Short tandem repeat expansions in cortical layer-specific genes implicate in phenotypic severity and adaptability of autism spectrum disorder.

AIM: Short tandem repeats (STRs) are repetitive DNA sequences and highly mutable in various human disorders. While the involvement of STRs in various genetic disorders has been extensively studied, their role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to investigate genetic association of STR expansions with ASD using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and identify risk loci associated with ASD phenotypes. METHODS: We analyzed WGS data of 634 ASD families and performed genome-wide evaluation for 12,929 STR loci. We found rare STR expansions that exceeded normal repeat lengths in autism cases compared to unaffected controls. By integrating single cell RNA and ATAC sequencing datasets of human postmortem brains, we prioritized STR loci in genes specifically expressed in cortical development stages. A deep learning method was used to predict functionality of ASD-associated STR loci. RESULTS: In ASD cases, rare STR expansions predominantly occurred in early cortical layer-specific genes involved in neurodevelopment, highlighting the cellular specificity of STR-associated genes in ASD risk. Leveraging deep learning prediction models, we demonstrated that these STR expansions disrupted the regulatory activity of enhancers and promoters, suggesting a potential mechanism through which they contribute to ASD pathogenesis. We found that individuals with ASD-associated STR expansions exhibited more severe ASD phenotypes and diminished adaptability compared to non-carriers. CONCLUSION: Short tandem repeat expansions in cortical layer-specific genes are associated with ASD and could potentially be a risk genetic factor for ASD. Our study is the first to show evidence of STR expansion associated with ASD in an under-investigated population.

Associations of general obesity and central obesity with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Korean population: A national population-based cohort study.

Numerous previous studies have shown an association between general obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, relatively few reports on the association of central obesity and HCC are available in Asian populations. Therefore, we investigated the association between WC representing central obesity and the risk of HCC in addition to BMI representing general obesity and the risk of HCC in Korea. A total of 10 505 818 participants who received the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) health checkups in 2009 were screened for study eligibility, and 26 979 cases of HCC occurred during the 7.3 years of mean follow-up. General obesity increased the risk of HCC with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.14 (95% CI, 1.11-1.18) for BMI 25.0-<30.0 kg/m2 and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.43-1.61) for BMI ≥30 kg/m2 compared to those whose BMI is within the normal range. Central obesity was also associated with a higher risk of HCC. For the participants with a WC ≥105 cm in men and WC ≥100 cm in women, the risk of HCC was higher than that of the reference group (HR = 1.69, 95% CI, 1.54-1.85). The HRs were 1.13 (95% CI, 1.07-1.19) for nonobese participants with central obesity, and 1.34 (95% CI, 1.30-1.38) for obese participants with central obesity compared to those without both conditions. Our findings suggest that the risk of HCC increases even more when general obesity is combined with central obesity. Moreover, central obesity is associated with the risk of HCC, regardless of general obesity.

Efficacy and safety of a novel topical agent for gallstone dissolution: 2-methoxy-6-methylpyridine.

BACKGROUND: Although methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is the only clinical topical agent for gallstone dissolution, its use is limited by its side effects mostly arising from a relatively low boiling point (55 °C). In this study, we developed the gallstone-dissolving compound containing an aromatic moiety, named 2-methoxy-6-methylpyridine (MMP) with higher boiling point (156 °C), and compared its effectiveness and toxicities with MTBE. METHODS: The dissolubility of MTBE and MMP in vitro was determined by placing human gallstones in glass containers with either solvent and, then, measuring their dry weights. Their dissolubility in vivo was determined by comparing the weights of solvent-treated gallstones and control (dimethyl sulfoxide)-treated gallstones, after directly injecting each solvent into the gallbladder in hamster models with cholesterol and pigmented gallstones. RESULTS: In the in vitro dissolution test, MMP demonstrated statistically higher dissolubility than did MTBE for cholesterol and pigmented gallstones (88.2% vs. 65.7%, 50.8% vs. 29.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). In the in vivo experiments, MMP exhibited 59.0% and 54.3% dissolubility for cholesterol and pigmented gallstones, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of MTBE (50.0% and 32.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). The immunohistochemical stains of gallbladder specimens obtained from the MMP-treated hamsters demonstrated that MMP did not significantly increase the expression of cleaved caspase 9 or significantly decrease the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that MMP has better potential than does MTBE in dissolving gallstones, especially pigmented gallstones, while resulting in lesser toxicities.

Supercontinuum generation in OHQ-N2S organic crystal driven by intense terahertz fields.

A laser supercontinuum is generated by cross-phase modulation (XPM) driven by an intense terahertz (THz) field in organic crystal OHQ-N2S. In this highly nonlinear medium, the THz electric field induces a time-varying optical phase modulation, which causes a spectacular spectral broadening and shifting of a co-propagating near-infrared laser pulse. The effect is enabled by the large electro-optic coefficient, the low absorption, and the good velocity matching between the laser and the THz pulse over the OHQ-N2S crystal thickness. The XPM occurs when the THz field is aligned along the polar axis of the OHQ-N2S. The results display a promising pathway for ultrafast control of the spectral and temporal properties of laser pulses using THz stimuli.

Dual-Structured Flexible Piezoelectric Film Energy Harvesters for Effectively Integrated Performance.

Improvement of energy harvesting performance from flexible thin film-based energy harvesters is essential to accomplish future self-powered electronics and sensor systems. In particular, the integration of harvesting signals should be established as a single device configuration without complicated device connections or expensive methodologies. In this research, we study the dual-film structures of the flexible PZT film energy harvester experimentally and theoretically to propose an effective principle for integrating energy harvesting signals. Laser lift-off (LLO) processes are used for fabrication because this is known as the most efficient technology for flexible high-performance energy harvesters. We develop two different device structures using the multistep LLO: a stacked structure and a double-faced (bimorph) structure. Although both structures are well demonstrated without serious material degradation, the stacked structure is not efficient for energy harvesting due to the ineffectively applied strain to the piezoelectric film in bending. This phenomenon stems from differences in position of mechanical neutral planes, which is investigated by finite element analysis and calculation. Finally, effectively integrated performance is achieved by a bimorph dual-film-structured flexible energy harvester. Our study will foster the development of various structures in flexible energy harvesters towards self-powered sensor applications with high efficiency.

A Novel Hepatic Anti-Fibrotic Strategy Utilizing the Secretome Released from Etanercept-Synthesizing Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-driven inflammatory reaction plays a crucial role in the initiation of liver fibrosis. We herein attempted to design genetically engineered adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) producing etanercept (a potent TNF-α inhibitor), and to determine the anti-fibrotic potential of the secretome released from the etanercept-synthesizing ASCs (etanercept-secretome). First, we generated the etanercept-synthesizing ASCs by transfecting the ASCs with mini-circle plasmids containing the gene insert encoding for etanercept. We subsequently collected the secretory material released from the etanercept-synthesizing ASCs and determined its anti-fibrotic effects both in vitro (in thioacetamide [TAA]-treated AML12 and LX2 cells) and in vivo (in TAA-treated mice) models of liver fibrosis. We observed that while etanercept-secretome increased the viability of the TAA-treated AML12 hepatocytes (p = 0.021), it significantly decreased the viability of the TAA-treated LX2 HSCs (p = 0.021). In the liver of mice with liver fibrosis, intravenous administration of the etanercept-secretome induced significant reduction in the expression of both fibrosis-related and inflammation-related markers compared to the control group (all Ps < 0.05). The etanercept-secretome group also showed significantly lower serum levels of liver enzymes as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α (p = 0.020) and IL-6 (p = 0.021). Histological examination of the liver showed the highest reduction in the degree of fibrosis in the entanercept-secretome group (p = 0.006). Our results suggest that the administration of etanercept-secretome improves liver fibrosis by inhibiting TNF-α-driven inflammation in the mice with liver fibrosis. Thus, blocking TNF-α-driven inflammation at the appropriate stage of liver fibrosis could be an efficient strategy to prevent fibrosis.

Clinical Course of Hepatic Artery Thrombosis After Living Donor Liver Transplantation Using the Right Lobe.

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) can result in biliary tree necrosis and graft loss, necessitating retransplantation. The most effective treatment approach is still controversial. This study was performed to review the outcomes of HAT after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and to clarify the feasibility of different strategies. From May 1996 to August 2017, LDLT using the right lobe was performed in 827 adult patients in our center. Our technique of hepatic artery (HA) reconstruction is end-to-end anastomosis under a microscope (10×). Diagnosis of HAT was performed using Doppler sonography and computed tomography (CT) angiography. HAT was initially treated with surgical or endovascular procedure, and retransplantation was considered according to the graft condition. Among the 827 cases of LDLT using the right lobe, HAT occurred in 16 (1.9%) cases within 1 month after transplantation. Within the first week, 7 of these HAT cases (43.8%) occurred (early HAT), while the remaining 9 cases (56.2%) occurred between the first week and 1 month (late HAT). The incidence of graft failure was high in early HAT (42.9%), and the frequency of biliary complications was high in late HAT (77.8%). The success rate of HA recanalization was 62.5% (10/16): 100% (5/5) after reoperation and 45.5% (5/11) after the endovascular procedure. Of the patients in whom treatment failed in late HAT (n = 5), 4 underwent neovascularization during observation. A total of 5 patients underwent graft failure, and 3 of these patients underwent repeat liver transplantation (LT). Mortality occurred in 3 patients, including 1 in the surgical group and 2 in the endovascular group. In conclusion, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of HAT are necessary to avoid graft failure, and the choice of treatment depends on various factors. Although further studies are required, early HAT requires preparation for graft failure, while late HAT requires treatment for biliary complications.

Efficient terahertz generation in highly nonlinear organic crystal HMB-TMS.

We report on generation of strong and broadband terahertz (THz) pulses via collinearly phase-matched optical rectification of near-infrared femtosecond pulses in the organic nonlinear optical HMB-TMS (2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl)-3-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-3-ium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate) single crystals which exhibit optimal molecular orientation and large macroscopic optical nonlinearity for efficient THz wave generation. Single-cycle THz pulses with a peak electric field strength of 0.66 MV/cm and a bandwidth from 0.1 to 5.4 THz are achieved from an HMB-TMS crystal with only a 2-mm clear aperture pumped by 1350 nm pulses at moderate fluences. The generated THz energy is about 1 µJ and the corresponding pump-to-THz energy conversion efficiency reaches 0.23%.

Fatal Graft-Versus-Host Disease Following Adult-To-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation From an HLA Nonhomozygous Donor.

The use of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) homozygous donor to a haploidentical recipient is a well-documented cause of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Several authors have reported that use of a graft from an HLA-homozygous donor with 1-way donor-recipient HLA matching led to an extremely high risk of developing GVHD in LDLT. We have experienced a fatal case of acute GVHD following adult-to-adult LDLT from a donor who was heterozygous at a single HLA locus. A 53-year-old female underwent LDLT for chronic hepatitis B and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. The donor was her 23-year-old son. The HLA phenotype of the donor was not homozygous (A24, -; B54, -; DR4, 9) and revealed one-way donor-dominant HLA matching at two loci with the recipient (A2, 24; B48, 54; DR4, 12). On the fortieth postoperative day, the patient showed erythematous skin lesions. Skin biopsy revealed typical findings of GVHD. Donor-derived chimerism was demonstrated by performing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using the recipient's skin tissue. As the clinical course deteriorated, etanercept was started in addition to broad-spectrum antibiotics but there was no improvement. As multi-organ failure progressed, the patient succumbed to death on the 54th postoperative day, which was 2 weeks after onset of GVHD. The prevention of GVHD is more important since the results of treatment have been disappointing. We have experienced a fatal case of acute GVHD following adult-to-adult LDLT from a HLA non-homozygous donor. HLA heterozygosity at a single locus does not preclude the possibility of developing GVHD following adult-to-adult LDLT.

Prevention and risk factors of hepatitis B recurrence after living donor liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Without effective prophylaxis, liver transplantation (LT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease is frequently complicated by severe and rapidly progressive HBV recurrence. The combination of low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and the new nucleos(t)ide analog, entecavir, as prophylaxis for HBV recurrence after living-donor LT (LDLT) were analyzed. METHODS: A total of 315 patients with positive hepatitis B surface antigen underwent LDLT at our transplant center between July 2003 and December 2011. Our protocol for post-transplantation HBV prophylaxis was a combination of low-dose HBIG and nucleos(t)ide analog. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 49 months post-transplant, 10 patients (3.2%) had HBV recurrence, which was significantly related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at transplantation (P = 0.041) and post-LT antiviral agent (P < 0.001) in multivariate analysis. The level of HBV DNA and hepatitis B e antigen state at transplantation were not significant factors for HBV recurrence (P = 0.342 and P = 0.802, respectively). In 170 patients with HCC at LDLT, HCC recurrence was significantly related to HBV recurrence (P < 0.001). Among 10 patients with HBV recurrence, three are alive and two had lost hepatitis B surface antigen. The remaining seven patients died of HCC recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of low-dose HBIG and nucleos(t)ide analogs is safe and effective for HBV prophylaxis after LDLT. As a post-LT antiviral treatment, entecavir is more effective than lamivudine. HCC at transplantation was significantly associated with HBV recurrence. HBV-related HCC patients who undergo LDLT require close virological monitoring.

Interventional treatment of a biliary stricture after adult right-lobe living-donor liver transplantation with duct-to-duct anastomosis.

BACKGROUND: [corrected] A biliary stricture is the most common complication after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The present study was performed to examine treatment methods and outcomes after treatment for a biliary stricture after LDLT. METHODS AND RESULTS: From January 2000 to December 2010, 488 patients underwent LDLT using the right lobe with duct-to-duct anastomosis at our transplantation centre. Overall biliary strictures were detected in 160 patients (32.8%), and the majority occurred within 2 years after LDLT. Biliary strictures were related to bile leakage (P < 0.001) and the urgency of the surgery (P = 0.012) in a multivariate analysis. All biliary strictures were treated with interventional modalities including an endoscopic or a percutaneous approach. Failure of interventional treatment was demonstrated in 13 patients (8.5%), among them, four (2.6%) underwent re-transplantation and nine (5.9%) died of sepsis and biliary cirrhosis during the follow-up period. A biliary stricture was not related to the survival rate (P = 0.586). CONCLUSION: The incidence of overall biliary stricture was related to bile leakage and the urgency of the surgery. All biliary strictures could be treated by interventional modalities. These approaches are effective, complementary and help to avoid the need for surgery for a biliary stricture.

Examining the Use of Oral Aripiprazole in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Study of Retrospective Chart Review at a University Medical Center.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of use of oral aripiprazole treatment in children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at a university medical center in Korea. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 164 outpatient children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD by child and adolescent psychiatrists. Patient demographic characteristics, clinical features, age and dose of aripiprazole treatment, associated adverse events, and concomitant medications, etc. were evaluated. Results: Aripiprazole treatment was initiated at a mean age of 7.64 years, at a mean initial dose of 1.15 mg. Methylphenidate was often co-administered with aripiprazole. The most commonly reported adverse effects were increased appetite and weight gain, which in some cases led to discontinuation of medication. Conclusion: A follow-up study is warranted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole treatment in Korean children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD, and it is crucial to consider their clinical characteristics and response to treatment in the evaluation.

Abnormal Electroencephalogram Findings and Its Correlation With Clinical Features From Pediatric Patients in Psychiatric Clinic.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities in pediatric patients attending an outpatient psychiatry clinic at a tertiary center. We examined the rates of abnormalities and specific findings based on demographics, specific diagnoses, and clinical severity. Methods: This study included pediatric patients who underwent EEG at the outpatient psychiatry clinic. Patient demographics, psychiatric diagnosis, intellectual disability, intelligent quotient (IQ) score, family history of psychiatric disorders, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score were obtained through retrospective electronic health record analysis. The rate of EEG abnormalities was calculated, and specific abnormal findings were reviewed. Relationships between the rate of EEG abnormalities and diagnosis, severity, IQ, and age at EEG examination were analyzed. Results: Of 319 patients who underwent EEG, 21.3% (68 patients) of patients exhibited abnormalities, including background abnormalities (14.7%, 47 patients), interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) (10.3%, 33 patients), and a slow posterior dominant rhythm (3.8%, 10 patients). The frontal region was the most commonly affected area. Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) had the most frequent abnormalities (29.8%), followed by anxiety (16.7%), sleep (14.3%), mood (11.7%), psychotic (5%), and conduct disorders (0%). Disease severity did not correlate with the rate of EEG abnormalities. Adjusted for age, sex, severity, and family history, patients with EEG abnormalities exhibited lower IQ scores. Conclusion: EEG abnormalities were common in pediatric patients with psychiatric disorders, with background abnormalities detected as frequently as IEDs. Disease severity was not associated with EEG abnormality, while IQ scores showed a negative correlation.

Descriptive Analysis of Social Interaction and Communication Skills of Autistic Children According to Sibling Status and Characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: Sibling relationships in early childhood can have a positive impact on children's social interaction and communication skills. Similarly, autistic children can benefit from interactions with their siblings, who can serve as readily available partners for social interaction. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of siblings based on specific characteristics of the sibling. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare social interactions and communication skills of autistic children based on sibling status and characteristics. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective data review involving 895 autistic children and their siblings at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. Variety of diagnostic assessments or questionnaires were administered. Based on the characteristics of the data, Quade's test for nonparametric analysis of covariance was used to compare autism-related symptoms and levels of functioning of the autistic child according to 1) sibling status, 2) birth order, 3) sex, and 4) diagnosis of the sibling. Pearson correlation was used to explore associations between the sibling age gap and different clinical scores. RESULTS: Having siblings was associated with fewer difficulties in restricted and repetitive behaviors. Based on the comparison of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised scores, autistic children with multiple siblings demonstrated better nonverbal behaviors. Autistic children with autistic siblings experienced greater difficulties in social interactions and communications, such as peer relationships, sharing enjoyment, and engaging in social imitative play. CONCLUSION: The study revealed differences in social interactions and communication skills of autistic children based on sibling status, birth order, affected sibling, age gap, and sex.

An empirical study on social network analysis for small residential communities in Gangwon State, South Korea.

Social Network Analysis (SNA) provides a dynamic framework for examining interactions and connections within networks, elucidating how these relationships impact behaviors and outcomes. This study targeted small residential communities in Gangwon State, South Korea, to explore network formation theories and derive strategies for enhancing health promotion services in rural communities. Conducted in 12 small residential areas, the survey led to a network categorization model distinguishing networks as formal, informal, or non-existent. Key findings demonstrated that demographic and socio-economic factors, specifically age, income, living environment, leisure activities, and education level, significantly influence network formation. Importantly, age, environmental conditions, satisfaction with public transportation, and walking frequency were closely associated with the evolution of formal networks. These results highlight the importance of early community network assessments, which must consider distinct network traits to develop effective health promotion models. Utilizing SNA early in the assessment process can improve understanding of network dynamics and optimize the effectiveness of health interventions.

Proposal of a Network System to Solve the Problem of Small Volume in Liver Transplantation; Catholic Medical Center Network.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation (LT) is a complex and demanding procedure associated with significant perioperative challenges and risks. Concerns have arisen regarding LT outcomes in low-volume centers. We implemented an integrated training and surgical team network to address these concerns within the Catholic Medical Center (CMC) network. This study presents a comprehensive review of our 9-year LT experience within the CMC medical network. METHOD: A retrospective study of LT procedures conducted between January 2013 and August 2021 in 6 CMC-affiliated hospitals was performed. One center was categorized as a high-volume center, conducting over 60 cases annually, and the remaining 5 were considered small-volume centers. The primary endpoints assessed were 1-year and 5-year survival rates. RESULTS: A total of 793 LTs were performed during the study period. The high-volume center performed 411 living donor LT (LDLT) cases and 127 deceased donor LT (DDLT) cases. Also, 146 LDLT cases and 109 DDLT cases were performed in 5 small-volume centers. One-year and 5-year patient survival for LDLT recipients was 88.3% and 78.8% in the high-volume center and 85.6% and 80.6% in the low-volume center. Five-year survival was not significantly different in small-volume centers (P = .903). For DDLT recipients, 1-year and 5-year patient survival was 80.3% and 70.6% in the high-volume center and 76.1% and 67.6% in the low-volume center. In DDLT cases, 5-year survival was not significantly different in small-volume centers (P = .445). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, comparable outcomes for liver transplantation can be obtained in a small-volume center with a high level of integrated training systems and networks.

Circulating α-klotho levels in CKD and relationship to progression.

BACKGROUND: α-Klotho is reported to have protective effects against kidney injury, and its renal expression is decreased in many experimental models of kidney disease. However, circulating α-klotho levels in human chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the relationship to progression are unknown. STUDY DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 243 of 301 participants from a CKD cohort at our institution between January 2006 and December 2011 were eligible for the study. PREDICTOR: Baseline α-klotho levels. OUTCOMES: Primary outcome was the composite of doubling of baseline serum creatinine concentration, end-stage renal disease, or death. End-stage renal disease was defined as onset of treatment by renal replacement therapy. MEASUREMENTS: Serum α-klotho and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Lower serum α-klotho levels were associated with more severe CKD stage in the cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data (P for trend < 0.001). In the adjusted multivariable linear regression model, log(α-klotho) was associated independently with estimated glomerular filtration rate (ß = 0.154; P = 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that baseline α-klotho level independently predicted the composite outcome after adjustment for age, diabetes, blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, parathyroid hormone level, and FGF-23 level (HR per 10-pg/mL increase, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.98; P < 0.001). When patients were categorized into 2 groups according to baseline median α-klotho value, 43 (35.2%) patients with α-klotho levels ≤396.3 pg/mL reached the primary composite outcome compared with 19 (15.7%) with α-klotho levels >396.3 pg/mL (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.07-3.85; P = 0.03). LIMITATIONS: Uncontrolled dietary phosphorus intake and use of frozen samples. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that low circulating α-klotho levels were associated with adverse kidney disease outcome, suggesting that α-klotho is a novel biomarker for CKD progression. More data from larger prospective longitudinal studies are required to validate our findings.

An increase in red blood cell distribution width from baseline predicts mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.

INTRODUCTION: A potential independent association was recently demonstrated between high red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and the risk of all-cause mortality in critically ill patients, although the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unclear. Little is known about the impact changes in RDW may have on survival in critically ill patients. Therefore, we investigated the prognostic significance of changes in RDW during hospital stay in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 329 patients who were admitted to the emergency department (ED) and received a standardized resuscitation algorithm (early-goal directed therapy) for severe sepsis or septic shock. The relationship between the changes in RDW during the first 72 hours after ED admission and all-cause mortality (28-day and 90-day) were analyzed by categorizing the patients into four groups according to baseline RDW value and ΔRDW72hr-adm (RDW at 72 hours - RDW at baseline). RESULTS: The 28-day and 90-day mortality rates were 10% and 14.6%, respectively. Patients with increased RDW at baseline and ΔRDW72hr-adm >0.2% exhibited the highest risks of 28-day and 90-day mortality, whereas the patients with normal RDW level at baseline and ΔRDW72hr-adm ≤0.2% (the reference group) had the lowest mortality risks. For 90-day mortality, a significantly higher mortality risk was observed in the patients whose RDW increased within 72 hours of ED admission (normal RDW at baseline and ΔRDW72hr-adm >0.2%), compared to the reference group. These associations remained unaltered even after adjusting for age, sex, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Charlson Comorbidity Index, renal replacement therapy, albumin, hemoglobin, lactate, C-reactive protein and infection sites in multivariable models. CONCLUSIONS: We found that an increase in RDW from baseline during the first 72 hours after hospitalization is significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Therefore, a combination of baseline RDW value and an increase in RDW can be a promising independent prognostic marker in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.

Reduced port laparoscopic splenectomy using a newly developed multichannel port: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The authors introduce the dual-incision laparoscopic splenectomy (DILS) technique using a specially designed multichannel trocar and report on the surgical outcomes and operative cost of DILS compared with conventional laparoscopic splenectomy (CLS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of 53 patients who underwent a laparoscopic splenectomy using CLS with four trocars and DILS at our institution were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in operative time between the two groups and the intraoperative transfusion rate of red blood cell substitution was not different between the two groups. In terms of postoperative pain score, hospital stay, and overall complication rate, there were no differences between the two groups. Operative cost was significantly lower in the DILS group compared with the CLS group. CONCLUSIONS: DILS is a feasible and cost-effective modality of reduced port surgery in laparoscopic splenectomy.

Loss of Acquired Skills: Regression in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Objectives: Regression, while not a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has been suggested to be a distinct subtype by previous studies. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the prevalence and clinical differences between those with and without regression in children with ASD. Methods: This study includes data from toddlers and young children aged 2-7 years acquired from other projects at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The presence and characteristics of regression were explored using question items #11-28 from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used to compare various clinical measurements such as autistic symptoms, adaptative behavior, intelligence, and perinatal factors. Results: Data from 1438 young children (1020 with ASD) were analyzed. The overall prevalence rate of regression, which was mainly related to language-related skills, was 10.2% in the ASD group, with an onset age of 24 months. Regarding clinical characteristics, patients with ASD and regression experienced ASD symptoms, especially restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors, with greater severity than those without regression. Furthermore, there were significant associations between regression and hypertension/placenta previa. Conclusion: In-depth surveillance and proactive interventions targeted at young children with ASD and regression should focus on autistic symptoms and other areas of functioning.