Laser cooling ytterbium doped silica by 67 K from ambient temperature.

Laser cooling of a 5 cm long, 1 mm diameter ytterbium doped (6.56×1025 ions/m3) silica rod by 67 K from room temperature was achieved. For the pump source, a 100 W level ytterbium fiber amplifier was constructed along with a 1032 nm fiber Bragg grating seed laser. Experiments were done in vacuum and monitored with the non-contact differential luminescence thermometry method. Direct measurements of the absorption spectrum as a function of temperature were made, to avoid any possible ambiguities from site-selectivity and deviations from McCumber theory at low temperature. This allowed direct computation of the cooling efficiency versus temperature at the pump wavelength, permitting an estimated heat lift of 1.42 W/m as the sample cooled from ambient temperature to an absolute temperature of 229 K.

TMI and polarization static energy transfer in Yb-doped low-NA PM fibers.

In this work, we conduct experimental investigations of transverse mode instabilities (TMI) in a large mode area ultra-low numerical aperture polarization maintaining fiber amplifier. This fiber is few mode in the slow-axis (conventional operation mode), but single mode in the fast-axis. We test the stability of the output beam by changing the input polarization angle and systematically investigate the transverse mode instability threshold in the two principal polarization axes. The lowest TMI threshold at 300 W was found when the input polarization angle was aligned parallel to the slow-axis. Detuning the input polarization angle from the slow-axis led to increased TMI thresholds. For input polarization angle of 90° (parallel to the fast-axis), the output signal was stable up to 475 W and further scaling was limited by the available pump power. However, for fast-axis operation a lower polarization ratio compared to slow-axis operation was observed as well as an unexpected static energy transfer from the fast-axis into the slow-axis above 400 W.

Mitigation of transverse mode instability by modal birefringence in polarization-maintaining fibers.

The effect of transverse mode instability (TMI) poses a fundamental obstacle for a further scaling of diffraction-limited, high-power fiber laser systems. In this work we present a theoretical and experimental study on the mitigation of TMI by modal birefringence in a polarization maintaining (PM) fiber. With the help of comprehensive simulations, we show that the thermally-induced refractive index grating responsible for TMI can be modified and washed out when light is coupled with a polarization input angle detuned from the main axes of the fiber. To confirm the theoretical predictions, we have designed and manufactured an Yb-doped large-mode-area PM fiber. Using this fiber, we have systematically investigated the dependence of the TMI threshold on the polarization input angle of the seed laser. We experimentally demonstrate that when the polarization input angle of the seed is aligned at 50° with respect to the slow-axis, the TMI threshold increases by a factor of 2, verifying the theory and the numerical simulations. A high speed polarization mode-resolved analysis of the output beam is presented, which reveals that at the onset of TMI both polarization axes fluctuates simultaneously.

Polarization-resolved mode evolution in TMI-limited Yb-doped fiber amplifiers using a novel high-speed Stokes polarimeter.

In this work we have developed a high-speed Stokes polarimeter method based on simultaneous 4-channel imaging with a high-speed camera. Thus, current speed limitations of imaging polarimeters for wavelengths around 1 µm can be overcome, allowing a sub-ms polarization-resolved characterization of transverse mode instability (TMI). Additionally, the Stokes parameters of each individual mode are calculated by a simultaneous 4-beam mode reconstruction algorithm during post-processing and can be analyzed with unprecedented temporal resolution. We demonstrate the measurement capabilities of this polarimeter setup by characterizing TMI of a large-mode-area Yb-doped polarization maintaining (PM) fiber amplifier with 30 kHz video frame rate. Upon thorough characterization, we have found for the first time that at the onset of TMI in a PM fiber, the modal polarization states begin to oscillate on circular and elliptical trajectories at the same frequencies as the modal energy transfer occurs. The ability to measure the modal polarization states with sub-ms temporal resolution is key to developing a fundamental understanding and subsequently possible mitigation strategies of TMI in PM-fiber lasers.

Potential of ytterbium doped silica glass for solid-state optical refrigeration to below 200 K.

We report on the optical refrigeration of ytterbium doped silica glass by >40 K starting at room temperature, which represents more than a two-fold improvement over the previous state-of-the-art. A spectroscopic investigation of the steady-state and time-dependent fluorescence was carried out over the temperature range 80 K to 400 K. The calculated minimum achievable temperature for our Yb3+ doped silica sample is ≈150 K, implying the potential for utilizing ytterbium doped silica for solid-state optical refrigeration below temperatures commonly achieved by standard Peltier devices.

Impact of site-selective spectroscopy on laser cooling parameter characterization.

From laser design to optical refrigeration, experimentally measured fluorescence spectra are often utilized to obtain input parameters for predictive models. However, in materials that exhibit site-selectivity, the fluorescence spectra depend on the excitation wavelength employed to take the measurement. This work explores different conclusions that predictive models reach after inputting such varied spectra. Here, temperature-dependent site-selective spectroscopy is carried out on an ultra-pure Yb, Al co-doped silica rod fabricated by the modified chemical vapor deposition technique. The results are discussed in the context of characterizing ytterbium doped silica for optical refrigeration. Measurements made between 80 K and 280 K at several different excitation wavelengths yield unique values and temperature dependencies of the mean fluorescence wavelength. For the excitation wavelengths studied here, the variation in emission lineshapes ultimately lead to calculated minimum achievable temperatures (MAT) ranging between 151 K and 169 K, with theoretical optimal pumping wavelengths between 1030 nm and 1037 nm. Direct evaluation of the temperature dependence of the fluorescence spectra band area associated with radiative transitions out of the thermally populated 2F5/2 sublevel may be a better approach to identifying the MAT of a glass where site-selective behavior precludes unique conclusions.

Laser cooling experiments to measure the quantum efficiency of Yb-doped silica fibers.

A detailed investigation into the wavelength-dependent cooling efficiencies of two ultra-pure large core diameter ytterbium-doped silica fibers is carried out by means of the laser-induced thermal modulation spectroscopy (LITMoS) method. From these measurements, an external quantum efficiency of 0.99 is obtained for both fibers. Optimal cooling is seen for pump wavelengths between 1032 and 1035 nm. The crossover wavelength from heating to cooling is identified to be between 1018 and 1021 nm. The fiber with higher Yb3+ ion density exhibits better cooling, seen by the input power normalized temperature differential.

Laser cooling of a Yb doped silica fiber by 18 Kelvin from room temperature.

An ytterbium doped silica optical fiber with a core diameter of 900µm has been cooled by 18.4 K below ambient temperature by pumping with 20 W of 1035 nm light in vacuum. In air, cooling by 3.6 K below ambient was observed with the same 20 W pump. The temperatures were measured with a thermal imaging camera and differential luminescence thermometry. The cooling efficiency is calculated to be 1.2±0.1%. The core of the fiber was codoped with Al3+ for an Al to Yb ratio of 6:1, to allow for a larger Yb concentration and enhanced laser cooling.