A cascade of bHLH-regulated pathways programs maize anther development.

The spatiotemporal development of somatic tissues of the anther lobe is necessary for successful fertile pollen production. This process is mediated by many transcription factors acting through complex, multi-layered networks. Here, our analysis of functional knockout mutants of interacting basic helix-loop-helix genes Ms23, Ms32, basic helix-loop-helix 122 (bHLH122), and bHLH51 in maize (Zea mays) established that male fertility requires all four genes, expressed sequentially in the tapetum (TP). Not only do they regulate each other, but also they encode proteins that form heterodimers that act collaboratively to guide many cellular processes at specific developmental stages. MS23 is confirmed to be the master factor, as the ms23 mutant showed the earliest developmental defect, cytologically visible in the TP, with the most drastic alterations in premeiotic gene expression observed in ms23 anthers. Notably, the male-sterile ms23, ms32, and bhlh122-1 mutants lack 24-nt phased secondary small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) and the precursor transcripts from the corresponding 24-PHAS loci, while the bhlh51-1 mutant has wild-type levels of both precursors and small RNA products. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that 24-nt phasiRNA biogenesis primarily occurs downstream of MS23 and MS32, both of which directly activate Dcl5 and are required for most 24-PHAS transcription, with bHLH122 playing a distinct role in 24-PHAS transcription.

Relative Adrenal Insufficiency Is a Risk Factor for Pediatric Sepsis: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy had been strongly recommended for pediatric sepsis (grade 1A). However, the recommendation was changed to grade 2C in 2020 due to weak evidence. About 32.8% of patients with pediatric septic develop relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI). But whether GC therapy should be determined by RAI status is controversial. This study utilized 21-day-old SF1CreSRBIfl/fl mice as the first pediatric RAI mouse model to assess the pathogenesis of RAI and evaluate GC therapy. RAI mice exhibited a substantially higher mortality rate in cecal ligation and puncture and cecal slurry-induced sepsis. These mice featured persistent inflammatory responses and were effectively rescued by GC therapy. RNA sequencing analysis revealed persistent inflammatory responses in RAI mice, caused by transcriptional dysregulation of AP-1 and NF-κB, and cytokine-induced secondary inflammatory response. Our findings support a precision medicine approach to guide GC therapy for pediatric patients based on the status of RAI.

Impact of Subgroup Distribution on Seasonality of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Global Systematic Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroup distribution and timing of RSV season. We aimed to further understand the association by conducting a global-level systematic analysis. METHODS: We compiled published data on RSV seasonality through a systematic literature review, and unpublished data shared by international collaborators. Using annual cumulative proportion (ACP) of RSV-positive cases, we defined RSV season onset and offset as ACP reaching 10% and 90%, respectively. Linear regression models accounting for meteorological factors were constructed to analyze the association of proportion of RSV-A with the corresponding RSV season onset and offset. RESULTS: We included 36 study sites from 20 countries, providing data for 179 study-years in 1995-2019. Globally, RSV subgroup distribution was not significantly associated with RSV season onset or offset globally, except for RSV season offset in the tropics in 1 model, possibly by chance. Models that included RSV subgroup distribution and meteorological factors explained only 2%-4% of the variations in timing of RSV season. CONCLUSIONS: Year-on-year variations in RSV season onset and offset are not well explained by RSV subgroup distribution or meteorological factors. Factors including population susceptibility, mobility, and viral interference should be examined in future studies.

NSUN2-Mediated m5C Methylation Impairs Endometrial Receptivity.

Impaired endometrial decidualization is the primary cause of recurrent implantation failure (RIF). RNA methylation modification, especially NSUN family mediated m5C, is crucial for various physiological events, such as maternal-to-zygotic transition, gametogenesis, embryonic development, organismal lifespan, and cell cycle. However, the regulatory mechanisms between NSUN family mediated m5C modification and RIF remain unknown. We acquired NSUN2 expression data of 15 human endometrium samples at proliferative and secretory stages from reproductive cell atlas. The overall pattern of m5C sites and genes was elucidated through m5C-BS-seq, whereas the overall m5C levels in different groups were revealed by dot blot assay. BrdU and western blotting assays were carried out to evaluate the role of NSUN2 in proliferation and autophagy. The effects of NSUN2-mediated m5C modification on embryo attachment were evaluated by an in vitro model of a confluent monolayer of Ishikawa cells cocultured with BeWo spheroids, and its downstream targets were evaluated by real-time reverse-transcription PCR and western blotting in Ishikawa cells. The molecular mechanism for NSUN2 regulating its downstream targets' expression was determined by Cut&Tag and coimmunoprecipitation assays. NSUN2 was increased in SOX9+ cells and widespread in epithelial cell type at the proliferative stage by previous single-cell RNA sequencing data. NSUN2 overexpression (NSUN2OE) in the Ishikawa cell line elevated m5C levels and promoted cell proliferation and autophagy. NSUN2OE reduced attachment efficiency of BeWo cell spheres. Overexpressed NSUN2 was found to increase STAT1 and MMP14 mRNA expressions by inducing exon skipping. NSUN2 interacted with CLDN4 through m5C modification, and NSUN2OE or NSUN2 knockdown resulted in a similar variation tendency of CLDN4. Overexpression of NSUN2 increased CLDN4 H3K9ac modification by downregulating SIRT4 expression at the protein level, leading to the upregulation of CLDN4 mRNA expression. Our results uncovered a novel intricate regulatory mechanism between NSUN2-mediated m5C and RIF and suggested a potential new therapeutic strategy for RIF.

Hyperfractionation compared with standard fractionation in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Reirradiation in standard fractionation for locally advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after a previous course of high-dose radiotherapy is often associated with substantial late toxicity, negating its overall benefit. We therefore aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of hyperfractionation compared with standard fractionation in intensity-modulated radiotherapy. METHODS: This multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial was done in three centres in Guangzhou, China. Eligible patients were aged 18-65 years with histopathologically confirmed undifferentiated or differentiated, non-keratinising, advanced locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either receive hyperfractionation (65 Gy in 54 fractions, given twice daily with an interfractional time interval of at least 6 h) or standard fractionation (60 Gy in 27 fractions, given once a day). Intensity-modulated radiotherapy was used in both groups. A computer program generated the assignment sequence and randomisation was stratified by treatment centre, recurrent tumour stage (T2-T3 vs T4), and recurrent nodal stage (N0 vs N1-N2), determined at the time of randomisation. The two primary endpoints were the incidence of severe late complications defined as the incidence of grade 3 or worse late radiation-induced complications occurring 3 months after the completion of radiotherapy until the latest follow-up in the safety population, and overall survival defined as the time interval from randomisation to death due to any cause in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02456506. FINDINGS: Between July 10, 2015, and Dec 23, 2019, 178 patients were screened for eligibility, 144 of whom were enrolled and randomly assigned to hyperfractionation or standard fractionation (n=72 in each group). 35 (24%) participants were women and 109 (76%) were men. After a median follow-up of 45·0 months (IQR 37·3-53·3), there was a significantly lower incidence of grade 3 or worse late radiation-induced toxicity in the hyperfractionation group (23 [34%] of 68 patients) versus the standard fractionation group (39 [57%] of 68 patients; between-group difference -23% [95% CI -39 to -7]; p=0·023). Patients in the hyperfractionation group had better 3-year overall survival than those in the standard fractionation group (74·6% [95% CI 64·4 to 84·8] vs 55·0% [43·4 to 66·6]; hazard ratio for death 0·54 [95% CI 0·33 to 0·88]; p=0·014). There were fewer grade 5 late complications in the hyperfractionation group (five [7%] nasal haemorrhage) than in the standard fractionation group (16 [24%], including two [3%] nasopharyngeal necrosis, 11 [16%] nasal haemorrhage, and three [4%] temporal lobe necrosis). INTERPRETATION: Hyperfractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy could significantly decrease the rate of severe late complications and improve overall survival among patients with locally advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Our findings suggest that hyperfractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy could be used as the standard of care for these patients. FUNDING: Key-Area Research and Development of Guangdong Province, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Special Support Program for High-level Talents in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project, and the National Ten Thousand Talents Program Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents, Sun Yat-Sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program.

Differential response of HBV envelope-specific CD4 + T cells is related to HBsAg loss after stopping nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Long-term maintenance of viral control, even HBsAg loss, remains a challenge for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients undergoing nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) discontinuation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HBV-specific T-cell responses targeting peptides spanning the whole proteome and clinical outcomes in CHB patients after NA discontinuation. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Eighty-eight CHB patients undergoing NA discontinuation were classified as responders (remained relapse-free up to 96 weeks) or relapsers (relapsed patients who underwent NA retreatment for up to 48 weeks and reachieved stable viral control). HBV-specific T-cell responses were detected at baseline and longitudinally throughout the follow-up. We found responders had a greater magnitude of HBV polymerase (Pol)-specific T-cell responses than relapsers at baseline. After long-term NA discontinuation, simultaneously enhanced HBV Core-induced and Pol-induced responses were observed in responders. Particularly, responders with HBsAg loss possessed enhanced HBV Envelope (Env)-induced responses after short-term and long-term follow-up. Notably, CD4 + T cells accounted for the predominance of HBV-specific T-cell responses. Correspondingly, CD4-deficient mice showed attenuated HBV-specific CD8 + T-cell responses, reduced HBsAb-producing B cells, and delayed HBsAg loss; in contrast, in vitro addition of CD4 + T cells promoted HBsAb production by B cells. Besides, IL-9, rather than PD-1 blockade, enhanced HBV Pol-specific CD4 + T-cell responses. CONCLUSION: HBV-specific CD4 + T-cell responses induced by the targeted peptide possess specificities for long-term viral control and HBsAg loss in CHB patients undergoing NA discontinuation, indicating that CD4 + T cells specific to distinct HBV antigens may endow with divergent antiviral potential.

Prognostic significance of hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score in breast cancer: a propensity score-matching study.

BACKGROUND: The hemoglobin-albumin-lymphocyte-platelet (HALP) score functions as a comprehensive index that assesses the systemic inflammatory response, nutritional, and immune status. This study aimed to explore the relationship between preoperative HALP score and the prognosis of BC patients and to develop predictive nomograms. METHODS: Clinicopathological data were collected for BC patients who underwent mastectomy between December 2010 and April 2014 from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. The optimal cutoff value for HALP was determined by maximally selected rank statistics for overall survival data. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to develop comparable cohorts of high-HALP group and low-HALP group. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of HALP on BC patients. Prognostic nomograms were developed based on the multivariate Cox regression method. Then, the concordance index (C-index), calibration plots, and decision curves analysis (DCA) were applied to evaluate the prognostic performance of the nomograms. RESULTS: A total of 1,856 patients were included as the primary cohort, and 1,470 patients were matched and considered as the PSM cohort. In the primary cohort, the 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates for high-HALP group (≥ 47.89) and low-HALP group (< 47.89) were 94.4% vs. 91.0% (P = 0.005) and 87.8% vs. 82.1% (P = 0.005), respectively. Similar results were observed in PSM cohort (5-year OS, 94.3% vs. 90.8%, P = 0.015; 5-year PFS, 87.5% vs. 83.2%, P = 0.036). Notably, multivariate Cox regression analysis in the PSM cohort showed that HALP could independently predict BC patient prognosis in both OS (HR: 0.596, 95%CI [0.405-0.875], P = 0.008) and PFS (HR: 0.707, 95%CI [0.538-0.930], P = 0.013). OS and PFS nomograms showed excellent predictive performance with the C-indexes of 0.783 and 0.720, respectively. The calibration plots and DCA also indicated the good predictability of the nomograms. Finally, subgroup analysis further demonstrated a favorable impact of HALP on both OS and PFS. CONCLUSION: Preoperative HALP score can be used as a reliable independent predictor of OS and PFS in BC patients, and the nomograms may provide a personalized treatment strategy.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ameliorates cognitive deficits in mice with radiation-induced brain injury by attenuating microglial pyroptosis and promoting neurogenesis via BDNF pathway.

BACKGROUND: Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) is a common and severe complication during radiotherapy for head and neck tumor. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a novel and non-invasive method of brain stimulation, which has been applied in various neurological diseases. rTMS has been proved to be effective for treatment of RIBI, while its mechanisms have not been well understood. METHODS: RIBI mouse model was established by cranial irradiation, K252a was daily injected intraperitoneally to block BDNF pathway. Immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry and western blotting were performed to examine the microglial pyroptosis and hippocampal neurogenesis. Behavioral tests were used to assess the cognitive function and emotionality of mice. Golgi staining was applied to observe the structure of dendritic spine in hippocampus. RESULTS: rTMS significantly promoted hippocampal neurogenesis and mitigated neuroinflammation, with ameliorating pyroptosis in microglia, as well as downregulation of the protein expression level of NLRP3 inflammasome and key pyroptosis factor Gasdermin D (GSDMD). BDNF signaling pathway might be involved in it. After blocking BDNF pathway by K252a, a specific BDNF pathway inhibitor, the neuroprotective effect of rTMS was markedly reversed. Evaluated by behavioral tests, the cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior were found aggravated with the comparison of mice in rTMS intervention group. Moreover, the level of hippocampal neurogenesis was found to be attenuated, the pyroptosis of microglia as well as the levels of GSDMD, NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1ß were upregulated. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that rTMS notably ameliorated RIBI-induced cognitive disorders, by mitigating pyroptosis in microglia and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis via mediating BDNF pathway.

Fibronectin mediates activin A-promoted human trophoblast migration and acquisition of endothelial-like phenotype.

BACKGROUND: During human early placentation, a proportion of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) migrate to the maternal decidua, differentiating into endovascular EVTs to remodel spiral arteries and ensure the establishment of blood circulation at the maternal-fetal interface. Inadequate EVT migration and endovascular differentiation are closely associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage. Activin A and fibronectin are both secretory molecules abundantly expressed at the maternal-fetal interface. Activin A has been reported to regulate EVT biological functions. However, whether fibronectin mediates activin A-promoted EVT migration and acquisition of endothelial-like phenotype as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Additionally, the role of fibronectin in pregnancy establishment and maintenance warrants further investigation. METHODS: Primary and immortalized (HTR8/SVneo) human EVTs were used as in vitro study models. Cultured human first-trimester chorionic villous explants were utilized for ex vivo validation. A local fibronectin knockdown model in ICR mouse uteri, achieved by nonviral in vivo transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting fibronectin 1 (si-Fn1), was employed to explore the roles of fibronectin in the establishment and maintenance of early pregnancy. RESULTS: Our results showed that activin A treatment significantly induced fibronectin 1 (FN1) mRNA expression and fibronectin protein production, which is essential for human trophoblast migration and endothelial-like tube formation. Both basal and activin A-upregulated fibronectin expression were abolished by the TGF-ß type I receptor inhibitor SB431542 or siRNA-mediated knockdown of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK4) or SMAD4. Moreover, activin A-increased trophoblast migration and endothelial-like tube formation were attenuated following the depletion of fibronectin. Fibronectin knockdown via intrauterine siRNA administration reduced CD31 and cytokeratin 8 (CK8) expression at the maternal-fetal interface, resulting in a decrease in the number of implantation sites and embryos. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that activin A promotes trophoblast cell migration and acquisition of endothelial-like phenotype via ALK4-SMAD2/3-SMAD4-mediated fibronectin upregulation. Furthermore, through a local fibronectin knockdown model in mouse uteri, we found that the absence of fibronectin at the maternal-fetal interface impedes endovascular migration of trophoblasts and decidual vascularization, thereby interfering with early embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. These findings provide novel insights into placental development during early pregnancy establishment and contribute to the advancement of therapeutic approaches for managing pregnancy complications related to trophoblast dysfunction.

Group A Streptococcal meningitis in children: a short case series and systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Group A streptococcal(GAS) meningitis is a severe disease with a high case fatality rate. In the era of increasing GAS meningitis, our understanding about this disease is limited. PURPOSE: To gain a better understanding about GAS meningitis. METHODS: Five new cases with GAS meningitis were reported. GAS meningitis related literatures were searched for systematic review in PUBMED and EMBASE. Case reports and case series on paediatric cases were included. Information on demographics, risk factors, symptoms, treatments, outcomes, and emm types of GAS was summarized. RESULTS: Totally 263 cases were included. Among 100 individuals, 9.9% (8/81) had prior varicella, 11.1% (9/81) had anatomical factors, and 53.2% (42/79) had extracranial infections. Soft tissue infections were common among infants (10/29, 34.5%), while ear/sinus infections were more prevalent in children ≥ 3 years (21/42, 50.0%). The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was 16.2% (12/74). High risk of death was found in patients with shock or systemic complications, young children(< 3 years) and cases related to hematogenic spread. The predominate cause of death was shock(6/8). Among the 163 patients included in case series studies, ear/sinus infections ranged from 21.4 to 62.5%, while STSS/shock ranged from 12.5 to 35.7%, and the CFR ranged from 5.9 to 42.9%. CONCLUSIONS: A history of varicella, soft tissue infections, parameningeal infections and CSF leaks are important clinical clues to GAS in children with meningitis. Young children and hematogenic spread related cases need to be closely monitored for shock due to the high risk of death.

Conversion of Propargylic Amines with CO2 Catalyzed by a Highly Stable Copper(I) Iodide Thorium-Based Heterometal-Organic Framework.

The conversion of CO2 to generate high-value-added chemicals has become one of the hot research topics in green synthesis. Thereinto, the cyclization reaction of propargylic amines with CO2 is highly attractive because the resultant oxazolidinones are widely found in pharmaceutical chemistry. Cu(I)-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts exhibit promising application prospects for CO2 conversion. However, their practical application was greatly limited due to Cu(I) being liable to disproportionation or oxidization. Herein, the solid copper(I) iodide thorium-based porous framework {[Cu5I6Th6(µ3-O)4(µ3-OH)4(H2O)10(L)10]·OH·4DMF·H2O}n (1) (HL = 2-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid) constructed by [Th6] clusters and [CuxIy] subunits was successfully prepared and structurally characterized. To our knowledge, this is the first copper(I) iodide-based actinide organic framework. Catalytic investigations indicate that 1 can effectively catalyze the cyclization of propargylic amines with CO2 under ambient conditions, which can be reused at least five times without a remarkable decline of catalytic activity. Importantly, 1 exhibits excellent chemical stability and the oxidation state of Cu(I) in it can remain stable under various conditions. This work can provide a valuable strategy for the synthesis of stable Cu(I)-MOF materials.

Bimetallic synergistic catalysts based on two-dimensional carbon-rich conjugated frameworks for nitrate electrocatalytic reduction to ammonia: catalyst screening and mechanism insights.

The discovery of the 'two birds, one stone' electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) allows for the removal of harmful NO3-pollutants as well as the production of economically beneficial ammonia (NH3). However, current understanding of the catalytic mechanism of NO3RR is not enough, and this research is still challenging. To determine the mechanism needed to create efficient electrocatalysts, we thoroughly examined the catalytic activity of molybdenum-based diatomic catalysts (DACs) anchored on two-dimensional carbon-rich conjugated frameworks (2D CCFs) for NO3RR. Among the 23 candidate materials, after a four-step screening method and detailed mechanism studies, we discovered that NO3RR can efficiently generate NH3by following the N-end pathway on the MoTi-Pc, MoMn-Pc, and MoNb-Pc, with limiting potential of -0.33 V, -0.13 V, and -0.38 V, respectively. The activity of NO3RR can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the TM1-TM2dimer d orbital coupling to the anti-bonding orbital of NO3-. Additionally, high hybridization between the Mo-4d, TM-3d(4d), and NO3--2p orbitals on the MoTMs-Pc DACs can speed up the flow of electrons from the Mo-TM dual-site to NO3-. The research presented here paves the way for the reasonable design of effective NO3RR catalysts and offers a theoretical basis for experimental research.

Behavioural disorders after prenatal exposure to anaesthesia for maternal surgery.

BACKGROUND: The association between prenatal exposure to general anaesthesia for maternal surgery during pregnancy and subsequent risk of disruptive or internalising behavioural disorder diagnosis in the child has not been well-defined. METHODS: A nationwide sample of pregnant women linked to their liveborn infants was evaluated using the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX, 1999-2013). Multivariate matching was used to match each child prenatally exposed to general anaesthesia owing to maternal appendectomy or cholecystectomy during pregnancy with five unexposed children. The primary outcome was diagnosis of a disruptive or internalising behavioural disorder in children. Secondary outcomes included diagnoses for a range of other neuropsychiatric disorders. RESULTS: We matched 34,271 prenatally exposed children with 171,355 unexposed children in the database. Prenatally exposed children were more likely than unexposed children to receive a diagnosis of a disruptive or internalising behavioural disorder (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.40). For secondary outcomes, increased hazards of disruptive (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.24-1.41) and internalising (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.20-1.53) behavioural disorders were identified, and also increased hazards of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.22-1.43), behavioural disorders (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14-1.42), developmental speech or language disorders (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.28), and autism (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05-1.64). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to general anaesthesia is associated with a 31% increased risk for a subsequent diagnosis of a disruptive or internalising behavioural disorder in children. Caution is advised when making any clinical decisions regarding care of pregnant women, as avoidance of necessary surgery during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on mothers and their children.

Behavioural and neuropsychological outcomes in children exposed in utero to maternal labour epidural analgesia.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies report conflicting results regarding the relationship between labour epidural analgesia (LEA) in mothers and neurodevelopmental disorders in their offspring. We evaluated behavioural and neuropsychological test scores in children of mothers who used LEA. METHODS: Children enrolled in the Raine Study from Western Australia and delivered vaginally from a singleton pregnancy between 1989 and 1992 were evaluated. Children exposed to LEA were compared with unexposed children. The primary outcome was the parent-reported Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) reporting total, internalising, and externalising behavioural problem scores at age 10 yr. Score differences, an increased risk of clinical deficit, and a dose-response based on the duration of LEA exposure were assessed. Secondary outcomes included language, motor function, cognition, and autistic traits. RESULTS: Of 2180 children, 850 (39.0%) were exposed to LEA. After adjustment for covariates, exposed children had minimally increased CBCL total scores (+1.41 points; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09 to 2.73; P=0.037), but not internalising (+1.13 points; 95% CI -0.08 to 2.34; P=0.066) or externalising (+1.08 points; 95% CI -0.08 to 2.24; P=0.068) subscale subscores. Increased risk of clinical deficit was not observed for any CBCL score. For secondary outcomes, score differences were inconsistently observed in motor function and cognition. Increased exposure duration was not associated with worse scores in any outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Although LEA exposure was associated with slightly higher total behavioural scores, there was no difference in subscores, increased risk of clinical deficits, or dose-response relationship. These results argue against LEA exposure being associated with consistent, clinically significant neurodevelopmental deficits in children.

Corydecusines A-H, new phthalideisoquinoline hemicetal alkaloids from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens inhibit Tau pathology by activating autophagy mediated by AMPK-ULK1 pathway.

Twelve phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloids including eight new ones (1-8) and one natural alkaloid characterized by an aziridine moiety with unassigned NMR data (9), were isolated and identified from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens. Their structures were established by comprehensive analyses of HRESIMS, NMR, X-ray crystallography, and ECD analyses. The unambiguously established structures of the phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloids indicated that the absolute configurations of C-1, C-9, and C-7' were confusable only relied on coupling constants. A summary of their ECD spectra was concluded and provided an insight for C-1, C-9, and C-7' absolute configuration assignment. These new compounds were evaluated to induce autophagy flux through flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, compounds 2 and 6 could significantly induce autophagy and inhibit Tau pathology by AMPK-ULK1 pathway activation, which provided an avenue for anti-AD lead compounds discovery.

PD-1/PD-L1 axis induced host immunosuppression via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in piglets infected by Glaesserella Parasuis.

Glaesserella parasuis, an important respiratory bacterial pathogen, causes Glässer's disease in piglets, with potential immunosuppression. We established a piglet infection model and explored the immunosuppression mechanism to improve our understanding of the host immune response to G. parasuis. Twenty piglets were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10). The infection group was intraperitoneally challenged with 2 × 108 CFU of G. parasuis in 2 mL TSB. The control group was intraperitoneally injected with equivalent TSB. After 72 h, the piglets were sacrificed, and spleen tissue was collected. PD-1/PD-L1 expression was determined. The splenocytes were isolated to detect CD3+ T, CD3+CD4+ T, CD3+CD8+ T and CD3-CD21+cell differentiation. Via data-independent acquisition (DIA), we compared the proteomics of healthy and infected spleen tissues. Glaesserella parasuis modified CD3+ T, CD3+CD4+ T, CD3+CD8+ T and CD3-CD21+ cell differentiation and PD-1/PD-L1 expression in the spleen. The infection group had 596 proteins with significant differences in expression, of which 301 were significantly upregulated and 295 downregulated. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were mainly related to immune responses. This is the first study on PD-1/PD-L1 expression in the spleen associated with immunosuppression in a piglet model to explore the protein changes related to immune responses via DIA.

The impact of first-trimester subchorionic hematomas on pregnancy outcomes after euploid embryo transfer: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the retrospective cohort study was to investigate the prognostic effect of subchorionic hematomas (SCH) in the first trimester on pregnancy outcomes after euploid embryo transfer. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed women achieving singleton pregnancy by PGT-A or PGT-SR from January 2017 to January 2022. Patients were enrolled in the study if they had a viable intrauterine pregnancy at ultrasound between 6 0/7 and 8 0/7 weeks of gestation. Pregnancy outcomes as well as the incidence of maternal complications were compared between patients with and without SCH. Logistic regression was used for adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: A total of 1539 women were included, of which 298 with SCH and 1241 with non-SCH. The early miscarriage rate in SCH group was significantly higher than that in the non-SCH group (10.1% vs. 5.6%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-3.16, P = 0.003). The live birth rate in SCH group was significantly lower than that in the non-SCH group. (85.6% vs. 91.2%, aOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39-0.84, P = 0.005). In addition, SCH group had an increased risk of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) (8.9% vs. 5.2%, P = 0.022), especially in hematoma with bleeding (19.3% vs. 6.0%, P = 0.002). The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), major congenital abnormalities rate, normal birth weight rate and low birth weight rate were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of SCH in the first trimester was associated with worse pregnancy outcomes after euploid embryo transfer, including an increased risk of early miscarriage and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, along with a reduced live birth rate.

Effects of X-ray cranial irradiation on metabolomics and intestinal flora in mice.

Cranial radiotherapy is an important treatment for intracranial and head and neck tumors. To investigate the effects of cranial irradiation (C-irradiation) on gut microbiota and metabolomic profile, the feces, plasma and cerebral cortex were isolated after exposing mice to cranial X-ray irradiation at a dose rate of 2.33 Gy/min (5 Gy/d for 4 d consecutively). The gut microorganisms and metabolites were detected by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing method and LC-MS method, respectively. We found that compared with sham group, the gut microbiota composition changed at 2 W and 4 W after C-irradiation at the genus level. The fecal metabolomics showed that compared with Sham group, 44 and 66 differential metabolites were found to be annotated into metabolism pathways at 2 W and 4 W after C-irradiation, which were significantly enriched in the arginine and proline metabolism. Metabolome analysis of serum and cerebral cortex showed that, at 4 W after C-irradiation, the expression pattern of metabolites in serum samples of mice was similar to that of sham group, and the cerebral cortex metabolites of the two groups were completely separated. KEGG functional analysis showed that serum and brain tissue differential metabolites were respectively enriched in tryptophan metabolism, and arginine proline metabolism. The correlation analysis showed that the changes of gut microbiota genera were significantly correlated with the changes of metabolism, especially Helicobacter, which was significantly correlated with many different metabolites at 4 W after C-irradiation. These data suggested that C-irradiation could affect the gut microbiota and metabolism profile, even at relatively long times after C-irradiation.

SCF/C-kit drives spermatogenesis disorder induced by abscopal effects of cranial irradiation in mice.

Cranial radiotherapy is a major treatment for leukemia and brain tumors. Our previous study found abscopal effects of cranial irradiation could cause spermatogenesis disorder in mice. However, the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In the study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were administrated with 20 Gy X-ray cranial irradiation (5 Gy per day for 4 days consecutively) and sacrificed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics of testis was combined with bioinformatics analysis to identify key molecules and signal pathways related to spermatogenesis at 4 weeks after cranial irradiation. GO analysis showed that spermatogenesis was closely related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Severe oxidative stress occurred in testis, serum and brain, while serious inflammation also occurred in testis and serum. Additionally, the sex hormones related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis were disrupted. PI3K/Akt pathway was activated in testis, which upstream molecule SCF/C-Kit was significantly elevated. Furthermore, the proliferation and differentiation ability of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) were altered. These findings suggest that cranial irradiation can cause spermatogenesis disorder through brain-blood-testicular cascade oxidative stress, inflammation and the secretory dysfunction of HPG axis, and SCF/C-kit drive this process through activating PI3K/Akt pathway.

Screening potential antileukemia agents from duckweed: Integration of chemical profiling, network pharmacology, and experimental validation.

INTRODUCTION: The identification of active dietary flavonoids in food is promising for novel drug discovery. The active ingredients of duckweed (a widely recognized food and herb with abundant flavonoids) that are associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have yet to be identified, and their underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify novel constituents exhibiting antileukemia activity in duckweed through the integration of chemical profiling, network pharmacology, and experimental validation. METHODS: First, high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to characterize the primary constituents of duckweed. Subsequently, AML cell-xenograft tumor models were used to validate the anticancer effect of duckweed extract. Furthermore, network pharmacology analysis was conducted to predict the potential active compounds and drug targets against AML. Lastly, based on these findings, two monomers (apiin and luteoloside) were selected for experimental validation. RESULTS: A total of 17 compounds, all of which are apigenin and luteolin derivatives, were identified in duckweed. The duckweed extract significantly inhibited AML cell growth in vivo. Furthermore, a total of 88 targets for duckweed against AML were predicted, with key targets including PTGS2, MYC, MDM2, VEGFA, CTNNB1, CASP3, EGFR, TP53, HSP90AA1, CCND1, MMP9, TNF, and MAPK1. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses indicated that these targets were primarily involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway. Lastly, both apiin and luteoloside effectively induced apoptosis through CASP3 activation, and this effect could be partially reversed by a caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD). CONCLUSION: Duckweed extract has an antileukemic effect, and apiin derived from duckweed shows potential as a treatment for AML.