Utilization of laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repair at a large hernia center in China: a single-center observational study.

BACKGROUND: The utilization of laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repair in China remains unclear. We aim to investigate the rates of laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repairs and its associated factors at a large hernia center. METHODS: Data were obtained from the front sheet of medical records of Beijing Chaoyang hospital. Adult inguinal hernia inpatients who underwent hernia repairs between 2013 and 2020 were included. We calculated the overall rates of laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repairs and compared the rate of laparoscopic repairs between different sex, age groups, types, and sides of inguinal hernias. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with the rate of laparoscopic repairs. RESULTS: 14,481 inpatients with inguinal hernia were included. 91.78% were male, 75.43% were more than 50 years, 75.20% were unilateral inguinal hernia, and 64.57% were indirect inguinal hernia. Overall, 49.47% underwent laparoscopic repairs and 50.53% underwent open repairs. Women had lower rate of laparoscopic repair than men, especially in those with unilateral hernias. Bilateral and direct inguinal hernia had higher rates of laparoscopic repair than unilateral and indirect inguinal hernia. Multivariable logistic regression showed that inpatients who were women, > 70 years, pantaloon inguinal hernia, with obstruction, and more comorbidities were less likely to have laparoscopic repairs. CONCLUSION: Around 50% of inguinal hernia patients at a large hernia center underwent laparoscopic repairs, which was more commonly performed in male, young, bilateral inguinal hernia, and inpatients without comorbidities. More efforts were needed to increase the safe and effective laparoscopic utilization among female patients with inguinal hernias.

Study on chemical constituents of Folium Artemisiae argyi Carbonisatum, toxicity evaluation on zebrafish and intestinal hemostasis.

Folium Artemisiae argyi Carbonisatum (FAAC) is a traditional medicine widely used in clinic. It has the effect of hemostasis by warming meridians. In order to further explore the chemical composition and biological activity of FAAC, the methanol extract of FAAC was isolated and purified by open column and high- performance liquid chromatography. and the complete structure was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and LREI-MS for the first time, namely rutin, quercetin and octacosanol respectively. Initially the toxic effect of methanol extract of FAAC on zebrafish was evaluated by observing the phenotypic characteristics, spontaneous twitch times, heart rate, hatching rate, the distance of SV-BA and cardiomyocyte apoptosis of zebrafish. The results showed that FAAC has embryonic development toxicity and cardiotoxicity when it was higher than 62.5 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the hemostatic effect of methanol extract of FAAC was compared with FAA (Folium Artemisia argyi) by zebrafish intestinal bleeding model originally. The results showed that the hemostatic effect of the medium and high concentration dose groups (3.0 and 30.0 µg/mL) was enhanced for both FAAC and FAA. This study provided an experimental basis for the clinical application of FAAC.

The systemic characterization of aptamer cocktail for bacterial detection studied by graphene oxide-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer aptasensor.

Aptamers have gained significant attention as the molecular recognition element to replace antibodies in sensor development and target delivery. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that unlike the wide application of polyvalent antibodies, existing researches on the combined use of heterologous aptamers with similar recognition affinity and specificity for target detection were sporadic. Herein, first, the wide existence of polyaptamer for bacteria was revealed through the summary of existing literature. Furthermore, based on the establishment of a sensitive aptamer cocktail/graphene oxide fluorescence resonance energy transfer polyaptasensor with a detection limit as low as 10 CFU/ml, the systemic characterization of aptamer cocktails in bacterial detection was carried out by taking E. coli, Vi. parahemolyticus, S. typhimurium, and C. sakazakii as the assay targets. It was turned out that the polyaptasensors for C. sakazakii and S. typhimurium owned prevalence in the broader concentration range of target bacteria. While the polyaptasensors for E. coli and V. parahemolyticus outperformed monoaptasensor mainly in the lower concentration of target bacteria. The linear relationships between fluorescence recovery and the concentration of bacteria were also discussed. The different characteristics of the bacterial cellular membrane, including the binding affinity and the robustness to variation, are analyzed to be the main reason for the diverse detection performance of aptasensors. The study here enhances a sensor detection strategy with super sensitivity. More importantly, this systemic study on the aptamer cocktail in reference to antibodies will advance the in-depth understanding and rational design of aptamer based biological recognition, detection, and targeting.

A Navigation Probability Map in Pedestrian Dynamic Environment Based on Influencer Recognition Model.

One of the challenging problems in robot navigation is efficient and safe planning in a highly dynamic environment, where the robot is required to understand pedestrian patterns in the environment, such as train station. The rapid movement of pedestrians makes the robot more difficult to solve the collision problem. In this paper, we propose a navigation probability map to solve the pedestrians' rapid movement problem based on the influencer recognition model (IRM). The influencer recognition model (IRM) is a data-driven model to infer a distribution over possible causes of pedestrian's turning. With this model, we can obtain a navigation probability map by analyzing the changes in the effective pedestrian trajectory. Finally, we combined navigation probability map and artificial potential field (APF) method to propose a robot navigation method and verified it on our data-set, which is an unobstructed, overlooked pedestrians' data-set collected by us.

Electrical detection of trace zinc ions with an extended gate-AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility sensor.

In this report, we have developed a high sensitivity zinc ion (Zn2+) detection method based on a Schiff base functionalized extended gate (EG)-AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility (HEMT) sensor. The complexation reaction between the Schiff base and the zinc ions would cause surface potential change on the extended gate, and achieve the purpose of zinc ion detection. Compared with conventional methods, the Schiff base functionalized EG-AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility sensor showed a rapid response (less than 10 seconds) and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1 fM. At the same time, the real-time detection of zinc ion concentration ranging from 1 fM to 1 µM showed good linearity (R2 = 0.9962). These results indicated that it provides a promising real-time detection method for trace-free zinc ion trace detection.

Molecular gated-AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor for pH detection.

A molecular gated-AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor has been developed for pH detection. The sensing surface of the sensor was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to provide amphoteric amine groups, which would play the role of receptors for pH detection. On modification with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, the transistor exhibits good chemical stability in hydrochloric acid solution and is sensitive for pH detection. Thus, our molecular gated-AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor acheived good electrical performances such as chemical stability (remained stable in hydrochloric acid solution), good sensitivity (37.17 µA/pH) and low hysteresis. The results indicate a promising future for high-quality sensors for pH detection.

Functional Characterization and Substrate Promiscuity of UGT71 Glycosyltransferases from Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).

Glycosylation determines the complexity and diversity of plant natural products. To characterize fruit ripening-related UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) functionally in strawberry, we mined the publicly available Fragaria vesca genome sequence and found 199 putative UGT genes. Candidate UGTs whose expression levels were strongly up-regulated during fruit ripening were cloned from F.×ananassa and six were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. UGT75T1 showed very strict substrate specificity and glucosylated only galangin out of 33 compounds. The other recombinant enzymes exhibited broad substrate tolerance, accepting numerous flavonoids, hydroxycoumarins, naphthols and the plant hormone, (+)-S-abscisic acid (ABA). UGT71W2 showed the highest activity towards 1-naphthol, while UGT71A33, UGT71A34a/b and UGT71A35 preferred 3-hydroxycoumarin and formed 3- and 7-O-glucosides as well as a diglucoside from flavonols. Screening of a strawberry physiological aglycone library identified kaempferol, quercetin, ABA and three unknown natural compounds as putative in planta substrates of UGT71A33, UGT71A34a and UGT71W2. Metabolite analyses of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silenced fruits demonstrated that UGT71W2 contributes to the glycosylation of flavonols, xenobiotics and, to a minor extent, of ABA, in planta. The study showed that both specialist and generalist UGTs were expressed during strawberry fruit ripening and the latter were probably not restricted to only one function in plants.

A unified model for large-scale thickness measurement of lubricating film based on ultrasonic lag phase slope.

A unified model based on the ultrasonic lag phase slope is developed for measuring the lubricating film thickness at a large scale. The ultrasonic lag phase of adjacent waves instead of the phase of overlapped waves is calculated as a function of the ultrasonic frequency and film thickness. The slope of the ultrasonic lag phase is determined correspondingly, which is linearly proportional to the lubricating film thickness. Both the finite element analysis and tests on the lubricating film thickness are performed to verify the proposed method. The results show that despite the fluctuations of the lag phase, the lag phase slope can be used for measuring the lubricating film thickness at a large scale from 0.1 µm to 170 µm.

Tumor suppressor menin represses paired box gene 2 expression via Wilms tumor suppressor protein-polycomb group complex.

Tumor suppressor menin, the product of the MEN1 gene, plays a key role in controlling histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and gene transcription, which can regulate proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. However, little is known as to whether menin controls gene expression and cell proliferation and survival via regulating Polycomb group (PcG) protein complex/H3K27me3. Here we show that menin specifically represses transcription factor Paired box gene 2 (Pax2) through PcG-mediated H3K27me3 and Wilms tumor suppressor protein (WT1), a zinc finger domain-containing DNA-binding protein. Menin does not directly bind to the Pax2 locus, instead, it up-regulates WT1 expression. WT1 recruits PcG complex to the Pax2 promoter and represses expression of Pax2 through PcG-dependent H3K27me3. Moreover, WT1 also interacts with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and recruits DNMT1 to the Pax2 promoter, resulting in hypermethylation of CpG in the Pax2 promoter. Together, these studies have uncovered a novel epigenetic mechanism whereby menin regulates H3K27me3 and promoter DNA methylation via WT1 and suggest that WT1 protein plays an important, yet previously unappreciated role in regulating the function of the menin/PcG axis, H3K27 methylation, and DNA methylation, resulting in repression of gene transcription.

Analysis on the Key Influence of Adolescent Health Information Literacy Using Big Data Analysis Technology under Social Network Environment.

Purpose/Significance. This paper aims to explore the influence mechanism of adolescent health information literacy on health behavior. Method/Process. 13-19 year olds are taken as the survey objects to investigate their health information literacy through a questionnaire. Health information literacy mainly includes health information needs, acquisition, evaluation, use, and behaviors. A total of 252 adolescents' data were collected in this study, and model testing was performed with the help of regression analysis and structural equation modeling. Conclusion/Results. The results of the study show that adolescents' health information needs, acquisition, evaluation, and application abilities have a positive impact on health behaviors in the social network environment. Emotional responses and individual cognition as intermediate variables play important roles between health information literacy and health behaviors. Health information needs and health information assessments have the highest impact on mental health and social health, respectively. The society should pay special attention to the influence of adolescents' health cognition and anxiety on health behavior in the context of social network.

The Mining Method of Ideological and Political Elements in University Public Mental Health Courses Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology.

Artificial intelligence technology has become an important part of the development of Internet technology. Artificial intelligence technology can help colleges and universities optimize the network ideological and political teaching system. Artificial intelligence technology provides more accurate data resources and rich and reliable educational technology means for online public mental health education in colleges and universities. This paper comprehensively uses a variety of methods such as qualitative and quantitative analysis, case and empirical analysis, literature analysis, and artificial intelligence technology. Artificial intelligence technology has been closely integrated with online public mental health education in colleges and universities. The model systematically analyzes the optimization methods of artificial intelligence technology methods for the online public mental health education system in colleges and universities, and constructs an innovation system for online public mental health education in colleges and universities. Based on the comprehensive analysis of artificial intelligence and public health in colleges and universities, this paper further proposes the application of artificial intelligence technology in online public mental health education in colleges and universities. On this basis, the model conducts an in-depth analysis of artificial intelligence technology and the online public mental health innovation system. The model supports the development of ideological and political teaching in colleges and universities through various forms such as idea innovation, path innovation, carrier innovation, and mechanism innovation.

A Nomogram for Predicting In-Hospital Major Adverse Cardio- and Cerebro-Vascular Events in Patients Undergoing Major Noncardiac Surgery: A Large-Scale Nested Case-Control Study.

Purpose: Few evidence-based predictive tools are available to evaluate major adverse cardio- and cerebro-vascular events (MACCEs) before major noncardiac surgery. We sought to develop a new simple but effective tool for estimating surgical risk. Patients and Methods: Using a nested case-control study design, we recruited 105 patients who experienced MACCEs and 481 patients without MACCEs during hospitalization from 10,507 patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery in Beijing Chaoyang hospital. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and likelihood ratio were applied to screen 401 potential features for logistic regression. A nomogram was constructed using the selected variables. Results: Chronic heart failure, valvular heart disease, preoperative serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL, ASA class, neutrophil count and age were most associated with in-hospital MACCEs among all the factors. A new prediction model established based on these showed a good discriminatory ability (AUC, 0.758 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.708-0.808] and a well-performed calibration curve (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 = 7.549, p = 0.479), which upheld in the 10-fold cross-validation (AUC, 0.742 [95% CI, 0.718-0.767]. This model also demonstrated an improved performance in comparison to the modified Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) score (increase in AUC by 0.119 [95% CI, 0.056-0.180]; NRI, 0.445 [95% CI, 0.237-0.653]; IDI, 0.133 [95% CI, 0.087-0.178]. The decision curve analysis showed a positive net benefit of our new model. Conclusion: Our nomogram, which relies upon simple clinical characteristics and laboratory tests, is able to predict MACCEs in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. This prediction shows better discrimination than the standardized modified RCRI score, laying a promising foundation for further large-scale validation.

Modeling, simulation, and optimization of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) devices.

With widespread research studies on electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) for droplet manipulation in the field of lab-on-a-chip, how to improve the driving capability of droplets has increasingly attracted enormous interest. Aiming to decrease driving voltages and improve driving effectiveness, this paper studies the modeling, simulation, and optimization of EWOD devices. The theoretical model is refined mainly in consideration of the saturation effect of the contact angle and then verified by both simulation and experiments. As a design guide to decrease the driving voltage, a theoretical criterion of droplet splitting, the most difficult one among four basic droplet manipulations, is developed and then verified by experimental results. Moreover, a novel sigmoid electrode shape is found by the optimization method based on finite element analysis and achieves better driving effectiveness and consistent bidirectional driving capability, compared with the existing electrode shapes. Taken together, this paper provides an EWOD analysis and optimization method featuring a lower voltage and a better effectiveness and opens up opportunities for optimization designs in various EWOD-based applications.

Protocol for thiamine and folic acid in the treatment of cognitive impairment in maintenance haemodialysis patients: a prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre study.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment (CI) is the common complications in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. Recently, the pathogenesis of CI has been discussed and oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms in these patients. Thiamine and folic acid, which play an important role in relieving the production of reactive oxygen species, reducing homocysteine levels, improving oxidative stress in the nervous system. In pilot study, cognitive function was significantly improved in the group with thiamine and folic supplementation. Based on this result, we hypothesise that thiamine combined with folic acid supplementation may improve cognitive function in patients with MHD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In this prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre study, we will enrol patients undergoing haemodialysis who has the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score lower than 26 to treatment group (thiamine 90 mg/day combined with folic acid 30 mg/day) or control group (thiamine placebo 90 mg/day combined with folic acid placebo 30 mg/day). All subjects will be followed up for 96 weeks. The primary endpoint is the comparison of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) score between treatment group and control group at 96 weeks of follow-up. The secondary endpoints include serum thiamine, folate, homocysteine levels, cranial functional MRI and survival. The central randomisation method will be adopted and the principles of placebo-controlled, double-blind randomised control will be followed. The comparisons among ADAS-Cog scores and other secondary endpoints over time within subjects is conducted by using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) or generalised estimating equations (GEE). Pairwise t-test with Bonferroni adjustment is performed for multiple comparisons. On the other hand, for comparisons between treatment and control group, simple one-way ANOVA, GEE or Wilcoxon rank sum test is used. The χ2 method is used for statistical analysis of the categorical data. Kaplan-Meier survival curve is used for survival analysis. A p<0.05 is considered statistically significant difference. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This trial has been approved by Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital Ethics Committee (KY2019-199). After publication of study results, trial report will be published in peer-reviewed journals and/or in national or international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2000029297.

[Advances in microfluidic chip-based extracellular vesicle separation].

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are hemispherical vesicles that have a lipid bilayer. Studies have shown that EVs have important biological functions. The amount, types, and compositional changes of proteins, lipids and ribonucleic acids are closely related to diseases. The separation and capture of EVs from the complicated body fluid samples is a prerequisite for medical research and liquid biopsy based on EVs. However, presently the majority of EVs separation and capture still use the traditional separation methods with low purity and low efficiency. Therefore, efficient and highly selective EVs separation method is in urgent need. To meet this challenge, advanced microfluidic chip technology, which has the advantages of miniaturization, integration, and automation, can be utilized. The development of EV separation technology combined with microfluidic chips has become the focus of research. This paper summarizes the latest research progress in this area.

Adiponectin is related to carotid artery plaque and a predictor of cardiovascular outcome in a cohort of non-diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients.

AIMS: Adiponectin is an adipocytokine with antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated associations between circulating adiponectin, inflammation and cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients. METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 59 non-diabetic patients. The concentrations of serum adiponectin, biochemical data and ultrasound of carotid artery were measured at enrollment. The patients were followed up to 39 months mainly for cardiovascular events. RESULTS: The serum adiponectin concentration was elevated and inversely related to C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in the patients. The adiponectin level of patients with carotid plaques was significantly lower than in those without plaques (p < 0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the cumulative survival without new cardiovascular events was better in patients with higher adiponectin levels than in those with lower adiponectin levels. CONCLUSION: Serum adiponectin levels are inversely related with markers of systemic inflammation and signs of atherosclerosis which may explain why hyperadiponectinemia in this study was associated with better cardiovascular outcome.

Effect of Ca2+ ion concentration on adsorption of poly(carboxylate ether)-based (PCE) superplasticizer on mica.

HYPOTHESIS: Poly(carboxylate ether)-based (PCE) superplasticizers consist of a carboxylic acid backbone and grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains. Ca2+ ion bridging mechanism is commonly purported to control PCE's adsorption on negatively charged cement particle surfaces in cement suspension, thus PCE was expected to adsorb on negatively charged surfaces in synthetic pore solutions via Ca2+/COO- interactions. EXPERIMENTS: Adsorption behaviors of a commercial PCE on negatively charged mica were studied in aqueous electrolyte solutions by a surface forces apparatus. FINDINGS: Direct force measurements indicated that the PCE adsorbed onto mica from 0.1 M K2SO4 due to K+ ion chelation by the ether oxygen units CH2CH2O on the PEG chains, but surprisingly did not adsorb from either 0.1 M K2SO4 with saturated Ca(OH)2 or 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2. The adsorption in K2SO4 was weak, enabling the adsorbed PCE layers to be squeezed out under modest compression. Upon separating the surfaces, the PCE immediately achieved an identical re-adsorption. In high-calcium conditions, the PCE was highly positively charged due to Ca2+ ion chelation by PEG chains and backbone carboxylic groups COO-, and mica also underwent charge reversal due to electrostatic adsorption/binding of Ca2+ ions. Consequently, the interaction between mica and PCE was electrostatically repulsive and no PCE adsorption occurred. These findings can be explained by the complex interplay of ion chelation by PEG chains, electrostatic binding and screening interactions with charged surfaces in the presence of monovalent and divalent counterions, and ultimately charge reversal of both the charged surfaces and polyelectrolyte in high divalent ion conditions.

[Relationship of brain natriuretic peptide to renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease].

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the association of brain natriuretic peptide * BNP) with renal function and cardiac dysfunction in non-dialysis-dependent patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: Fluorescence immuno-assay was used to detect the whole blood concentration of BNP in a cohort of 203 CKD patients and 16 hypertensive controls. Color ultrasonography was conducted to determine the left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was examined. The relationship of BNP to eGFR and LVMI in these patients. RESULTS: There was a trend that the BNP level increased with the decrease of the level of eGFR [9.35 (7.35-15.00) vs 54.40 (15.10-173.00) ng/L, P < 0.01]. Spearman correlation showed that BNP level was correlated negatively with eGFR (r = -0.417, P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that eGFR was the independent determinant of BNP (beta = -0. 293, P < 0.01), and lgBNP concentration increased by 0.293 ng/L per 1 ml x min(-1) x (1.73 m2)(-1) reduction in lgGFR. The incidence of LV hypertrophy was much higher in the CKD patients than in the controls (53.2% vs 10.0%, P < 0.05). BNP level was greater in the patients with LV hypertrophy [93.05 (37.70-272.00) vs 17.30 (7.20-63.70) ng/L, P < 0.01], and LVMI had an independent effect on BNP concentration ( beta = 0.266, P < 0.01). lgBNP level increased by 0.266 ng/L per 1 g/m2 increase in lgLVMI. CONCLUSION: The declining eGFR level independently elevates the BNP level in non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients. Although renal dysfunction itself may affects the BNP concentration, LV hypertrophy is a powerful independent determinant of BNP.

[Effects of Astragalus on expression of renal angiopoietin receptor Tie-2 in diabetic rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of angiopoietin receptor Tie-2 in the renal tissue of diabetic rats and the effects of Astragalus. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, diabetes group and Astragalus-treated group. The expression of receptor Tie-2 in the renal tissue was assessed by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: Glomerule Tie-2 protein expression was significantly elevated in the diabetes group as compared with the normal control group (P<0.01). Glomerule Tie-2 protein expression in the Astragalus-treated group was decreased as compared with the diabetes group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Tie-2 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the early stage diabetic renal injury. The reno-protection effect of Astragalus may be mediated by down-regulating the expression of Tie-2 in the kidney tissue of diabetic rats.

Immunogenicity of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells transplanted via different routes in diabetic rats.

Due to their hypoimmunogenicity and unique immunosuppressive properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered one of the most promising adult stem cell types for cell therapy. Although many studies have shown that MSCs exert therapeutic effects on several acute and subacute conditions, their long-term effects are not confirmed in chronic diseases. Immunogenicity is a major limitation for cell replacement therapy, and it is not well understood in vivo. We evaluated the immunogenicity of allogeneic MSCs in vivo by transplanting MSCs into normal and diabetic rats via the tail vein or pancreas and found that MSCs exhibited low immunogenicity in normal recipients and even exerted some immunosuppressive effects in diabetic rats during the initial phase. However, during the later stage in the pancreas group, MSCs expressed insulin and MHC II, eliciting a strong immune response in the pancreas. Simultaneously, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the recipients in the pancreas group were activated, and alloantibodies developed in vivo. Conversely, in the tail vein group, MSCs remained immunoprivileged and displayed immunosuppressive effects in vivo. These data indicate that different transplanting routes and microenvironments can lead to divergent immunogenicity of MSCs.