Forensic Validation and Application Evaluation of IDentifier DNA Typing Kit (Yan-Huang34).

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the technical performance of IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) and evaluate its forensic application value. METHODS: Following the Criterion of Forensic Science Human Fluorescence STR Multiplex Amplification Reagent (GB/T 37226-2018), IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) was verified in 11 aspects of species specificity, veracity, sensibility, adaptability, inhibitor tolerance, consistency, balance, reaction condition verification, mixed samples, stability and inter batch consistency. The system efficiency of IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) was compared with the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C System, VersaPlex® 27PY System and VeriFilerTM Plus PCR Amplification Kit. The IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) was used to detect the swabs of biological samples in daily cases and the STR performances were observed. RESULTS: IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) had good species specificity, veracity, adaptability, inhibitor tolerance and balance. The sensibility was up to 0.062 5 ng. It was able to detect different types of samples, degraded samples and inhibitor mixed samples. Complete DNA typing could be obtained for samples with the mixture ratio less than 4∶1. The system efficiency of IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) was very high, with TDP up to 1-1.08×10-37, CPEtrio and CPEduo up to 1-5.47×10-14 and 1-6.43×10-9, respectively. For the touched biological samples in actual cases, the effective detection rate was 21.05%. The system efficiency of kinship, single parent and full sibling identifications was effectively improved. CONCLUSIONS: The IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) is adaptive to the GB/T 37226-2018 requirements. It can be used for individual identification and paternity identification, and is suitable for application in the field of forensic science.

A rabbit pulmonary vein myocyte isolation method based on simultaneous heart and pulmonary vein perfusion.

Myocytes in the pulmonary veins (PV) play a pivotal role in the development of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). It is therefore important to understand physiological characteristics of these cells. Studies on these cells are, however, markedly impeded by the fact that single PV myocytes are very difficult to obtain due to lack of effective isolation methods. In this study, we described a novel PV myocyte isolation method. The key aspect of this method is to establish a combination of retrograde heart perfusion (via the aorta) and anterograde PV perfusion (via the pulmonary artery). With this simultaneous perfusion method, a better perfusion of the PV myocytes can be obtained. As results, the output and viability of single myocytes isolated by simultaneous heart and PV perfusion method were increased compared with those in conventional retrograde heart perfusion method.

[Analysis and Discussion on Calculating Likelihood Ratio of DNA Mixture].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and discuss four methods of calculating likelihood ratio of DNA mixture. METHODS: In the case with CNAS-T0757 proficiency testing in 2013, the likelihood ratios were calculated and compared among four methods, including unrestricted combinatorial method, Clayton's method, p2 principle method, and recommendations from ISFG. RESULTS: The likelihood ratios were maximum by Clayton's method and recommendations from ISFO, followed by result of the unrestricted combinational method. The minimum likelihood ratio was obtained by p2 principle. CONCLUSION: The unrestricted combinational method could give fUrthest consideration to both information preservation and appraiser protection.

Cost and outcome analysis of breast reconstruction paradigm shift.

Increased bilateral mastectomy for breast cancer treatment has generated an increased demand for bilateral breast reconstruction. This study examines changing patterns of reconstruction over the last decade to accommodate increased case volume and decreased morbidity associated with reconstruction. A single institution series of 3171 consecutive breast reconstruction cases of more than 10 years was divided into 2 periods, that is, 1999 to 2004 and 2005 to 2010. Bilateral breast reconstruction case volume increased 260% from 1999 to 2004 (n = 237) to 2005 to 2010 (n = 634). Mean patient age at diagnosis decreased by 7 years (P < 0.001). In 2005 to 2010, autologous reconstruction decreased from 60% to 26%, implant-based reconstruction increased from 40% to 74%. There was a noted increase in single-stage implant reconstruction and selective application of perforator flaps for bilateral autologous reconstruction (P < 0.001). Two-staged tissue expander reconstruction accounted for the greatest share of total cost (45%) in the later period. A younger patient demographic and increased case volume were accommodated through increased single-staged and prosthesis-based procedures.

Reorganization of intrinsic functional connectivity in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients with probable REM sleep behavior disorder.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) suggest both a clinically and pathologically malignant subtype. However, whether RBD symptoms are associated with alterations in the organization of whole-brain intrinsic functional networks in PD, especially at early disease stages, remains unclear. Here we use resting-state functional MRI, coupled with graph-theoretical approaches and network-based statistics analyses, and validated with large-scale network analyses, to characterize functional brain networks and their relationship with clinical measures in early PD patients with probable RBD (PD+pRBD), early PD patients without probable RBD (PD-pRBD) and healthy controls. Thirty-six PD+pRBD, 57 PD-pRBD and 71 healthy controls were included in the final analyses. The PD+pRBD group demonstrated decreased global efficiency (t = -2.036, P = 0.0432) compared to PD-pRBD, and decreased network efficiency, as well as comprehensively disrupted nodal efficiency and whole-brain networks (all eight networks, but especially in the sensorimotor, default mode and visual networks) compared to healthy controls. The PD-pRBD group showed decreased nodal degree in right ventral frontal cortex and more affected edges in the frontoparietal and ventral attention networks compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the assortativity coefficient was negatively correlated with Montreal cognitive assessment scores in the PD+pRBD group (r = -0.365, P = 0.026, d = 0.154). The observation of altered whole-brain functional networks and its correlation with cognitive function in PD+pRBD suggest reorganization of the intrinsic functional connectivity to maintain the brain function in the early stage of the disease. Future longitudinal studies following these alterations along disease progression are warranted.

[DNA extraction from bones and teeth using AutoMate Express forensic DNA extraction system].

OBJECTIVE: To explore a new method in order to extract DNA from bones and teeth automatically. METHODS: Samples of 33 bones and 15 teeth were acquired by freeze-mill method and manual method, respectively. DNA materials were extracted and quantified from the triturated samples by AutoMate Express forensic DNA extraction system. RESULTS: DNA extraction from bones and teeth were completed in 3 hours using the AutoMate Express forensic DNA extraction system. There was no statistical difference between the two methods in the DNA concentration of bones. Both bones and teeth got the good STR typing by freeze-mill method, and the DNA concentration of teeth was higher than those by manual method. CONCLUSION: AutoMate Express forensic DNA extraction system is a new method to extract DNA from bones and teeth, which can be applied in forensic practice.

Chloroplast proteostasis: A story of birth, life, and death.

Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of their genetic information to the nucleus of the host cell, many protein complexes in the chloroplasts are constituted from subunits encoded by both genomes. Hence, the proper function of chloroplasts relies on the coordinated expression of chloroplast- and nucleus-encoded genes. The biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplast proteostasis are dependent on synthesis of chloroplast-encoded proteins, import of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins from the cytosol, and clearance of damaged or otherwise undesired "old" proteins. This review focuses on the regulation of chloroplast proteostasis, its interaction with proteostasis of the cytosol, and its retrograde control over nuclear gene expression. We also discuss significant issues and perspectives for future studies and potential applications for improving the photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance of crops.

Ethylidene-Tethered Chromene-Pyrone Hybrids as Potential Plant-Growth Regulators from an Endolichenic Phaeosphaeria Species.

Phaeosphaeria sp., a lichen-associated fungus, produced six skeletally new dimeric spiciferones (1-6) and four known metabolites (7-10). The new structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compounds 1 and 3-6 represent the first examples of ethylidene-bridged dimers from the building blocks 4H-chromene-4,7(8H)-dione and α-pyrone, and 2 is a unique homodimer of spiciferone. Compounds 1, 2, and 5-9 significantly inhibited the growth of weed-like dicot Arabidopsis thaliana at 100.0 µM. Notably, 8 showed the strongest inhibitory activity against the fresh weight and root elongation of A. thaliana with the IC50 values of 32.04 and 26.78 µM, respectively, whereas 1, 8, and 9 stimulated the growth of A. thaliana at lower concentrations. Meanwhile, compounds 2 and 6 exhibited weak inhibitory effects on the root elongation of monocot rice, while 1 and 8 exhibited growth-promoting effects on the shoot and root elongation of rice in a roughly dose-dependent manner.

Effect of epidural block on 24-hour urine protein in pregnant rat models with preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of epidural block on 24-hour urine protein in rat with preeclampsia (PE). METHODS: Thirty healthy pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (each group with 10 rats). From the 14th day of pregnancy, the rats in Group A were given subcutaneous normal saline (0.5 ml) every day in a total of 7 days; the rats in Group B were given subcutaneous L: -nitroarginomethyl ester (L: -NAME) (50 mg) every day in a total of 7 days; and the rats in Group C both were given subcutaneous L: -NAME (50 mg) every day and underwent epidural block with 25 µl of 0.125 % bupivacaine twice every day all in a total of 7 days. The 24-hour urine protein and systolic blood pressure on the 13th and 20th day of pregnancy were measured. RESULTS: On the 13th day of pregnancy, there was no statistical significant difference in 24-hour urine protein and systolic blood pressure between the three groups (P > 0.05). On the 20th day of pregnancy, 24-hour urine protein and systolic blood pressure all were higher in Group B and C than in Group A (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05)) and all were lower in Group C than in Group B (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Epidural block can decrease 24-hour urine protein and systolic blood pressure in pregnant rat models with PE. This study provides a potential strategy for treatment of PE.

[Clinical study of kidney injury molecule-1 in the treatment of sepsis patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in urine and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHEII) score, and the prognosis in the patients suffered from sepsis. METHODS: In the perspective study, 56 patients in intensive care unit (ICU) from March 2010 to September 2011 suffered from sepsis were enrolled and treated according to the early goal-directed therapy (EGDT). The patients were divided into two groups according to the perform in EGDT or not within 6 hours (groupI, group II). Monitoring included APACHEII score, KIM-1, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) at before resuscitation (T0), 6 hours after resuscitation (T6 h), and 1 day (T1 d), 2 days (T2 d), 3 days (T3 d), 4 days (T4 d) and 5 days (T5 d) after ICU admission. According to the 28-day prognosis, all the patients were divided into survival group or death group. RESULTS: The value of APACHEII score, urine KIM-1, BUN and Cr in groupI(n=30), decreased after fluid resuscitation and decreased to the lowest at T5 d. The value of APACHEII score, urine KIM-1, BUN and Cr in groupII(n=26), increased after failure of fluid resuscitation and increased to the highest at T5 d. The value of APACHEII score at T2 d and urine KIM-1 at T1 d in groupII were significantly higher than those in groupI (APACHEII score: 26.35±6.18 vs. 13.25±4.72, urine KIM-1: 4.721±1.432 µg/L vs. 0.909±0.325 µg/L, both P<0.05). The mortality in groupI was significantly lower than that in group II [10.0% (3/30) vs. 73.1% (19/26), P<0.05]. The value of APACHEII score, urine KIM-1, BUN and Cr in survival group (n=34) decreased with the clinical condition improved and decreased to the lowest at T5 d, while the value of APACHEII score, urine KIM-1, BUN and Cr in death group (n=22) increased and increased to the highest at T5 d. The value of APACHEII score at T1 d, and urine KIM-1 at T6 d in death group were significantly higher than those in survival group (APACHEII score:26.39±8.95 vs. 14.27±5.11, urine KIM-1:3.134±1.117 µg/L vs. 1.447±0.472 µg/L, both P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: KIM-1 in urine could be a good index for evaluation of sepsis, and it is helpful to understand the disease development by continuous surveillance. It is very important for the appraisal of prognosis, development and prognosis in sepsis, combined with APACHEII score.

[Application and progress of RNA in forensic science].

With the development of molecular biology, the evidences of genetics has been used widely in forensic sciences. DNA technology has played an important role in individual identification and paternity testing, RNA technology is showing more and more wide application in prospect. This article reviews the application and progress of RNA in forensic science including estimation of postmortem interval, bloodstain age, wound age, as well as determination of cause of death and the source of body fluids.

The effects of hyperglycemia on the biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts on a titanium surface.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that diabetes mellitus is one of the high-risk factors for periodontitis and also for the failure of implant restorations. Usually, the success of an implant restoration depends on both the good osseointegration and the stable soft tissue interface on the implant neck. A good gingival interface of the implant neck is the barrier that enables implant to resist oral microorganisms and the site of initiation of peri-implantitis. This study sought to investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on the attachment and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) on pure titanium surfaces. METHODS: HGFs were cultured in cell culture mediums with different glucose concentrations (i.e., 5.5, 8. 8, 10, and 15 mmol/L) for 7 d and seeded on pure titanium surfaces. The cells that were seeded on the titanium surfaces had been cultured in cell culture mediums with different glucose concentrations for 3 and 7 d. The attached HGFs on the titanium surfaces were counted for all groups using a blood cell counting plate, and the results were statistically analyzed. The morphologies of the attached HGFs on the titanium surfaces were observed for all the groups using a scanning electronic microscope. RESULTS: As the glucose concentrations increased, the number of attached HGFs on the titanium surfaces decreased. The numbers of attached cells in Groups A and B 7 d after being seeded on the titanium surfaces were more than those 3 d after being seeded (P<0.05). The numbers of attached cells in Groups C and D 3 d after being seeded on the titanium were more than those 7 d after being seeded (P<0.05). The scanning electronic microscope showed that the attached cells in Groups A and B proliferated well, and most cells grew one on top of another. Conversely, the attached cells in Groups C and D proliferated sparsely and the cell morphologies were not good. CONCLUSIONS: The attachment and proliferation of HGFs on pure titanium surfaces were inhibited by increases in glucose concentrations, and the inhibition was further enhanced by the passage of time.

Structurally Diverse Sesquiterpenoids with Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity from the Endolichenic Fungus Cryptomarasmius aucubae.

Two new sterpurane sesquiterpenoids named sterpurol D (1) and sterpurol E (2), and one skeletally new sesquiterpene, cryptomaraone (3), bearing a 5,6-fused bicyclic ring system, along with five known ones, sterpurol A (4), sterpurol B (5), paneolilludinic Acid (6), murolane-2α, 9ß-diol-3-ene (7) and (-)-10,11-dihydroxyfarnesol (8) were isolated from an endolichenic fungus Cryptomarasmius aucubae. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of NMR spectroscopic spectra and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were established by spectroscopic data analysis and comparison of specific optical rotation, as well as the biosynthetic consideration. Additionally, compounds 1, 2, 4-6, and 8 showed significant nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells with the IC50 values ranging from 9.06 to 14.81 µM.

Hyposmotic challenge modulates function of L-type calcium channel in rat ventricular myocytes through protein kinase C.

AIM: To study the effects and mechanisms by which hyposmotic challenge modulate function of L-type calcium current (I(Ca,L)) in rat ventricular myocytes. METHODS: The whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to record I(Ca,L) in rat ventricular myocytes. RESULTS: Hyposmotic challenge(∼220 mosmol/L) induced biphasic changes of I(Ca,L), a transient increase followed by a sustained decrease. I(Ca,L) increased by 19.1%±6.1% after short exposure (within 3 min) to hyposmotic solution. On the contrary, long hyposmotic challenge (10 min) decreased I(Ca,L) to 78.1%±11.0% of control, caused the inactivation of I(Ca,L), and shifted the steady-state inactivation curve of I(Ca,L) to the right. The decreased I(Ca,L) induced by hyposmotic swelling was reversed by isoproterenol or protein kinase A (PKA) activator foskolin. Hyposmotic swelling also reduced the stimulated I(Ca,L) by isoproterenol or foskolin. PKA inhibitor H-89 abolished swelling-induced transient increase of I(Ca,L), but did not affect the swelling-induced sustained decrease of I(Ca,L). NO donor SNAP and protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS did not interfere with swelling-induced biphasic changes of I(Ca,L). Protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA decreased I(Ca,L) and hyposmotic solution with PMA reverted the decreased I(Ca,L) by PMA. PKC inhibitor BIM prevented the swelling-induced biphasic changes of I(Ca,L). CONCLUSION: Hyposmotic challenge induced biphasic changes of I(Ca,L), a transient increase followed by a sustained decrease, in rat ventricular myocytes through PKC pathway, but not PKG pathway. PKA system could be responsible for the transient increase of I(Ca,L) during short exposure to hyposmotic solution.

Autologous cranial particulate bone grafting reduces the frequency of osseous defects after cranial expansion.

Primary autologous particulate bone grafting has been demonstrated to heal osseous defects after fronto-orbital advancement. We sought to determine if this technique was equally effective for larger defects resulting from major cranial expansion procedures. We studied children who underwent cranial expansion (other than fronto-orbital advancement) between 1989 and 2008. Defects either were left to heal spontaneously (group 1) or had autologous cranial particulate bone graft placed over dura at the time of cranial expansion (group 2). Particulate bone graft was harvested from the endocortical or ectocortical surface using a hand-driven brace and bit. Outcome variables were ossification and need for revision cranioplasty. The study included 53 children. Mean (SD) age at procedure was 12.2 (8.1) months (range, 1.0-36.0 months) for group 1 (n = 15) and 20.2 (15.1) months (range, 3.3-78.6 months) for group 2 (n = 38) (P = 0.06). There were palpable bony defects in 33.0% (n = 5) of group 1 patients versus 7.9% (n = 3) of group 2 patients (P = 0.03). Corrective cranioplasty was needed in 26.7% of group 1 patients and only 5.3% of those in group 2 (P = 0.04). Primary cranial particulate bone grafting significantly reduced the frequency of osseous defects and secondary cranioplasty following cranial remodeling.

Perioperative corticosteroid reduces hospital stay after fronto-orbital advancement.

Facial swelling is common after fronto-orbital advancement. Edema and closure of the palpebral fissures can lead to prolonged hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to determine if perioperative corticosteroid shortens hospital stay after this procedure.We retrospectively studied consecutive children younger than 2 years who underwent primary fronto-orbital advancement between 1990 and 2008. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: group 1 patients were not given corticosteroid; group 2 patients received tapered perioperative dexamethasone. Primary outcome variables included length of hospital stay and infection rate.A total of 161 patients were included in the study. Hospitalization was significantly shorter (P = 0.008) for group 2 (n = 65; median duration, 3.0 d) than group 1 (n = 96; median duration, 5.0 d). Infection rates did not differ between groups (group 1, 2.1%; group 2, 1.5%; P = 0.8).Perioperative corticosteroid shortens hospitalization after fronto-orbital advancement without increasing the incidence of postoperative infection. The cost of postoperative hospital care was reduced by 27.2%.

[Incidence of JAK2V617F mutation in myeloproliferative diseases and its clinical significance].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of JAK2V617F gene point mutation in patients with myeloproliferatives diseases (MPD) and its clinical significance. METHODS: Genomic DNA from bone marrow and peripheral blood cells were extracted from 68 patients with MPD. Allele specific polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the exon 12 of JAK2 gene which harbours V617F mutation. The PCR products were identified by DNA sequencing. JAK2V617F gene point mutation and its impact on peripheral blood cells were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of JAK2V617F mutation in 68 patients with MPD was 65.28 %. The positive rate of JAK2V617F point mutation was 77.77 % in patients with PV (36/59), 56.52 % in patients with ET (23/59) and 44.44 % in patients with IMF (4/9). In all groups, the incidence of JAK2V617F point mutation in bone marrow and peripheral blood were equal. Patients with JAK2V617F mutation in PV group had higher counts of white blood cell and hemoglobin in peripheral blood than patients without JAK2V617F point mutation (P <0.05). Patients with JAK2V617F mutation in ET group had higher counts of white blood cell than those without JAK2V617F mutation (P <0.05); there was no significant difference in platelet count. CONCLUSION: JAK2V617F point mutation can affect the hematologic features, which may be of diagnostic value for MDP with negative BCR-ABL gene.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves Parkinson's freezing of gait via normalizing brain connectivity.

Robust, effective treatments for Parkinson's freezing of gait remain elusive. Our previous study revealed beneficial effects of high-frequency rTMS over the supplementary motor area. The present study aims to explore the neural mechanisms of rTMS treatments utilizing novel exploratory multivariate approaches. We first conducted a resting-state functional MRI study with a group of 40 Parkinson's disease patients with freezing of gait, 31 without freezing of gait, and 30 normal controls. A subset of 30 patients with freezing of gait (verum group: N = 20; sham group: N = 10) who participated the aforementioned rTMS study underwent another scan after the treatments. Using the baseline scans, the imaging biomarkers for freezing of gait and Parkinson's disease were developed by contrasting the connectivity profiles of patients with freezing of gait to those without freezing of gait and normal controls, respectively. These two biomarkers were then interrogated to assess the rTMS effects on connectivity patterns. Results showed that the freezing of gait biomarker was negatively correlated with Freezing of Gait Questionnaire score (r = -0.6723, p < 0.0001); while the Parkinson's disease biomarker was negatively correlated with MDS-UPDRS motor score (r = -0.7281, p < 0.0001). After the rTMS treatment, both the freezing of gait biomarker (0.326 ± 0.125 vs. 0.486 ± 0.193, p = 0.0071) and Parkinson's disease biomarker (0.313 ± 0.126 vs. 0.379 ± 0.155, p = 0.0378) were significantly improved in the verum group; whereas no significant biomarker changes were found in the sham group. Our findings indicate that high-frequency rTMS over the supplementary motor area confers the beneficial effect jointly through normalizing abnormal brain functional connectivity patterns specifically associated with freezing of gait, in addition to normalizing overall disrupted connectivity patterns seen in Parkinson's disease.

Wide Awake Secondary Tendon Reconstruction.

The wide awake anesthesia technique is a useful tool in secondary tendon reconstruction. With active participation of the patient, the tendon repair can be adjusted appropriately to prevent repairs that are too tight or too loose. Areas of tendon scarring or triggering can be identified and released. Other advantages of active participation include reduction of gapping, ensuring adequate strength of repair, and avoiding tendon imbalances. Last, it allows intraoperative patient education and may therefore increase patient satisfaction. This article discusses how the technique can be applied to tenolysis, 2-stage tendon reconstruction, and tendon transfer.

MicroRNA­100­5p inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by regulating fibroblast growth factor 21.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are post­transcriptional regulators that serve important roles in osteoclastogenesis and bone metabolism; however, the roles of miRNAs have not been completely clarified. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of miR­100­5p on the mechanism of liver­bone endocrine metabolism. A miRNA microarray analysis was conducted to evaluate the miRNA expression profile during receptor activator of nuclear factor­κB ligand­stimulated osteoclastogenesis. Hematoxylin and eosin and tartrate­resistant acid phosphatase staining were performed to analyze the trabecular bone microstructure and osteoclast differentiation. The mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed by reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. The results revealed that in vitro osteoclast differentiation and in vivo bone resorption were suppressed by miR­100­5p overexpression. In vivo, a decrease in miR­100­5p and an increase in FGF21 were simultaneously observed in mice following ovariectomy (OVX). Bioinformatics analysis and experimental data confirmed that FGF21 was a direct target of miR­100­5p. Conversely, augmentation of miR­100­5p using a specific agomir in OVX­operated mice decreased the levels of FGF21 in the serum and liver, and prevented osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. The present study revealed that FGF21 may be a signal molecule associated with the mechanism of liver­bone endocrine metabolism and may be targeted by miR­100­5p. In addition, miR­100­5p may serve an important role in protecting against OVX­induced osteoporosis.