ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Lung cancer may be associated with airway acidification due to enhanced airway inflammation and oxidative stress. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH is a non-invasive indicator of airway acidity; however, it is still unclear how EBC pH changes in lung cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate EBC pH in lung cancer together with clinical variables. METHODS: Thirty-five patients with lung cancer and 37 control subjects (21 patients with stable COPD and 16 non-COPD smokers) were enrolled. EBC was collected for pH, which was determined with the argon-purging method, compared among the groups and correlated with clinical variables of patients with lung cancer. RESULTS: No difference was found in EBC pH between patients with lung cancer and control subjects. However, endobronchial tumour localisation, squamous-cell carcinoma subtype and gastro-oesophageal reflux were associated with low EBC pH values. No relationship was observed between EBC pH and the presence of COPD, lung function variables or smoking history. CONCLUSIONS: Although, EBC pH is unchanged in lung cancer, lower EBC pH values are associated with distinct phenotypes. Our findings could facilitate further research on airway acidity in lung cancer.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/metabolism , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/metabolism , Smoking/metabolism , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology , Aged , Breath Tests , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Comorbidity , Female , Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology , Gastroesophageal Reflux/metabolism , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/epidemiology , Smoking/epidemiologyABSTRACT
AIM: To asses the relationship between severity of gastroesophageal refluxe disease and Epworth sleepiness scale as an indicator of daytime somnolence. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four patients underwent an upper panendoscopy as indicated by the typical reflux symptoms and were also investigated with regard to somnolence. Sleepiness was evaluated by Epworth Sleepiness Scale, which was compared to the severity of endoscopic findings (Savary-Miller/modified by Siewert). Patients with psychiatric disorders or being on sedato-hypnotics as well as shift workers were excluded from the study. The relationship between the severity of the reflux disease and daytime somnolence was analyzed with the help of multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: A positive tendency was found between the severity of the reflux disease and the corresponding Epworth Sleepiness Scale. In the case of the more severe type - Savary-Miller III - at least a mild hypersomnia was found. For this group daytime somnolence was significantly higher than in the case of the non-erosive type of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease representing the mildest stage of reflux disease. CONCLUSION: The severity of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease influences daytime somnolence.