Spermiogram: techniques, interpretation, and prognostic value of results.

The ejaculate specimen represents an output derived from the efficiency of three essential biological events: testicular production of sperm, progression and maturation of testicular sperm through epididymides, neurophysiological integrity of the mechanisms leading to the final process of ejaculation. All three events can negatively be affected by temporary conditions in the three months up to seminal analysis (temperature, temporary/seasonal exposure to chemical substances; extended use of medicines), and so it will be negatively influenced by chronic internal conditions (diabetes, chronic liver or kidney diseases, colopathy, etc.) that will be appropriate to call again in the patient's history (anamnesis). In a diagnostic, level-based model of care, a standard semen analysis is a first level procedure (including clinical history, physical general and focused examination, semen analysis) to be performed only when male infertility is suspected, with few or without initial specific clinical indications. Beyond the limits of semen analysis, the test may be useful for the specialist (and also to the patient!) and reliable. The reliability of the semen analysis is linked to whether it is done according to the recommendations and the codified techniques of the World Health Organization (WHO) standard manual (fourth revised edition 1999). A standard semen analysis includes three operative stages: preanalytic phase; analytic phase; postanalytic phase.

The contributions of anthropology and mitochondrial DNA analysis to the identification of the human skeletal remains of the Australian outlaw Edward 'Ned' Kelly.

This paper details the anthropological and genetic analyses that contributed to the identification of the notorious Australian outlaw ('bushranger') Edward ('Ned') Kelly. In 1880 at the age of 25, Kelly was hanged and buried at the former Melbourne Gaol in Victoria, Australia. In 1929, the remains of executed prisoners (including those of Kelly) were haphazardly disinterred following the demolition of parts of the Melbourne Gaol and haphazardly reinterred in three distinct "pits" at the Pentridge Prison. In 1999 the Pentridge Prison was sold for commercial development and subsequently in 2008 and 2009 the human remains of prisoners were recovered. A total of 41 cases of unidentified human skeletal remains from Pentridge were examined using traditional anthropological techniques. At least one representative sample from each of the remains (mostly clavicles) from all three pits was selected for DNA analysis. Comparative ante-mortem reference samples were also located. Given the antiquity and condition of remains recovered from Pentridge, and the 130 years that had passed since Kelly's execution, mitochondrial DNA analysis was chosen as a suitable DNA analysis tool to examine the Pentridge cases to assist in the inclusion or exclusion of remains as being those of Ned Kelly. Only one of the Pentridge cases (Pen14) matched the HV1/HV2 mitochondrial DNA haplotype of the reference sample. Additional anthropological analyses indicated a number of pathological features that provided support that the remains of Pen14 are those of Edward ("Ned") Kelly.