal meiboscores were assessed using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS: A total of 42 participants were enrolled, and 27 patients underwent meibography. The meiboscore was abnormal in the upper eyelid in 8 (29.6%) patients and in the lower eyelid in 17 (62.9%). The likelihood of having abnormal meiboscores in the lower eyelid was 16.3 times greater than that in the upper eyelid. In the final multivariate model, age (p=0.001), mutation profile (p=0.006), and presence of ocular surface malignant tumor (OSMT) (p=0.014) remained significant for abnormal meiboscores. For a 1-year increase in age, the likelihood of abnormal meiboscores increased by 12%. Eyes with OSMT were 58.8 times more likely to have abnormal meiboscores than eyes without ocular surface malignant tumor. CONCLUSION: In the final model, age, xeroderma pigmentosum profile, previous cancer, and clinical alterations on the eyelid correlated with a meiboscore of ≥2. Meibomian gland dysfunction was common in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, mainly in the lower eyelid. The severity of Meibomian gland dysfunction increases with age and is associated with severe eyelid changes.
Subject(s)
Eye Neoplasms , Meibomian Gland Dysfunction , Xeroderma Pigmentosum , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Xeroderma Pigmentosum/complications , Xeroderma Pigmentosum/diagnostic imaging , Eyelids , DNAABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe cellular alterations detected by impression cytology of the ocular surface in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. The secondary objective was to assess the reliability of impression cytology in diagnosing ocular surface squamous neoplasia. METHODS: Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum underwent a single-day complete ophthalmological examination and impression cytology for ocular surface evaluation using 13 mm diameter mixed cellulose esters membrane filters and combined staining with Periodic Acid Schiff, Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Papanicolaou stains followed by microscopic analysis. The cytological findings were correlated with the clinical diagnosis. The impression cytology findings at baseline and one-year follow-up were correlated with the clinical course (no tumor, treated tumor, residual tumor recurrent tumor, new tumor). RESULTS: Of the 42 patients examined, impression cytology was performed in 62 eyes of 34 participants (65% females). The mean age of patients was 29.6 ± 17 years (range 7-62). Fifteen eyes had a clinical diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Impression cytology showed goblet cells (47, 75%), inflammatory cells (12, 19%), keratinization (5, 8%), and squamous metaplasia (30, 48%). Impression cytology was positive for atypical cells in 18 patients (12 with and 6 without ocular surface squamous neoplasia). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of impression cytology (at baseline) for diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia were 80%, 87%, 67%, and 93%, respectively, using clinical diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia as the reference standard. CONCLUSION: Impression cytology has a moderate positive predictive value for the diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. However, the lack of detection of atypical cells on impression cytology has a high negative predictive value for ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Integration of impression cytology in the long-term management of high-risk patients, such as patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, can avoid unnecessary diagnostic biopsies.
Subject(s)
Xeroderma Pigmentosum , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Conjunctival Neoplasms/pathology , Cytodiagnosis/methods , Cytological Techniques/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Xeroderma Pigmentosum/pathology , Xeroderma Pigmentosum/complicationsABSTRACT
Purpose: To investigate the adhesion of Acanthamoeba to scleral contact lens (ScCL) surface according to lens shape. Methods: Two strains of A. polyphaga (CDC:V062 and ATCC 30461) and one clinical Acanthamoeba isolate, were inoculated onto five contact lens (CL): one first-generation silicone hydrogel (SHCL; lotrafilcon B; adhesion control) containing plasma surface treatment; two ScCL (fluorosilicone acrylate) one containing surface treatment composed of plasma and the other containing plasma with Hydra-PEG, and two CL designed with a flat shape having the same material and surface treatments of the ScCL. Trophozoites that adhered to the lens's surfaces were counted by inverted optical light microscopy. Possible alterations of the lens surface that could predispose amoeba adhesion and Acanthamoeba attached to these lens surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: All strains revealed greater adhesion to the ScCL when compared with the flat lenses (P < 0.001). The clinical isolate and the ATCC 30461 had a higher adhesion (P < 0.001) when compared with the CDC:V062. A rough texture was observed on the surface of the lenses that have been examined by SEM. Also, SEM revealed that the isolates had a rounded appearance on the surface of the ScCL in contrast with an elongated appearance on the surface of the silicone hydrogel. Conclusions: The findings revealed that the curved shape of the ScCL favors amoeba adhesion.
Subject(s)
Acanthamoeba , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Acanthamoeba/physiology , Acanthamoeba/ultrastructure , Sclera , Humans , Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic/parasitology , Cell Adhesion/physiology , Contact Lenses/parasitology , Trophozoites/ultrastructure , Trophozoites/physiology , Hydrogels , AnimalsABSTRACT
Background: Infectious keratitis secondary to fungus or acanthamoeba often has a poor outcome despite receiving the best available medical therapy. In vitro Rose Bengal Photodynamic therapy (RB-PDT) appears to be effective against fungal and acanthamoeba isolates.22,23 In one published series RB-PDT reduced the need for therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty in severe bacterial, fungal, and acanthameoba keratitis not responsive to medical therapy. Methods: This international, randomized, sham and placebo controlled 2-arm clinical trial, randomizes patients with smear positive fungal and acanthameoba and smear negative corneal ulcers in a 1:1 fashion to one of two treatment arms: 1) Topical antimicrobial plus sham RB-PDT or 2) Topical antimicrobial plus RB-PDT. Discussion: We anticipate that RB-PDT will improve best spectacle corrected visual acuity and also reduce complications such as corneal perforation and the need for therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. This study will comply with the NIH Data Sharing Policy and Policy on the Dissemination of NIH-Funded Clinical Trial Information and the Clinical Trials Registration and Results Information Submission rule. Our results will be disseminated via clinicaltrials.gov website, meetings, and journal publications. Our data will also be available upon reasonable request. Trial Registration: NCT, NCT05110001, Registered November 5, 2021. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05110001.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to report an experiment designed to determine anatomical changes in porcine corneas following placement of a novel polymer implant into the cornea. Methods: An ex vivo porcine eye model was used. A novel type I collagen-based vitrigel implant (6 mm in diameter) was shaped with an excimer laser on the posterior surface to create three planoconcave shapes. Implants were inserted into a manually dissected stromal pocket at a depth of approximately 200 μm. Three treatment groups were defined: group A (n=3), maximal ablation depth 70 μm; Group B (n=3), maximal ablation depth 64 μm; and group C (n=3), maximal ablation depth 104 μm, with a central hole. A control group (D, n=3) was included, in which a stromal pocket was created but biomaterial was not inserted. Eyes were evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and corneal tomography. Results: Corneal tomography showed a trend for a decreased mean keratometry in all four groups. Optical coherence tomography showed corneas with implants placed within the anterior stroma and visible flattening, whereas the corneas in the control group did not qualitatively change shape. Conclusions: The novel planoconcave biomaterial implant described herein could reshape the cornea in an ex vivo model, resulting in the flattening of the cornea. Further studies are needed using in vivo animal models to confirm such findings.
RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um experimento projetado para determinar alterações anatômicas em córneas porcinas após a colocação de um novo implante de polímero na córnea. Métodos: Foi utilizado olho de porco ex vivo. Um novo agente modelador biocompatível, de colágeno tipo 1, com 6mm de diâmetro foi moldado com excimer laser em sua face posterior, para criar três formatos planocôncavos. Os implantes foram inseridos dentro de um bolsão, dissecado manualmente, a 200 micrômetros (μm). Foram definidos três grupos de tratamento: grupo A (n=3), teve a profundidade máxima de ablação de 70 μm; o grupo B (n=3), profundidade máxima de ablação de 64 μm; e o grupo C (n=3), profundidade máxima de ablação de 104 μm, com buraco central. O grupo controle, D (n=3), foi incluído, com a criação do bolsão estromal, porém sem inserir o material. A avaliação desses olhos foi realizada por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e por tomografia corneana. Resultados: A tomografia corneana mostrou uma tendência para diminuição da ceratometria média em todos os 4 grupos. A tomografia de coerência óptica mostrou córneas com implantes localizados no estroma anterior e aplanamento visível, enquanto as córneas não mudaram qualitativamente o formato no grupo controle. Conclusões: O novo implante de biomaterial planocôncavo descrito aqui foi capaz de remodelar a córnea em modelo de animal ex vivo, resultando no aplanamento corneano. Novos estudos são necessários usando modelos animais in vivo para confirmar tais achados.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe cellular alterations detected by impression cytology of the ocular surface in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. The secondary objective was to assess the reliability of impression cytology in diagnosing ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Methods: Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum underwent a single-day complete ophthalmological examination and impression cytology for ocular surface evaluation using 13 mm diameter mixed cellulose esters membrane filters and combined staining with Periodic Acid Schiff, Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Papanicolaou stains followed by microscopic analysis. The cytological findings were correlated with the clinical diagnosis. The impression cytology findings at baseline and one-year follow-up were correlated with the clinical course (no tumor, treated tumor, residual tumor recurrent tumor, new tumor). Results: Of the 42 patients examined, impression cytology was performed in 62 eyes of 34 participants (65% females). The mean age of patients was 29.6 ± 17 years (range 7-62). Fifteen eyes had a clinical diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Impression cytology showed goblet cells (47, 75%), inflammatory cells (12, 19%), keratinization (5, 8%), and squamous metaplasia (30, 48%). Impression cytology was positive for atypical cells in 18 patients (12 with and 6 without ocular surface squamous neoplasia). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of impression cytology (at baseline) for diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia were 80%, 87%, 67%, and 93%, respectively, using clinical diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia as the reference standard. Conclusion: Impression cytology has a moderate positive predictive value for the diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. However, the lack of detection of atypical cells on impression cytology has a high negative predictive value for ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Integration of impression cytology in the long-term management of high-risk patients, such as patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, can avoid unnecessary diagnostic biopsies.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the pre-sence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in the ocular surface of individuals clinically suspected of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and determine the accuracy of different approaches of molecular testing on the ocular surface based on the nasopharyngeal positivity status for COVID-19. Methods: A total of 152 individuals with suspected COVID-19 symptoms who simultaneously underwent nasopharyngeal and two different tear film collection techniques for quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were included. Tears were collected and randomized: one eye had the filter strip for the Schirmer test and the contralateral eye had conjunctival swab/cytology in the inferior fornix. All patients underwent slit lamp biomicroscopy. The accuracy of various ocular surface collection techniques used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was determined. Results: Of the 152 patients enrolled in the study, 86 (56.6%) had COVID-19 confirmed by nasopharyngeal PCR. Both tear film collection techniques detected viral particles: the Schirmer test was positive in 16.3% (14/86) and the conjunctival swab/cytology in 17.4% (15/86), with no statistically significant differences. No positive ocular tests were found among those with negative nasopharyngeal PCR tests. The overall agreement of the ocular tests was 92.7%, and in combination, the sensitivity would increase to 23.2%. The mean cycle threshold values in the nasopharyngeal, Schirmer, and conjunctival swab/cytology tests were 18.2 ± 5.3, 35.6 ± 1.4, and 36.4 ± 3.9, respectively. Compared with the nasopharyngeal test, the Schirmer (p=0.001) and conjunctival swab/cytology (p<0.001) tests had significantly different Ct values. Conclusion: The Schirmer (16.3%) and conjunctival swab (17.4%) tests were comparably capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the ocular surface by RT-PCR accurately based on nasopharyngeal status and demonstrated indistinct sensitivity and specificity. Simultaneous specimen sampling and processing from the nasopharyngeal, Schirmer, and conjunctival swab/cytology tests demonstrated significantly lower viral load in both ocular surface approaches than in the nasopharyngeal test. Ocular manifestations detected by slit lamp biomicroscopy were not associated with ocular RT-PCR positivity.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a presença de RNA de coronavírus 2 causador de síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) na superfície ocular de indivíduos clinicamente suspeitos com COVID-19 e determinar a precisão de diferentes abordagens de testes moleculares na superfície ocular com base no status de positividade do RT-qPCR de nasofaringe para COVID-19. Métodos: 152 indivíduos com sintomas suspeitos para a COVID-19 foram submetidos a coleta de reação em cadeia da polimerase de nasofaringe simultaneamente a duas técnicas diferentes de coleta de filme lacrimal para RT-qPCR: aleatoriamente, um olho com a tira filtro do teste de Schirmer e, o olho contralateral, com citologia (swab) conjuntival no fórnice inferior. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda. Resultados: Dos 152 pacientes, 86 (56,6%) tiveram a COVID-19 confirmada por PCR de nasofaringe. Ambas as técnicas de coleta detectaram partículas virais: o teste de Schirmer foi positivo em 16,3% (14/86) e a citologia conjuntival em 17,4% (15/86), sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Não houve testes oculares positivos entre aqueles com reação em cadeia da polimerase de nasofaringe negativo. A concordância geral dos testes oculares foi de 92,7% e, em combinação, a sensibilidade aumentaria para 23,2%. Os valores médios do limiar de ciclo nos testes de nasofaringe, Schirmer e citologia conjuntival foram 18,2 ± 5,3, 35,6 ± 1,4 e 36,4 ± 3,9, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os testes de Schirmer (16,3%) e swab conjuntival (17,4%) foram igualmente capazes de detectar RNA de SARS-CoV-2 na superfície ocular por RT-PCR e demonstraram sensibilidade e especificidade indistintas. A coleta simultânea de amostras ao processamento dos testes de RT-PCR de nasofaringe, Schirmer e citologia (swab) conjuntival demonstraram carga viral significativamente menor em ambas as abordagens da superfície ocular em comparação com o teste de nasofaringe. As manifestações oculares detectadas pela biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda não foram claramente associadas à positividade do RT-PCR ocular.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess Meibomian gland dysfunction using meibography in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and correlate with ocular surface changes. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. All patients underwent a comprehensive and standardized interview. The best-corrected visual acuity of each eye was determined. Detailed ophthalmic examination was conducted, including biomicroscopy examination of the ocular surface, Schirmer test type I, and meibography, and fundus examination was also performed when possible. Meibomian gland dysfunction was assessed by non-contact meibography using Oculus Keratograph® 5M (OCULUS Inc., Arlington, WA, USA). Saliva samples were collected using the Oragene DNA Self-collection kit (DNA Genotek Inc., Ottawa, Canada), and DNA was extracted as recommended by the manufacturer. Factors associated with abnormal meiboscores were assessed using generalized estimating equation models. Results: A total of 42 participants were enrolled, and 27 patients underwent meibography. The meiboscore was abnormal in the upper eyelid in 8 (29.6%) patients and in the lower eyelid in 17 (62.9%). The likelihood of having abnormal meiboscores in the lower eyelid was 16.3 times greater than that in the upper eyelid. In the final multivariate model, age (p=0.001), mutation profile (p=0.006), and presence of ocular surface malignant tumor (OSMT) (p=0.014) remained significant for abnormal meiboscores. For a 1-year increase in age, the likelihood of abnormal meiboscores increased by 12%. Eyes with OSMT were 58.8 times more likely to have abnormal meiboscores than eyes without ocular surface malignant tumor. Conclusion: In the final model, age, xeroderma pigmentosum profile, previous cancer, and clinical alterations on the eyelid correlated with a meiboscore of ≥2. Meibomian gland dysfunction was common in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, mainly in the lower eyelid. The severity of Meibomian gland dysfunction increases with age and is associated with severe eyelid changes.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to alert the ophthalmic community to an atypical manifestation of ocular surface squamous neoplasia, which may delay diagnosis and treatment and result in a guarded visual prognosis and significant sequelae. A 61-year-old immunocompetent man presented with an initial diagnosis of necrotizing scleritis in the right eye for 3 months. He was treated with systemic prednisone but experienced persistent pain and low visual acuity. Conjunctival biopsy of the affected region confirmed the diagnosis of invasive ocular surface squamous neoplasia, which progressed with intraocular and orbital invasion; thus, exenteration was performed. Masquerade syndrome should be suspected in patients with nodulo-ulcerative lesions of the conjunctiva and sclera. This clinical can be more aggressive, with a greater likelihood of intraocular and orbital involvement. The earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the patient prognosis.
RESUMO O objetivo é alertar a comunidade oftalmológica sobre uma manifestação atípica de neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular (OSSN) que pode levar a um atraso no diagnóstico e tratamento, evoluindo com prognóstico reservado e significativas sequelas. Homem, imunocompetente, 61 anos com diagnóstico inicial de esclerite necrosante em olho direito há 3 meses, em tratamento com prednisona sistêmica porém com persistência da dor e baixa acuidade visual. Realizado biópsia conjuntival em região acometida e diagnosticado como neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular invasiva. Evolui com invasão intraocular e orbital sendo submetido a exenteração. Assim sendo, deve-se suspeitar de síndrome mascarada frente a um paciente com lesões nódulo-ulcerativas da conjuntiva e esclera. Essa forma clínica pode ser mais agressiva, com maior chance de comprometimento intraocular e orbital. Quanto mais precoces o diagnóstico e o tratamento, melhor o prognóstico para o paciente.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: To examine the epidemiological characteristics of children undergoing cataract surgery at a referral center in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, as well as the facts surrounding treatment delays. Methods: In this transversal observational study, 240 operated eyes from 178 children undergoing cataract surgery were reviewed. The following aspects were analyzed: epidemiological and clinical characteristics, parental observations, red reflex test, operated eye, and age at cataract diagnosis and surgery. Results: The mean ages at the first visit and cataract surgery were 48.9 months (SD=50.0 months) and 64.5 months (SD= 55.4 months), respectively. The most critical sign adverted by parents was leukocoria. The red reflex test was performed on two-thirds of the children, with abnormal results in 28.0%. A family history of cataracts was evident in 30 (20,9%) children (n=144). Previous ocular surgery was found in 37 (16,6%) of the eyes (n=223), anterior segment disorders in 20 (9,0%) eyes (n=221), strabismus in 21 (9,5%) of the eyes (n=220), and nystagmus in 38 (24,4%) of the children (n=156). Conclusions: One of the causes for the delay in admission may have been the failure to complete the red reflex. In terms of etiology, heredity was the most crucial component. The presence of strabismus and nystagmus in many of these children points to late diagnosis. The most significant impediments to adequate cataract treatment in children were the lack of referral programs and children's specialized ophthalmologic centers, in addition to the restricted number of support professionals trained in the field and pediatric ophthalmology specialists.
RESUMO Objetivos: Rever características epidemiológicas de crianças submetidas a cirurgia de catarata, em centro de referência no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e fatos associados a atrasos no tratamento. Métodos: Um total de 240 olhos submetidos a cirurgia de catarata, em 178 crianças, foram revisados neste estudo transversal observacional. Os seguintes aspectos foram analisados: características clínicas e epidemiológicas, sinais apontados pelos pais, teste do reflexo vermelho, olho operado e idade no diagnóstico e na cirurgia. Resultados: A média de idades na primeira visita e cirurgia de catarata foi de 48.9 meses (DP=50,0 meses) e 64.5 meses (DP=55.4 meses), respectivamente. O sinal mais importante apontado pelos pais foi a leucocoria. O teste do reflexo vermelho foi realizado em dois terços das crianças com resultados anormais em 28%. Histórico familiar de catarata foi evidente em 30 (20,9%) crianças (n=144). Os achados mais prevalentes em termos de histórico de problemas oculares foram: cirurgias oculares prévias em 37 (16,6%) olhos (n= 223), alterações do segmento anterior em 20 (9,0%) olhos (n=221), estrabismo em 21 (9,5%) olhos (n=220) e nistagmo em 38 (24,4%) crianças (n=156). Conclusões: Uma das causas para o atraso na admissão pode ter sido a falha em realizar o teste do reflexo vermelho, apesar de não ter sido possível verificar se todas as crianças foram submetidas ao exame. A hereditariedade foi o fator mais importante quanto à causa da catarata nessas crianças. A presença de estrabismo e nistagmo mais uma vez aponta para o diagnóstico tardio. Ausência de programas de referência e centros oftalmológicos especializados em crianças, além do número restrito de profissionais de apoio treinados na área e especialistas em oftalmologia pediátrica, foram as barreiras mais importantes para o tratamento adequado da catarata em crianças.
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ABSTRACT Monkeypox disease is a viral zoonosis with symptoms similar to those seen in the past in smallpox (variola), although clinically less severe. Following the eradication of smallpox in 1980 and the subsequent cessation of smallpox vaccination, monkeypox has emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus from a public health standpoint. Monkeypox virus occurs primarily in central and western Africa, often in tropical forests, and has increasingly manifested in urban areas. Animal hosts include various rodents and nonhuman primates. We report the case of a patient with monkeypox disease who developed ocular complaints (eye discomfort and conjunctivitis) and had detectable conjunctival lesions on biomicroscopy and fluorescein testing. Its ophthalmological manifestations are still poorly known.
RESUMO Varíola do Macaco é uma zoonose viral com sintomas semelhantes aos observados no passado em pacientes com Varíola, embora seja clinicamente menos grave. Com a erradicação da varíola em 1980 e a subsequente cessação da vacinação contra a varíola, a varíola dos macacos emergiu como o ortopoxvírus mais importante em saúde pública. O vírus monkeypox ocorre principalmente na África central e ocidental, muitas vezes nas proximidades de florestas tropicais, e tem se manifestado cada vez mais em áreas urbanas. Os hospedeiros animais incluem uma variedade de roedores e primatas não humanos. O presente estudo relata o caso de um paciente com Monkeypox que evoluiu com queixa oftalmológica de desconforto ocular e conjuntivite e, à biomicroscopia e teste da fluoresceína, detecção de lesões conjuntivais. Alterações oftalmológicas da doença são, ainda, pouco conhecidas.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze patient data and the laboratory results of corneal samples collected from patients followed at the Ophthalmology Department, Hospital São Paulo, Brazil over a 30-year period, and correlate the analize with contact lens wearing. Methods: Corneal samples from patients diagnosed clinically with microbial keratitis between January 1987 and December 2016 were included in this study. Cultures that were positive for bacteria, fungi, and Acanthamoeba spp. were analyzed retrospectively. To ascertain if the number of patients with contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis (as a risk factor for microbial infection) changed over time, the analysis was divided into three decades: 1987-1996, 1997-2006, and 2007-2016. Information pertaining to patient gender and age, as well as type of organism isolated, were compared among these periods. Results: The corneal samples of 10.562 patients with a clinical diagnosis of microbial keratitis were included in the study, among which 1.848 cases were related to the use of contact lenses. The results revealed that the frequency of contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis increased over the last two decades. Overall, females had contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis more frequently (59.5%). Patients aged 19-40 years also had contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis more frequently in all study periods. Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were the most frequent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, in the microbial keratitis groups. Among the fungal cases of microbial keratitis, filamentous fungi were the most frequent fungi over the entire study period, with Fusarium spp. being the most frequent fungi in the group with microbial keratitis not associated with contact lens wearing (p<0.001). Samples positive for Acanthamoeba spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were significantly correlated with contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis (p<0.001). Conclusions: Females and young adults aged 19-40 years exhibited the highest frequency of contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis in our study. Staphylococcus spp. and Fusarium spp. were the predominant bacteria and fungi, respectively, isolated from corneal samples. Pseudomonas spp. and Acanthamoeba spp. were significantly correlated with contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis in this study.
RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar da dos epidemiológicos de pacientes e resultados laboratoriais para todas as amostras de córnea coletadas de pacientes atendidos no Departamento de Oftalmologia do Hospital São Paulo, Brasil, durante um período de 30 anos e correlacionar com o uso de lentes de contato. Métodos: Amostras de córnea de pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de ceratite microbiana (de janeiro de 1987 a dezembro de 2016) foram incluídas neste estudo. Resultados laboratoriais para culturas positivas para bactérias, fungos e Acanthamoeba spp. foram analisados retrospectivamente. Para verificar se o número de pacientes com ceratite microbiana associada à lente de contato, fator de risco para infecção microbiana, mudou ao longo do tempo, a análise foi dividida em três décadas: 1987-1996, 1997-2006 e 2007-2016. As informações incluindo o sexo do paciente, idade e tipo de organismo isolado foram comparadas entre os períodos. A análise estatística foi realizada no software SAS/STAT 9.3 e SPSS (v20.0). Resultados: Amostras de córnea de 10.562 pacientes com ceratite microbiana foram incluídas no estudo, das quais 1.848 foram relacionadas ao uso de lentes de contato. Os resultados revelaram que a frequência de ceratite microbiana associada à lente de contato aumentou nas últimas duas décadas analisadas. No geral, os homens compreendiam uma proporção maior do grupo ceratite microbiana não associada à lente de contato (CMNLC) (60,3%) e as mulheres eram mais frequentes no grupo ceratite microbiana associada à lente de contato (59,5%). Pacientes com idade entre 19 e 40 anos foram mais frequentemente observados no grupo ceratite microbiana associada à lente de contato em todos os períodos. Staphylococcus spp. foi a bactéria Gram-positiva mais frequentes, enquanto Pseudomonas spp. foi a bactéria Gram-negativa nos grupos ceratite microbiana. Entre os fungos ceratite microbiana, os fungos filamentosos foram os fungos mais frequentes durante todo o período do estudo, com Fusarium spp. sendo o mais frequente no grupo ceratite microbiana não associada à lente de contato. Acanthamoeba spp. e Pseudomonas spp. amostras positivas foram significativamente correlacionadas com ceratite microbiana associada à lente de contato. Conclusões: A maior prevalência de ceratite microbiana associada à lente de contato no nosso estudo foi observada em mulheres e adultos jovens com idade entre 19 e 40 anos. Staphylococcus spp. e Fusarium spp. foram as bactérias e fungos predominantes isolados nas amostras da córnea. Pseudomonas spp. e Acanthamoeba spp. foram significativamente correlacionados a ceratite microbiana associada à lente de contato neste estudo.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the use of preoperative steroid eyedrops in glaucoma patients undergoing trabeculectomy for ocular surface disease. Methods: A total of 31 eyes of 31 glaucoma patients were included. Only glaucoma patients who had been using at least three topical intraocular pressure-lowering medications for longer than 6 months were included. All patients were treated with loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension 0.5% four times per day for 1 week before trabeculectomy. Data from baseline (day of surgery) and the follow-up visit (2 weeks after surgery) were included. All patients underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination. Ocular surface disease was evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire and clinical measures, including tear breakup time, conjunctival hyperemia, and biomicroscopy to detect the presence or absence of keratitis. Ocular Surface Disease Index scores greater than 13 indicated a clinically relevant presence of ocular surface disease. In addition, all patients underwent keratograph analysis. The comparison of ocular surface disease before and after trabeculectomy was assessed using a paired test. Results: The mean age of the glaucoma patients was 69.90 ± 10.77 years. The average visual acuity was 0.40 ± 0.34 logMAR. The overall Ocular Surface Disease Index prevalence rate was 27.20 ± 17.56 units. Clinical assessment revealed no significant difference in bulbar redness, breakup time, or keratitis before and after surgery (p>0.05 for all comparisons). Keratograph analysis showed that the only two parameters that were significantly different before and after trabeculectomy ewere the bulbar redness by keratograph (BR-K) and the average noninvasive tear breakup time. Patients presented more conjunctival hyperemia and shorter noninvasive tear breakup time after trabeculectomy as compared with before surgery (p=0.013 and p=0.041, respectively). Conclusions: The present study not only confirms the high prevalence of clinical findings of ocular surface disease in glaucoma patients but also reveals new objective parameters measured by keratograph analysis. Apart from using loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension 0.5% 1 week before the surgery, our sample presented a worsening of conjunctival hyperemia (bulbar redness by keratograph) and also a shorter noninvasive tear breakup time postoperatively.
RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a ação de colírios esteróides na doença de superfície ocular em pacientes a serem submetidos a cirurgia de trabeculectomia. Métodos: Foram incluídos 31 olhos de 31 pacientes com glaucoma em uso de pelo menos 3 medicações tópicas anti- hipertensivas há mais de 6 meses. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com colírio de etabonato de loteprednol 0,5% (1 gota a cada 6 horas) durante os 7 dias precedentes à cirurgia de trabeculectomia. Além disso, foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo e responderam questionário validado que visa avaliar parâmetros subjetivos correlacionados a doenças da superfície ocular (Ocular Surface Disease Index). Os aspectos clínicos avaliados foram: tempo de ruptura lacrimal, coloração da córnea após colírio de fluoresceína (ceratite) e hiperemia conjuntival. Os pacientes foram, ainda, submetidos à análise da superfície ocular através de novo software tecnológico denominado "Keratographic", tecnologia não invasiva que permite avaliar a doença da superfície ocular. A comparação da doença de superfície ocular antes e após a trabeculectomia foi avaliada estatisticamente através do teste pareado. Resultados: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 69,90 ± 10,77 anos. A AV média foi de 0,40 ± 0,34 logMAR. A taxa de prevalência global da Ocular Surface Disease Index foi de 27,20 ± 17,56 unidades. Em relação à avaliação clínica, não houve diferença significativa em relação hiperemia, ruptura lacrimal e ceratite antes e após a cirurgia (p>0,05 para todas as comparações). Em relação à análise com o "keratograph (menisco lacrimal, hiperemia, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, meibografia para a pálpebra superior e inferior), os dois únicos parâmetros que diferiram significativamente antes e após a trabeculectomia, foram hiperemia e a média do tempo de rupture do filme lacrimal. Após a cirurgia de trabeculectomia, os pacientes apresentaram aumento da hiperemia conjuntival e diminuição do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (p=0,013 e p=0,041, respectivamente). Conclusões: O presente estudo, não somente confirma a elevada prevalência da doença de superfície ocular em pacientes com glaucoma, como também demonstra que a mesma pode ser mensurada objetivamente através de parâmetros mensurados pelo Keratograph. Apesar de ter utilizado etabonato de loteprednol 0,5% uma semana antes da cirurgia, nossa amostra apresentou piora da hiperemia conjuntival e diminuição no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal no pós-operatório.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Middle Aged , Trabeculectomy , Glaucoma , Ophthalmic Solutions , Steroids , Glaucoma/surgery , Prospective Studies , Intraocular PressureABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To map the number and geospatial distribution of Brazilian long-term care facilities (LTCFs) for older adults. Additionally, we sought to highlight the relationship between these findings and the number of older people in the country's 27 Federation Units, demonstrating the growth of these facilities in the last decade. METHODS: This is a descriptive observational study, using secondary data, which was performed in 3 stages: 1) searching and consolidating national and subnational data from different sources and mapping LTCFs; 2) preparing a geospatial map using Brazilian postal codes; and 3) triangulating the number of facilities and of older people in each state and all 5 Brazilian regions. RESULTS: We found 7029 LTCFs in the country, mostly in the Southeast and South regions: São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul had the highest numbers of facilities while states in the North region represented only 1.12% of Brazilian LTCFs. Geospatial mapping highlighted that 64% of the 5 570 Brazilian municipalities did not have any LTCFs for older adults. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a large difference between Brazilian regions regarding the provision of long-term care.
OBJETIVOS: Mapeamento do número e distribuição geoespacial das Instituições de Longa Permanência para idosos (ILPI) brasileiras. Além disso, procuramos destacar a relação entre estes resultados e o número de pessoas idosas nas 27 unidades de da federação, exibindo o crescimento dessas instalações na última década. METODOLOGIA: Estudo observacional descritivo, a partir de dados secundários, realizado em 3 etapas: 1) pesquisa e consolidação de dados nacionais e subnacionais de diferentes fontes e mapeamento de ILPI; 2) elaboração de mapa geoespacial utilizando o código de endereço postal do Brasil, e 3) triangulação do número de instituições com dados sobre o número dos idosos em cada estado e nas cinco regiões brasileiras. RESULTADOS: Encontramos 7.029 ILPI no país, principalmente nas regiões Sudeste e Sul: São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Rio Grande do Sul tiveram o maior número de instalações, enquanto os estados da região Norte representavam apenas 1,12% das ILPI brasileiras. O mapeamento geoespacial destacou que 64% dos 5 570 municípios brasileiros não possuem ILPI para os idosos. CONCLUSÕES: Observamos uma grande diferença no Brasil em relação à prestação de cuidados de longa duração.
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Social Determinants of Health , Health Inequities , Health Services Needs and Demand , Homes for the Aged/supply & distribution , Geography, MedicalABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the impact of ocular changes between systemic treatment with doxycycline and low-dose oral isotretinoin in patients with moderate-to-severe papulopustular rosacea. Methods: Patients were randomized to receive either isotretinoin 0.3-0.4 mg/kg (group A) or doxycycline 100 mg/day (group B) for 16 weeks. Ocular symptoms were searched and evaluated, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Schirmer test, breakup time, rose bengal staining score, and meibomian gland dysfunction grading. The patients were retested at the end of treatment. Results: The present study included 39 patients (30 females and 9 males). Best-corrected visual acuity was > 20/30 in >90% of patients in both groups and did not change after treatment. After treatment, improvement in ocular symptoms and meibomian gland dysfunction was more pronounced in group B (p<0.05); the other parameters did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Doxycycline improved meibomian gland dysfunction, ocular symptoms, and ocular surface in patients with rosacea. Even though some patients experienced worsening meibomian gland dysfunction and symptoms, no subject experienced any serious complications after administration of low-dose isotretinoin.
RESUMO Objetivos: Comparar o impacto das alterações oculares entre o tratamento sistêmico de doxiciclina e isotretinoína em baixa dosagem em pacientes com rosácea papulopustulosa moderada a grave. Métodos: Os pacientes form randomizados para receber isotretinoína 0,3 a 0,4 mg/kg (grupo A) ou doxiciclina 100mg/dia (grupo B) por 16 semanas. Os sintomas oculares foram pesquisados e avaliados, incluindo melhor acuidade visual corrigida, teste de Schirmer, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, coloração de rosa bengala e graduação da disfunção de glândula de Meibomius. Os pacientes foram novamente testados no final do tratamento. Resultados: O presente estudo incluiu 39 pacientes (30 mulheres e 9 homens). A melhor acuidade visual corrigida foi >20/30 em >90% dos pacientes em ambos os grupos e não se alterou após o tratamento. A melhora dos sintomas oculares e da disfunção de glândula de Meibomius foi mais pronunciada no grupo B (p<0,05) após o tratamento; as demais variáveis não atingiram significância estatística. Conclusão: A doxiciclina melhorou a disfunção de glândula de Meibomius, os sintomas oculares e a superfície ocular de pa cientes com rosácea. Mesmo que alguns pacientes tenham piorado a disfunção e os sintomas da glândula de Meibomius, nenhum indivíduo apresentou complicações graves após a admi nistração de baixas doses de isotretinoína.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Isotretinoin/administration & dosage , Doxycycline/administration & dosage , Rosacea/drug therapy , Dermatologic Agents/administration & dosage , Meibomian Gland Dysfunction/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Severity of Illness Index , Visual Acuity , Administration, Oral , Treatment Outcome , Rosacea/physiopathology , Eye/drug effects , Meibomian Gland Dysfunction/physiopathology , Meibomian Glands/drug effectsABSTRACT
Objetivo identificar os motivos da recusa de córneas. Método estudo transversal, retrospectivo, descritivo e correlacional, composto por 5.560 córneas ópticas. As informações foram extraídas do banco de dados da Central de Notificação, Captação e Doação de Órgãos (CNCDO), bem como de prontuários de doadores. A estatística descritiva foi utilizada para a análise das variáveis categóricas e testes específicos, com nível de significância de 5% para avaliar as associações entre as variáveis. Este estudo atendeu aos aspectos éticos da pesquisa científica. Resultados 60% dos doadores eram do sexo masculino e 40% morreram por problemas circulatórios. Os principais motivos de recusa informados pelas equipes de transplante são a idade do doador e a contagem de células endoteliais. Para cada ano adicionado à idade do doador, há uma redução de 1% na chance de que essa córnea seja usada para transplante, e para cada acréscimo de 100 células por mm2 aumenta as chances de que essa córnea seja usada em 9%. Conclusão a principal causa de recusa na aceitação do tecido corneano está relacionada à idade e à contagem de células endoteliais.
Objective to identify the reasons for refusal of corneas. Method this was a cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and correlational study composed of 5,560 optical corneas. The information was taken from the notification, organ procurement and distribution centers database as well as donor records. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of categorical variables and specific tests with a significance level of 5% for assessing the associations between variables. This study met the ethical aspects of scientific research. Results 60% of the donors were male and 40% died by circulatory problems. The main reason for refusal as informed by transplant teams is the donor's age and the endothelial cell count. For each year added to the donor's age, there is a 1% decrease in the chance that this cornea will be used for transplantation, and the increase of 100 cells per mm2 increases the chances that this cornea will be used by 9%. Conclusion the main cause of refusal in the acceptance of corneal tissue is related to the age and the endothelial cell count.
Objetivo identificar los motivos para el rechazo de córneas. Método estudio transversal, retrospectivo, descriptivo y correlacional, compuesto por 5.560 córneas ópticas. La información se obtuvo de la bases de datos de Centros de Notificación, Obtención de Órganos y Distribución, así como de los registros de los donantes. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas para analizar las variables categóricas y pruebas específicas con un nivel de significación de 5%, para evaluar las asociaciones entre variables. Este estudio contempla los aspectos éticos de una investigación científica. Resultados el 60% de los donantes eran hombres y el 40% falleció por problemas circulatorios. La principal razón del rechazo, informada por los equipos de trasplante, es la edad del donante y el recuento de las células endoteliales. Por cada año agregado a la edad del donante, existe una disminución de 1% en la probabilidad de que la córnea pueda ser utilizada para trasplante; el aumento de 100 células por mm2 aumenta la posibilidad de que esta córnea será usada por 9%. Conclusión la principal causa de rechazo en la aceptación del tejido corneal está relacionada con la edad y el recuento de células endoteliales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Tissue Transplantation/standards , Corneal Transplantation/standards , Cornea/anatomy & histology , Organ Preservation/standards , Quality Control , Time Factors , Tissue Donors/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Medical Waste Disposal , Tissue and Organ Harvesting/standards , Correlation of Data , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com dois objetivos, (1) verificar se parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos do mel de abelhas sem ferrão produzido em comunidades tradicionais do município de Boa Vista do Ramos atendem a legislação vigente, (2) comparar parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos de amostras de mel de abelhas sem ferrão coletadas diretamente das colônias, de amostras recebidas na agroindústria para posterior processamento. Foram coletas nove amostras de mel de cinco comunidades ribeirinhas e oito amostras da agroindústria. As características físico-químicas e microbiológicas avaliadas foram: pH, umidade, acidez titulável total, cinzas totais, sólidos insolúveis em água, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, bolores e levedura. Os resultados médios e devios padrões do pH, umidade, acidez, cinzas e sólidos insolúveis das amostras de mel coletadas diretamente dos potes de mel foram: 3,2±0,17; 26,9±1,22; 27,02± 13,57; 0,49±0,04; 0,06±0,02, respectivamente. Os mesmos parâmetros avaliados de amostras coletadas da agroindústria foram: 3,26 ±0,14; 26,34±1,00; 28,59±7,51; 0,49±0,05 e 0,07±0,01, respectivamente. Não houve crescimento de coliformes a 35ºC e 45ºC. A média de bolores e leveduras das amostras coletadas diretamente das colônias foi de 3,2 x 10³ est. e da agroindústria de 3,4 X 10³ est. Estatisticamente essas contagens não apresentam diferença. Portanto, conclui-se que as amostras de mel de abelha sem ferrão coletadas atenderam a legislação vigente, e a forma de acondicionamento e transporte do mel não afetou os parâmetros analisados.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chemical Phenomena/legislation & jurisprudence , Honey/analysis , Honey/microbiology , Honey/standards , BeekeepingABSTRACT
Dentre os produtos regionais derivados do leite produzidos na cidade de Parintins, Estado do Amazonas, destaca-se o queijo de manteiga, amplamente consumido pela população local. A produção rural de queijos participa consideravelmente na economia, exclusivamente de forma informal, do município, sendo extremamente significativa na formação de renda dos produtores de leite. Porém, esses produtores não contam com tecnologias apropriadas. O levantamento de informações relativas às técnicas de processamento auxiliará na otimização do processo de fabricação e na melhoria da qualidade sem promover a descaracterização do produto que, obtido tradicionalmente, é possuir de grande popularidade. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as condições de processamento do queijo de manteiga produzido por produtores familiares do município de Parintins. Análises físico-químicas também foram realizadas. As análises demonstraram que os produtos não possuem padronização. Os resultados desse estudo indicam a necessidade de prover orientação técnica aos produtores, para a adequação dos produtos, processos e instalações, e estabelecer procedimentos adequados de higiene e sanificação, para obtenção de produtos com maior competitividade, qualidade e segurança alimentar.
Subject(s)
Workflow , Butter , Food Production , Cheese/analysis , Chemical PhenomenaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to explore the association between milk protein content and casein micelle size and to examine the effects of casein micelle size on enzymatic curd strength and dry matter curd yield using reduced laboratory-scale cheese production. In this research, 140 bulk tank milk samples were collected at dairy farms. The traits were analyzed using two linear models, including only fixed effects. Smaller micelles were associated with higher κ-casein and lower αs-casein contents. The casein micellar size (in the absence of the αs-casein and κ-casein effects) did not affect the enzymatic curd strength; however, smaller casein micelles combined with higher fat, lactose, casein and κ-casein contents exhibited a favorable effect on the dry matter curd yield. Overall, results of the present study provide new insights into the importance of casein micelle size for optimizing cheese production.
RESUMO: Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de investigar a associação da composição proteica do leite com o tamanho das micelas de caseína, e o efeito do TMCN sobre a firmeza do coágulo enzimático e da produção de massa seca do coágulo produzido em escala reduzida. Foram coletadas 140 amostras de leite cru de diferentes fazendas. Os dados foram analisados usando dois modelos lineares, incluindo somente efeitos fixos. Menores micelas de caseína foram associadas com maior conteúdo de k-caseína e menor conteúdo de αs-caseína. O tamanho das micelas de caseína sem o efeito da αs-caseína e k-caseína não apresentou efeito sobre a firmeza do coágulo, porém apresentou efeito significatico sobre a produção de massa seca do coágulo. Esses resultados demonstram a importância do tamanho das micelas de caseína para otimizar a produção de queijo.