ABSTRACT
Pasture management that considers pasture growth dynamics remains an open question. Conceptually, such management must allow for grazing only after the recuperation of the pasture between two separate timely grazing periods when pasture reaches optimum recovery, as per the first law of Voisin's rational grazing system. The optimum recovery period not only implies a pasture with better nutritional value and higher biomass yield but one that also reduces the production of enteric methane (CH4) to improve the grazing efficiency of cattle. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate three different recovery periods (RP) of mixed grasses on the grazing behaviour of heifers, as well as herbage selectivity, herbage yield and nutritional value, in vitro degradability and CH4 production. Based on these criteria, three pasture RPs of 24 (RP24), 35 (RP3) and 46 (RP46) days were evaluated in six blocks using a randomized block design. At each predetermined RP, samples of the pasture were taken before the animals were allowed to graze. Right after collecting the pasture samples, heifers accessed the pasture during 4 h consecutively for grazing simulation and behavioural observations. We also measured the bite rate of each animal. The pasture growing for 24 days had the highest biomass production, best nutritional value, best efficiency of in vitro CH4 relative emission (ml) per DM degraded (g) and bite rate of the three RPs. Heifers all selected their herbage, irrespective of RP, but with different nutritional value and higher in vitro degradability. However, this did not change the production of in vitro CH4. Considering the growth conditions of the area where the study was performed, we recommend the shorter RP24 as the most suitable during the summer season. The study's findings support the idea of management intervention to increase the quality of grazing systems.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Lactation , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Biomass , Cattle , Diet , Female , Milk , Nutritive ValueABSTRACT
Accurate estimates of methane (CH4) production by cattle in different contexts are essential to developing mitigation strategies in different regions. We aimed to: (i) compile a database of CH4 emissions from Brazilian cattle studies, (ii) evaluate prediction precision and accuracy of extant proposed equations for cattle and (iii) develop specialized equations for predicting CH4 emissions from cattle in tropical conditions. Data of nutrient intake, diet composition and CH4 emissions were compiled from in vivo studies using open-circuit respiratory chambers, SF6 technique or the GreenFeed® system. A final dataset containing intake, diet composition, digestibility and CH4 emissions (677 individual animal observations, 40 treatment means) obtained from 38 studies conducted in Brazil was used. The dataset was divided into three groups: all animals (GEN), lactating dairy cows (LAC) and growing cattle and non-lactating dairy cows (GCNL). A total of 54 prediction equations available in the literature were evaluated. A total of 96 multiple linear models were developed for predicting CH4 production (MJ/day). The predictor variables were DM intake (DMI), gross energy (GE) intake, BW, DMI as proportion of BW, NDF concentration, ether extract (EE) concentration, dietary proportion of concentrate and GE digestibility. Model selection criteria were significance (P < 0.05) and variance inflation factor lower than three for all predictors. Each model performance was evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006) Tier 2 method performed better for GEN and GCNL than LAC and overpredicted CH4 production for all datasets. Increasing complexity of the newly developed models resulted in greater performance. The GCNL had a greater number of equations with expanded possibilities to correct for diet characteristics such as EE and NDF concentrations and dietary proportion of concentrate. For the LAC dataset, equations based on intake and animal characteristics were developed. The equations developed in the present study can be useful for accurate and precise estimation of CH4 emissions from cattle in tropical conditions. These equations could improve accuracy of greenhouse gas inventories for tropical countries. The results provide a better understanding of the dietary and animal characteristics that influence the production of enteric CH4 in tropical production systems.
Subject(s)
Diet , Lactation , Methane , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Brazil , Cattle , Diet/veterinary , Energy Intake , Female , Methane/analysis , Milk/chemistryABSTRACT
Avaliaram-se a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro das plantas, folhas, colmos e panículas de três híbridos de sorgo (BRS 610, BR 700 e BRS 655) colhidos em três estádios de maturação (leitoso, pastoso e farináceo). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3x3 (híbridos x estádios de maturação), sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste SNK (P<0,05). Os teores de matéria seca (MS) das plantas variaram de 25,73% a 43,96% e aumentaram com a maturidade. A concentração de proteína bruta (PB) das plantas manteve-se inalterada (P>0,05) entre as idades de corte para todos os híbridos. Os teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido (FDA) das plantas não foram influenciados pelo estádio de maturação. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS) das plantas do BRS 610 não variaram com a maturidade, mas para o BR 700 e BRS 655 apresentaram redução entre o estádio leitoso e o farináceo. As variações observadas nas porcentagens de MS, PB, FDN, FDA e DIVMS das frações folha, colmo e panícula ocorreram de forma diferente entre os híbridos com o avanço da maturidade. Os híbridos BR 700 e BRS 655 devem ser ensilados no estádio leitoso, enquanto o BRS 610 pode ser colhido nos três estádios de maturação avaliados.
The nutritional value of the plants, leaves, stems and panicles of three hybrids of sorghum (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and flour) were evaluated. A complete randomized design was used in a factorial arrangement 3x3 (hybrids x ages of cut), and the means were compared by SNK (P<0.05). Dry matter contents of the plants varied from 25.73% to 43.96% and increased with maturity. The percentage of crude protein (CP) of the plants remained constant (P>0.05) among cuts for all the hybrids. The values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the plants were not affected by maturation stages. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the plants of BRS 610 didn't change with maturity, but decreased between milk and floury stages for BR 700 and BRS 655. Differences in the percentages of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and IVDMD of the plant fractions (leaves, steam and panicle) occurred differently among hybrids with the advance of maturity. The hybrids BR 700 and BRS 655 should be ensiled at milk stage, while the BRS 610 can be harvested at the three maturation stages evaluated.
Subject(s)
Animals , Digestion , Nutritive Value , SorghumABSTRACT
Estudaram-se o desempenho produtivo e a viabilidade econômica no confinamento de 24 bovinos, inteiros, com idade média de 23 meses, sendo 12 Nelore (NEL) e 12 F1 Nelore x Brahman (NBR), divididos em três dietas: SIL - silagem de milho e ração concentrada; PEL - exclusiva de pellets; GRN - milho grão inteiro e pellets. O experimento foi realizado em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x3, com quatro repetições. Os animais NBR apresentaram resultados semelhantes aos da raça NEL quanto aos desempenhos alimentar e econômico, para todas as variáveis analisadas durante o confinamento. Entre as três dietas, a dieta PEL, apesar de não ser a de maior custo em R$/kg, obteve o menor desempenho, com maior COT/kg, menor RT e menores margens líquidas. A dieta SIL apresentou os menores COT/kg e custo/kg de carcaça, com maiores receitas e margens líquidas. A dieta GRN obteve resultados econômicos semelhantes à SIL, porém obteve menor GMD em relação à SIL, além de ter o custo de dieta (R$/kg) mais oneroso em relação aos três tratamentos. Todas as dietas foram economicamente viáveis ao final do experimento, com ML/Kg de carcaça médios de 2,12, 0,35 e 1,09 para SIL, PEL e GRN, respectivamente, no entanto a dieta SIL foi a de melhor desempenho produtivo e econômico.
The production performance and economic viability of a feedlot of 24 cattle, with an average age of 23 months, 12 Nellore (NEL) and 12 F1 Nellore x Brahman (NBR), divided into three diets: SIL - corn silage and concentrate diet; PEL - exclusive of pellets; GRN - corn and whole grain pellets were studied. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized scheme in a 2x3 factorial with four replications. The NBR animals showed similar results to the NEL in performance and economic viability for all variables analyzed. Among the diets, the PEL diet, although not the highest diet cost in R$/kg, had the lowest performance with higher TOC/kg, lower TR and lower net margins. The SIL diet had the lowest TOC/kg and cost/kg of carcass, with higher revenues and net margins. The economic results obtained for the GRN diet were similar to SIL, but had lower ADG compared to SIL and highest diet cost (R$/kg) among all. The diets were economically viable at the end of the trial, with average net margin/kg carcass of 2.12, 0.35 and 1.09 for SIL, FEP and GRN, respectively; however the SIL diet presented better productive and economical performance.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle/growth & development , Cattle/physiology , Economic Development , Animal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação proteica sobre o consumo e o desempenho de novilhos recriados em pastagens de capim-piatã (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã), durante o período de transição águas-seca. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhos Nelore, com peso médio inicial de 260kg, distribuídos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os suplementos foram: sal mineral com ureia (controle) - ofertado ad libitum; sal proteinado - ofertado a 0,2% do peso vivo; suplemento proteico-energético - ofertado a 0,3% do peso vivo; e suplemento proteico-energético - ofertado a 0,5% do peso vivo. A suplementação teve efeito aditivo sobre o consumo de matéria seca total. O consumo médio diário dos suplementos foi de 0,167; 0,597; 0,865 e 1,469kg/animal, sendo observado ganho médio diário de 0,686; 0,761; 0,719 e 0,850kg/animal para os tratamentos controle e suplementados com 0,2; 0,3 e 0,5% do peso vivo, respectivamente. Verificou-se que as estratégias de suplementação avaliadas foram economicamente viáveis e proporcionaram desempenho semelhante sob condições de elevada oferta de forragem, sendo recomendado iniciar a suplementação proteica no período de transição águas-seca.
The effects of proteic supplementation on performance and forage dry matter intake of steers grazing on Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã) during the rainy/dry transition period were evaluated. Twenty Nelore steers with an average body weight (BW) of 260kg, were assigned in a split plot design. The treatments were: mineral salt plus urea offered ad libitum (control); proteic supplement offered at 0.2% BW, proteic-energetic supplement offered at 0.3% BW and proteic-energetic supplement offered at 0.5% BW. The supplementation increased total dry matter intake. The average intake of supplements was 0.167; 0.597; 0.865 and 1.469kg/animal/day and the average daily gain (ADG) was 0.686; 0.761; 0.719 and 0.850kg/animal/day, for control, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5% BW, respectively. It was verified that all strategies of supplementation are economically viable and similar in performance, under high herbage availability conditions. It is suggested that proteic supplementation begin during the rainy/dry transition period, for better animal performance and economic results.
Subject(s)
Animals , Brachiaria , Livestock/growth & development , Livestock/metabolism , Eating , Paspalum , Dietary Supplements/analysisABSTRACT
Avaliou-se a qualidade das silagens de três híbridos de sorgo, BRS 610, BR 700 e BRS 655, colhidos em três estádios de maturação da planta, grãos leitoso, pastoso e farináceo. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x3 (híbridos x estádios de maturação), com quatro repetições. Os teores de matéria seca apresentaram variação de 22,9% a 41,3%. O BR 700 apresentou maior porcentagem de matéria seca que os demais híbridos em todas as idades de corte. Os teores de proteína bruta e as frações fibrosas, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido, apresentaram comportamento diferente entre estádios de maturação e entre híbridos. Os valores de lignina não foram alterados com o avanço da idade de corte. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca das silagens variaram de 50,7% a 55,6% e comportaram-se de forma diferente com a maturidade para cada hibrido. De acordo com os valores de pH, de nitrogênio amoniacal e de ácidos orgânicos encontrados, as silagens dos três híbridos são classificadas como de boa qualidade em todos os períodos de colheita.
The quality of silages of three sorghum hybrids BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655 harvested at three maturation stages, milk, soft dough and floury grains, was evaluated. A complete randomized design was used in a 3x3 factorial arrangement (hybrids x maturation stages), with four repetitions. Dry matter values varied from 22.9% to 41.3%. BR 700 had a higher percentage of dry matter than the other hybrids in all ages. The content of crude protein and fibrous fractions, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber presented different behavior between the maturation stages and between hybrids. The lignin values were not modified with the advancement of the cut age. The in vitro digestibility of silages varied from 50.7% to 55.6% and presented different behavior among each hybrid maturity. According to the pH, ammonia nitrogen, organic acids and dry matter values, the silages of the three hybrids were classified as good fermentation quality at all harvest periods.
ABSTRACT
Avaliaram-se o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente, em ovinos, das silagens dos híbridos de sorgo BRS 610, BR 700 e BRS 655 colhidos em três estádios de maturação dos grãos: leitoso, pastoso e farináceo. Os valores de consumo da matéria seca, em gramas por quilograma de unidade de tamanho metabólico (CMS-UTM), variaram de 45,90g/UTM/dia a 59,99g/UTM/dia e não diferiram com o avanço do estádio de maturação para todos os híbridos (P>0,05). No estádio pastoso, o BRS 655 apresentou menor CMS-UTM em relação aos demais híbridos (P<0,05), que foram semelhantes entre si (P>0,05). Foi observado menor consumo de proteína digestível para os híbridos com tanino, BR 700 e BRS 655, em relação ao BRS 610 (P<0,05) nos estádios pastoso e farináceo. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram balanço de nitrogênio levemente positivo, com valores entre 0,02g/UTM/dia e 0,20g/UTM/dia. Não houve diferenças nos valores de digestibilidade da fibra entre os híbridos com tanino, BR 700 e BRS 655, e sem tanino, BRS 610. Recomenda-se a utilização da silagem do híbrido BRS 610, colhida no estádio pastoso. Os híbridos BRS 655 e BR 700 devem ser colhidos no estádio leitoso.
The intake and apparent digestibility of the silages of the sorghum hybrids BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655 harvested at three maturation stages of milk, soft dough and floury grains by sheep were evaluated. The dry matter intake, in grams per metabolic weight (DMI-MW), ranged from 45.90 to 59.99g/MW/day and didn't change with maturity (P>0.05) for all the hybrids. At the soft dough stage, BRS 655 presented lower DMI-MW (P<0.05) than the other hybrids, which were similar (P>0.05). The hybrids with tannin (BR 700 and BRS 655) had lower intakes of digestible protein than the BRS 610 at the soft dough and floury stages (P<0.05). All the treatments showed slight positive nitrogen balance which varied from 0.02g/MW/d to 0.20g/MW/d. No differences were observed in fiber digestibility among hybrids with tannins (BR 700 e BRS 655) and without tannins (BRS 610). The use of BRS 610 is recommended and should be ensilaged at soft dough stage. The hybrids BR 655 and BR 700 should be harvested at milk stage.
ABSTRACT
Foram avaliadas as silagens de quatro genótipos de girassol (Helianthus annuus) (Rumbosol 91, Victoria 627, Victoria 807 e Mycogen 93338), pela técnica semiautomática de produção de gases. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste SNK (p<0,05). O genótipo Rumbosol 91 apresentou a maior produção acumulativa de gases para o tempo de 96 horas de incubação com valor de 128,47mL/g de MS, e o menor valor foi observado para o genótipo Victoria 807 com 92,88. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os valores de degradabilidade da matéria seca (DMS) para as silagens avaliadas nos diferentes tempos. O potencial máximo de produção de gases variou de 91,67 para o genótipo Victoria 807 a 125,46mL/g de MS para a silagem do genótipo Rumbosol 91. O genótipo Rumbosol 91 apresentou a maior DMS para as taxas de passagem de 2 e 5 por cento com valores de 46,39 e 43,26 por cento. O maior valor para taxa de passagem (8 por cento) foi observado para o genótipo Victoria 627. As silagens dos genótipos Rumbosol 91 e Victoria 627 mostraram destacado potencial para produção de gases e taxa de produção de gases.
Four silages from distinct sunflower (Helianthus annuus) genotypes (Rumbosol 91, Victoria 627, 807 Victoria, and Mycogen 93338) were evaluated by semi-automated in vitro gas production technique in a completely random block design in a split plot scheme. The means were compared by the SNK test (P<0.05). Rumbosol 91 genotype showed the highest cumulative gas production after 96 hours of incubation, reaching 128.47mL/g of dry matter (DM), and the lowest value, 92.88mL/g, was observed for Victoria 807 genotype. No differences between silage dry matter digestibility (DMD) values at different times were observed (P>0.05). Maximum potential gas production ranged from 91.67 for Victoria 807 to 125.46mL/g of DM Rumbosol 91. Genotype Rumbosol 91 showed the highest DMD for fermentation rate of 2 (46.39 percent) and 5 percent (43.26 percent), and the highest values for fermentation rate of 8 percent was observed for Victoria 627 genotype. Silages from Rumbosol 91 and Victoria 627 genotypes showed outstanding potential of gases production and rate of gases production.
Subject(s)
Helianthus/genetics , Silage/adverse effects , Fermentation/physiology , Gases/analysisABSTRACT
Avaliaram-se a degradabilidade da matéria seca e a cinética de fermentação ruminal das silagens de três genótipos de milheto (BRS-1501, NPM-1 e CMS-3), por meio da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas. Para a comparação dos genótipos, foi utilizado o teste SNK (P<0,05), e os parâmetros da cinética de fermentação foram ajustados ao modelo unicompartimental de France. A partir de 24 horas, a silagem do genótipo BRS-1501 foi a que apresentou maior produção acumulativa de gases. Os valores de degradabilidade da matéria seca apresentados às 96 horas de fermentação foram de 53,9 por cento para a silagem do BRS-1501, 51,7 por cento para a silagem do CMS-3 e 49,1 por cento para a silagem do NPM-1, sendo este o material com menor degradabilidade (P<0,05). Os potenciais máximos de produção de gases variaram de 145,18 para o genótipo CMS-3 a 155,02ml/g de MS para o BRS-1501. A silagem do genótipo BRS-1501 destacou-se entre as demais, em função do seu maior potencial de produção de gases e degradabilidades efetivas.
The dry matter digestibility and the fermentation kinetics of three pearl millet genotypes silages (BRS-1501, NPM-1, and CMS-3) were estimated by the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique, using a completely randomized blocks design in a split plot arrangement. The genotypes means were compared by SNK test (P<0.05) and fermentation kinetics parameters estimated by regression of gas production on time using the France model. The greater cumulative gas production from 24 hours on was obtained by BRS-1501 genotype silage. The dry matter degradability (DMD) values at 96 hours of incubation were 53.9 percent for BRS-1501, 51.7 percent for NPM-1, and 49.1 percent for CMS-3 silage. The lowest DMD (P<0.05) among the studied genotypes silages was observed for CMS-3 silage. The maximum potential of gas production ranged from 145.18ml/g of dry matter for CMS-3 genotype silage to 155.02ml/g of dry matter for BRS-1501 silage. The BRS-1501 genotype silage showed the highest potential of gas production and effective degradabilities.
Subject(s)
Fermentation/physiology , Nutritive Value , Pennisetum/adverse effects , Silage/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Avaliou-se a qualidade das silagens de três genótipos de girassol produtores de óleo (M742, IAC Uruguai e V2000) e três com sementes confeiteiras (Mycogen 93338, Victoria 807, Victoria 627). Os silos foram abertos após 56 dias de fermentação. Os menores valores de matéria seca observados foram para os genótipos Mycogen 93338 e V2000. Não foram observadas diferenças nos teores de proteína bruta entre cinco dos seis genótipos estudados. Com exceção do IAC Uruguai, os genótipos com sementes produtoras de óleo apresentaram valores de extrato etéreo mais altos que os confeiteiros. Os valores de fibra em detergente neutro variaram de 43,6 por cento a 55,8 por cento. Os menores teores de fibra em detergente ácido foram 33,2 por cento para o V2000 e 35,2 por cento para o Mycogen 93338. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os valores obtidos para N-NH3/NT. O valor de pH médio das silagens foi de 4,51. Os maiores valores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca foram 52,0 por cento para o V2000 e 54,5 por cento para o Mycogen 93338. As silagens dos genótipos confeiteiros e dos genótipos produtores de óleo foram classificadas como de boa qualidade para os parâmetros avaliados, o que demonstra o potencial do girassol como uma opção para produção de silagem na época da safrinha
Quality of Sunflower silage was determined using genotypes Mycogen, Victoria 807, Victoria 627, M742, IAC Uruguai, V2000. The silos were opened on the 56th day of fermentation. The lowest dry matter values were for the genotypes Mycogen 93338 and V2000. In relation to the CP values, differences were not observed among five of the six genotypes. The genotypes with oil producer seed showed highest ether extract values, which were different from the confectionary variety, except IAC Uruguai. The observed values of neutral detergent fiber varied from 43.6 percent to 55.8 percent. For the acid detergent fiber concentrations the genotypes V2000 with 33.2 percent and Mycogen with 35.2 percent showed the lowest values. Differences for N-NH3/TN values were not observed. The pH mean value of the silages was 4.51. The highest values of in vitro dry matter digestibility were obtained for the silages of the genotypes V2000 (51.2 percent) and Mycogen 93338 with 54.5 percent. The silages from confectionary variety as well as the silages of sunflowers oil producers were classified as good quality for the evaluated parameters, demonstrating the potential of the sunflower as an option for production of silage at the time of summer post-harvesting