ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Recent meta-analyses have found immersive technology to be effective for training, yet there is limited research on user experience with head-mounted displays (HMDs) in the medical domain. If emerging immersive displays do not meet usability standards in the context of healthcare simulation, the technology may cause frustration or hinder learning outcomes. This is the first experimental comparison of usability in commercial untethered, "all-in-one" HMDs for healthcare simulation. METHODS: The usability and comfort of three commercial untethered HMDs (Oculus Go, Oculus Quest, and Lenovo Mirage Solo) were tested using a randomized within-person design such that each headset was evaluated by all participants in a random sequence. During the experiment, participants (n = 9) interacted with a simulated healthcare environment in each headset and then responded to usability and comfort surveys. RESULTS: All of the HMDs were rated as having higher than average usability compared with an industry benchmark scale, the System Usability Scale. Only one of the headsets had a usability rating in the highest range, which was significantly higher than the lowest rated headset ( P = 0.047, Cohen d = 0.901). In addition, feelings of discomfort with the headsets were low, and comfort ratings did not differ significantly between headsets ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Untethered HMDs had acceptable user experience ratings during a healthcare simulation task, but some headsets were rated higher on usability. Because usability is important for learner engagement and training outcomes, educators should confirm that immersive displays meet usability standards before implementation.