HLA typing of patients who developed subacute thyroiditis and Graves' disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Cases of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination have been reported. A human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele, HLA-B*35, appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of SAT. CASE PRESENTATION: We conducted HLA typing of one patient with SAT and another with both SAT and Graves' disease (GD), which developed after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Patient 1, a 58-year-old Japanese man, was inoculated with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BNT162b2; Pfizer, New York, NY, USA). He developed fever (38 °C), cervical pain, palpitations, and fatigue on day 10 after vaccination. Blood chemistry tests revealed thyrotoxicosis and elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and slightly increased serum antithyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) levels. Thyroid ultrasonography revealed the characteristic findings of SAT. Patient 2, a 36-year-old Japanese woman, was inoculated twice with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (mRNA-1273; Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA). She developed fever (37.8 °C) and thyroid gland pain on day 3 after the second vaccination. Blood chemistry tests revealed thyrotoxicosis and elevated serum CRP, TSAb, and antithyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody levels. Fever and thyroid gland pain persisted. Thyroid ultrasonography revealed the characteristic findings of SAT (i.e., slight swelling and a focal hypoechoic area with decreased blood flow). Prednisolone treatment was effective for SAT. However, thyrotoxicosis causing palpitations relapsed thereafter, for which thyroid scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium pertechnetate was conducted, and the patient was diagnosed with GD. Thiamazole treatment was then initiated, which led to improvement in symptoms. CONCLUSION: HLA typing revealed that both patients had the HLA-B*35:01, -C*04:01, and -DPB1*05:01 alleles. Only patient 2 had the HLA-DRB1*11:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:01 alleles. The HLA-B*35:01 and HLA-C*04:01 alleles appeared to be involved in the pathogenesis of SAT after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and the HLA-DRB1*11:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:01 alleles were speculated to be involved in the postvaccination pathogenesis of GD.

Significance of peripheral mononuclear cells producing interferon-γ in response to insulin B:9-23-related peptides in subtypes of type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is largely caused by ß-cell destruction through anti-islet autoimmunity. Reportedly, interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) specific to four insulin B-chain amino acid 9-23-related peptides (B:9-23rPep) were increased in type 1 diabetes participants. This study aimed to investigate the PBMC frequencies in subtypes of type 1 diabetes using enzyme-linked immunospot assay. In this cross-sectional study, peripheral blood samples were obtained from 148 participants including 72 with acute-onset type 1 diabetes (AT1D), 51 with slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM), and 25 with type 2 diabetes. The frequency of B:9-23rPep-specific IFN-γ-producing PBMCs was significantly higher in AT1D participants than in SPIDDM and type 2 diabetes participants. Meanwhile, a significant inverse correlation was observed between the PMBC frequencies and insulin secretion capacity in SPIDDM participants. These findings suggest that the increased peripheral B:9-23rPep-specific IFN-γ immunoreactivity reflects decreased functional ß-cell mass and greater disease activity of type 1 diabetes.

Long-term effects of ipragliflozin and pioglitazone on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year observational follow-up of a randomized, 24 week, active-controlled trial: Effect of ipragliflozin in MASLD.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: We conducted a 5 year post-trial monitoring study of our previous randomized 24 week, open-label, active-controlled trial that showed beneficial effects of ipragliflozin on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), identical to those of pioglitazone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our previous trial, 66 patients with MASLD and type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive either ipragliflozin (n = 32) or pioglitazone (n = 34). Upon its conclusion, 61 patients were monitored for 5 years for outcome measures of MASLD, glycemic, and metabolic parameters. Differences between the two groups were analyzed at baseline, 24 weeks, and 5 years; changes in outcome measures from baseline were also evaluated. RESULTS: At 5 years, the mean liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio increased by 0.20 (from 0.78 ± 0.24 to 0.98 ± 0.20) in the ipragliflozin group and by 0.26 (from 0.76 ± 0.26 to 1.02 ± 0.20) in the pioglitazone group (P = 0.363). Similarly, ipragliflozin and pioglitazone significantly improved serum aminotransferase, HbA1c, and fasting plasma glucose levels over 5 years. In the ipragliflozin group, significant reductions in body weight and visceral fat area observed at 24 weeks were sustained throughout the 5 years (-4.0%, P = 0.0075 and -7.6%, P = 0.045, respectively). Moreover, ipragliflozin significantly reduced the values of fibrosis markers (serum ferritin and FIB-4 index), was well tolerated, and had a higher continuation rate for 5 years compared with pioglitazone. CONCLUSIONS: Ipragliflozin and pioglitazone improved MASLD and glycemic parameters over 5 years. In the ipragliflozin group, significant reductions in body weight and visceral fat mass persisted for 5 years.

High glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody titers may be associated with a decline in ß-cell function over time and future insulin deficiency in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.

AIMS: Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is characterized by positive islet-associated autoantibodies including glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA), and gradual decline in insulin secretion, progressing to insulin dependency. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether GADA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GADA-ELISA) titer of ≥180 U/mL could be associated with decline in ß-cell function in participants with LADA. METHODS: Sixty-three participants with LADA were recruited and an association between insulin secretion capacity and disease duration was investigated. Insulin peptide-specific inflammatory immunoreactivity was investigated to determine the disease's activity. RESULTS: There was a significant inverse correlation between disease duration and C-peptide index in participants with GADA-ELISA titer of ≥180 U/mL (Spearman's r (rs) = -0.516, p < 0.01). The positivity rate of insulin peptide-specific inflammatory immunoreactivity was significantly higher in those with ≥180 U/mL than in those with <180 U/mL (p < 0.05). In participants with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*04:05, a significant inverse correlation was observed between disease duration and C-peptide index in those with ≥180 U/mL (rs = -0.751, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: GADA-ELISA titer of ≥180 U/mL, especially with HLA-DRB1*04:05, might reflect higher disease activity and may be associated with decline in ß-cell function over time and future insulin dependency in LADA.

Clinical Significance of Insulin Peptide-specific Interferon-γ-related Immune Responses in Ketosis-prone Type 2 Diabetes.

CONTEXT: Unprovoked A-ß+ ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPD) is characterized by the sudden onset of diabetic ketosis/ketoacidosis (DK/DKA) without precipitating factors, negative anti-islet autoantibodies ("A-"), and preservation of ß-cell function ("ß+") after recovery from DKA. Although this phenotype often appears with acute hyperglycemia and DK/DKA just like acute-onset type 1 diabetes (AT1D), the involvement of anti-islet immune responses remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: We sought to clarify the immunological role of insulin-associated molecules in unprovoked A-ß+ KPD. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, blood samples from 75 participants (42 with AT1D and 33 with KPD) were evaluated for interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) reactive to 4 insulin B-chain amino acid 9-23-related peptides (B:9-23rPep) using an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. RESULTS: Overall, 36.4% (12/33) of KPD participants showed positive IFN-γ ELISpot assay results; the positivity rate in KPD was similar to that in AT1D (38.1%; 16/42) and statistically significantly higher than the previously reported rate in type 2 diabetes (8%; 2/25; P < .0167). Moreover, B:9-23rPep-specific IFN-γ-producing PBMC frequency was negatively correlated with age and ad lib serum C-peptide levels in all KPD participants and positively correlated with glycated hemoglobin A1c level in KPD participants with positive IFN-γ ELISpot results. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the involvement of B:9-23rPep-specific IFN-γ-related immunoreactivity in the pathophysiology of some unprovoked A-ß+ KPD. Moreover, increased immunoreactivity may reflect transiently decreased ß-cell function and increased disease activity at the onset of DK/DKA, thereby playing a key role in DK/DKA development in this KPD phenotype.

Bodyweight threshold for sudden onset of ketosis might exist in ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes patients.

Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes is recognized as atypical diabetes. These patients are often male, characterized by obesity, sudden onset of ketosis and a transient decrease in insulin secretion capacity that can be recovered with temporal insulin therapy. Here, we report a male patient with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes who was followed up for 8 years. During the follow-up period, his bodyweight fluctuated and he experienced four episodes of critical ketosis recurrence in association with bodyweight gain. He discontinued insulin therapy after each ketosis episode within the first 4 years, but thereafter, he had to continue insulin therapy because of decreased insulin secretion capacity. Interestingly, his peak bodyweight just before the repeated ketosis episode gradually decreased, and the insulin secretion capacity after the recovery from repeated ketosis decreased in parallel with his peak bodyweight. This long-term clinical course might be a clue to understand the pathophysiology of ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes.