Genome screening, reporting, and genetic counseling for healthy populations.

Rapid advancements of genome sequencing (GS) technologies have enhanced our understanding of the relationship between genes and human disease. To incorporate genomic information into the practice of medicine, new processes for the analysis, reporting, and communication of GS data are needed. Blood samples were collected from adults with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) diagnosis (target N = 1500). GS was performed. Data were filtered and analyzed using custom pipelines and gene panels. We developed unique patient-facing materials, including an online intake survey, group counseling presentation, and consultation letters in addition to a comprehensive GS report. The final report includes results generated from GS data: (1) monogenic disease risks; (2) carrier status; (3) pharmacogenomic variants; (4) polygenic risk scores for common conditions; (5) HLA genotype; (6) genetic ancestry; (7) blood group; and, (8) COVID-19 viral lineage. Participants complete pre-test genetic counseling and confirm preferences for secondary findings before receiving results. Counseling and referrals are initiated for clinically significant findings. We developed a genetic counseling, reporting, and return of results framework that integrates GS information across multiple areas of human health, presenting possibilities for the clinical application of comprehensive GS data in healthy individuals.

Cognition of polysaccharides from confusion to clarity: when the next "omic" will come?

With the accelerated pace of modern life, people are facing more and more health pressure. The study of polysaccharides seemed a good choice as a potential treasure trove. Polysaccharides, one of the four basic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates) that constitute life activities, are obviously an underrated macromolecular substance with great potential. Compared with protein and nucleic acid, the research of polysaccharides is still in the primary stage. The relationship between structure and function of polysaccharides is not clear. In this review, we highlighted the main methods of extraction, purification and structure identification of polysaccharides; summarized their biological activities including immunoregulation, hypoglycemic, anti-tumor, anti-virus, anti-coagulation, and so on. Particularly, the relationship between their structures and activities was described. In addition, the applications of polysaccharides in health food, medicine and cosmetics were also reviewed. This review can help polysaccharide researchers quickly understand the whole process of polysaccharides research, and also provide a reference for the comprehensive utilization of polysaccharides. We need to standardize the research of polysaccharides to make the experimental data more universal, and take it as important references in the review process. Glycomic may appear as the next "omic" after genomic and proteomic in the future. This review provides support for the advancement of glycomics.

Protective effect of the stressed supernatant from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and its metabolic analysis.

There are numerous factors restricting wide application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in dairy industry, causing urgent demands for novel bioprotectants. Protective effects and metabolites of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (L. lactis) from ultraviolet (UV)-induced supernatant were investigated and the protective mechanism was explored. The strain viability of the group treated with the supernatant of continuous UV irradiation (V1) and the group with intermittent UV irradiation (V2) was 8.45 and 14.13 times of the control group, respectively. Further exploration on the protective of L. lactis supernatant, under different dose of UV treatment, showed it was dose-dependent. The condition for the supernatant with best protective effect was vertical distance 50.00 cm, horizontal distance 25.00 cm, intermittent UV irradiation (30 s interval 30 s) for 4.5 min (V2), which was chose for untargeted metabolite analysis. And that in V1 was for comparative study. There were 181 up-regulated metabolites in V1 and 161 up-regulated metabolites in V2, respectively. Most of the up-regulated metabolites were related to secondary metabolite synthesis, environmental microbial metabolism, antibiotic synthesis and amino acid biosynthesis. Notably, production of dithiothreitol (DTT) in V2 was 65.2-fold higher than that in the control group. Trehalose in ABC transporter pathway was also up-regulated in the metabolites induced by UV. Results indicated that L. lactis could adapt to the UV stress by adjusting metabolic pathways and producing special metabolites to protect itself. This research offers the basis for robust strain development and contributes to initial study on potential bioprotectant.

Production of functional recombinant prolyl hydroxylase-2 enzyme in insect cells for small molecule inhibitor screening studies.

Prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) is a dioxygenase enzyme that specifically hydroxylates the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) which then targets it for degradation in oxygenated cells. Inhibition of the activity of the PHD2 enzyme under hypoxic environmental conditions acts to upregulate HIF. Thus, PHD2 inhibitors may serve as a promising treatment for HIF-dependent diseases. In this study, recombinant PHD2 protein was successfully expressed using a baculovirus-insect cell expression secretory system. PHD2 was purified and in combination with bacterially expressed functional von Hippel Lindau protein-elongin B-elongin C (VBC) protein complex was used to successfully develop a fluorescence-based PHD2 activity assay. Myricetin was identified as a novel potent PHD2 inhibitor by high-throughput screening of a natural compound library. Further studies showed that treatment of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with Myricetin increased HIF-1α protein levels. These results indicate that the insect cell expression system is capable of producing highly active recombinant PHD2 protein from which a fluorescence-based activity assay can be developed for high-throughput screening applications.

60Coγ induction improves the protective effect of Acetobacter pasteurianus against ionizing radiation in mice.

Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) tends to cause serious health concerns. Thus, radioprotective agents are vital for the population exposed to radiation. As microorganisms have the advantages of fast reproduction and no geographical restrictions, direct microbe-based and environmental induction compounds are thriving radioprotectants resources. Oxidative system and oxidase in Acetobacter pasteurianus are unique and intriguing, the radioprotective effect of the cell-free extract from A. pasteurianus (APE) and 60Coγ-treated extract (IRE) were comparatively investigated in the present study. The survival rate of A. pasteurianus with IRE addition was 149.1% in H2O2 damage test, while that with APE was only 10.4%. The viability of 60Coγ-treated AML-12 cells was increased by 18.8% with IRE addition, yet APE showed no significant radioprotective effect. Moreover, in 60Coγ-treated mice, IRE could significantly protect the white blood cell, improve the liver index, and attenuate the injuries of immune organs in mice. Administration of IRE significantly raised the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced the products of lipid peroxidation. These results clarified that gavage with APE and IRE presented notable antioxidant and radioprotective efficacy. A. pasteurianus showed appealing potential to be novel radioprotective bioagents and 60Coγ treatment on microbe could be a new method for the development of better radioprotectant. KEY POINTS: • 60Coγ induction could improve the radioprotective effect of APE. • IRE protected white blood cell in mice under IR. • IRE products have broad application prospects in radioprotection based on microbes.

Radioprotective effect of radiation-induced Lactococcus lactis cell-free extract against 60Coγ injury in mice.

Ionizing radiation (IR) is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. However, IR can cause damage to human health by producing reactive oxygen species. Lactococcus lactis is a type of microorganism that is beneficial to human health and has a strong antioxidant capacity. In this study, the protective effect of normal and IR-induced L. lactis IL1403 cell-free extracts (CFE and IR-CFE, respectively) against oxidative damage in vitro and the radioprotective effect of IR-CFE in vivo was evaluated using 60Coγ-induced oxidative damage model in mice. Results showed that IR-CFE exhibited a stronger oxidative damage-protective effect than CFE for L. lactis IL1403 under H2O2 in vitro. Moreover, IR-CFE also showed strong radioprotective effect on hepatocyte cells (AML-12) under radiation condition, and the effect was better than that of CFE. Animal experiment indicated that IR-CFE could reduce the IR-induced damage to the hematopoietic system by increasing the number of white blood cells and red blood cells in peripheral blood of irradiated mice. It was also observed that IR-CFE could markedly alleviate the 60Coγ-induced oxidative stress via increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, enhancing the levels of glutathione, and decreasing the contents of malondialdehyde in serum, liver, and spleen. In addition, IR-CFE also could reduce the activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum, thereby reducing radiation damage to the liver. These results suggested that IR-CFE could be considered as potential candidates for natural radioprotective agents. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the application of lactic acid bacteria.

An innovative method to enhance protease tolerance of nisin in endogenous proteases.

Nisin, a natural peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis cultivation in milk whey, is widely used as a preservative in industrial production. However, nisin can be degraded by endogenous enzymes in foods. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of nisin-soybean protein and nisin-egg white protein and compared them with that of free nisin in cantaloupe juice, which was used as a model of endogenous protease environment. Results showed that endogenous proteases in the model resulted in a loss of nisin activity, but combining nisin with protein (soybean or egg white) resulted in greater protection of its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting endogenous proteases. The microbial addition experiment (Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus) and preservation experiment in the food model showed that the antibacterial activity of nisin combined with either of the 2 proteins was higher than that of nisin alone in an endogenous protease environment. In summary, soybean protein and egg white protein improved the protease tolerance of nisin, expanding the application scope of nisin in food.

Short communication: Global transcriptome analysis of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis in response to gradient freezing.

Lactic acid bacteria are often preserved as starter cultures by freezing to extend shelf stability as well as maintain cell viability and acidification activity. Previous studies showed that the endocyte extracted from gradient-freezing pretreated cells could act as lyoprotectant in the lyophilization process of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of L. lactis in response to gradient freezing exposure are described using high-throughput sequencing. Nineteen of 56 genes were upregulated after gradient freezing, whereas 37 genes were downregulated. Further validation results of quantitative real-time PCR experiments were consistent with the RNA sequencing. Gene Ontology (http://www.geneontology.org/) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG; https://www.genome.jp/kegg/) pathway were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. Several pathways, such as glutathione metabolism, ATP-binding cassette transport, metabolism of cell wall and cell membrane components, and stress response-related pathways, were affected by gradient freezing. Six genes relevant to freezing stress response were selected for quantitative real-time PCR, including 3 upregulated genes (hisK, eutD, dukA) and 3 downregulated genes (als, yedF, pepN). The Gene Ontology enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses showed these genes may influence stress response-related pathways, improving the survival of the L. lactis under freezing stress. The identification of these genes deepened an understanding about their response under freezing stress, helping us find potential genes or pathways related to gradient freezing for further research on lyoprotectants.

MiRNA expression profile of ionizing radiation-induced liver injury in mouse using deep sequencing.

In order to investigate the potential regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in mouse response to ionizing radiation (IR), the small RNA libraries from liver tissues of mice with or without ionizing radiation (IR) were sequenced by high-throughput deep sequencing technology. A total of 270 miRNAs including 212 known and 58 potentially novel miRNAs were identified. Within these miRNAs, there were 48 miRNAs that were differentially expressed, including 27 known and 21 novel miRNAs. The results of quantitative RT-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were in consistent with the sequencing analysis. Target gene prediction, function annotation, and pathway of the identified miRNAs were analyzed using RNAhybrid, miRanda software and Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes (KEGG) and non-redundant (NR) databases. These results should be useful to investigate the biological function of miRNAs under IR-induced liver injury.

A genome-wide RNAi screen in Caenorhabditis elegans identifies the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit ACR-7 as an antipsychotic drug target.

We report a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen for Suppressors of Clozapine-induced Larval Arrest (scla genes) in Caenorhabditis elegans, the first genetic suppressor screen for antipsychotic drug (APD) targets in an animal. The screen identifies 40 suppressors, including the α-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) homolog acr-7. We validate the requirement for acr-7 by showing that acr-7 knockout suppresses clozapine-induced larval arrest and that expression of a full-length translational GFP fusion construct rescues this phenotype. nAChR agonists phenocopy the developmental effects of clozapine, while nAChR antagonists partially block these effects. ACR-7 is strongly expressed in the pharynx, and clozapine inhibits pharyngeal pumping. acr-7 knockout and nAChR antagonists suppress clozapine-induced inhibition of pharyngeal pumping. These findings suggest that clozapine activates ACR-7 channels in pharyngeal muscle, leading to tetanus of pharyngeal muscle with consequent larval arrest. No APDs are known to activate nAChRs, but a number of studies indicate that α7-nAChR agonists may prove effective for the treatment of psychosis. α-like nAChR signaling is a mechanism through which clozapine may produce its therapeutic and/or toxic effects in humans, a hypothesis that could be tested following identification of the mammalian ortholog of C. elegans acr-7.

C/EBPß promotes angiogenesis through secretion of IL-6, which is inhibited by genistein, in EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma.

To study the mechanisms underlying the IL-6-promoted angiogenic microenvironment in EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma, VEGF expression in EGFRvIII-positive/negative tumors was determined by optical molecular imaging. Next, the HUVEC tube formation assay, Western blot, qPCR, RNA silencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter and ELISA assays were performed to examine the role of IL-6 and C/EBPß in the formation of the angiogenic microenvironment in EGFRvIII-positive tumors. Finally, in vitro and in vivo genistein treatment experiments were conducted to challenge the interaction between the IL-6 promoter and C/EBPß. Optical imaging revealed greater VEGF expression in EGFRvIII-positive tumor-bearing mice, suggesting an angiogenic microenvironment. In vitro experiments demonstrated that C/EBPß-mediated regulation of IL-6 was indispensable for maintenance of this angiogenic microenvironment. In contrast, genistein-mediated upregulation of CHOP impeded C/EBPß interaction with the IL-6 promoter, thus disturbing the angiogenic microenvironment. This more malignant microenvironment in EGFRvIII glioblastoma is generated, at least in part, by greater VEGF, IL-6 and C/EBPß expression. Interaction of C/EBPß with the IL-6 promoter maintains this angiogenic microenvironment, while disturbance of this dynamically balanced interaction inhibits EGFRvIII tumor proliferation by reducing both VEGF and IL-6 expression.

SecReT6: a web-based resource for type VI secretion systems found in bacteria.

SecReT6 (http://db-mml.sjtu.edu.cn/SecReT6/) is an integrated database providing comprehensive information on type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) in bacteria. T6SSs are a class of sophisticated cell contact-dependent apparatuses involved in mediating antagonistic or synergistic communications between bacteria and/or bacteria and eukaryotes. These apparatuses have recently been found to be widely distributed among Gram-negative bacterial species. SecReT6 offers a unique, readily explorable archive of known and putative T6SSs, and cognate effectors found in bacteria. It currently contains data on 11 167 core T6SS components mapping to 906 T6SSs found in 498 bacterial strains representing 240 species, as well as a collection of over 600 directly relevant references. Also collated and archived were 1340 diverse candidate secreted effectors which were experimentally shown and/or predicted to be delivered by T6SSs into target eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic cells as well as 196 immunity proteins. A broad range of T6SS gene cluster detection and comparative analysis tools are readily accessible via SecReT6, which may aid identification of effectors and immunity proteins around the T6SS core components. This database will be regularly updated to ensure its ongoing maximal utility and relevance to the scientific research community.

Profiling the chemical properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and its flavonoids through comprehensive LC-MS/MS to evaluate their anti-motion sickness effect.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. is a medicinal and food homologous plant, and it has various biological activities. Yet, no research has explored its anti-motion sickness effects. Chemical properties of fennel extracts (FvE) and flavonoids (Fvf) were analyzed based on UPLC-QTRAP-MS to elucidate its potential anti-motion sickness components in the present study. The mice models of motion sickness were stimulated by biaxial rotational acceleration. Behavioral experiments such as motion sickness index and open field test and the measurement of neurotransmitters were used to evaluate the efficacy of compounds on motion sickness. Results showed that FvE contains terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc. Eight flavonoids including quercetin-3ß-D-glucoside, rutin, hyperoside, quercetin, miquelianin, trifolin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol were identified in the purified Fvf. FvE and Fvf significantly reduced the motion sickness index of mice by 53.2% and 48.9%, respectively. Fvf also significantly alleviated the anxious behavior of mice after rotational stimulation. Among the eight flavonoids, isorhamnetin had the highest oral bioavailability and moderate drug-likeness index and thus speculated to be the bioactive compound in fennel for its anti-motion sickness effect. It reduced the release of 5-HT and Ach to alleviate the motion sickness response and improve the work completing ability of mice and nervous system dysfunction after rotational stimulation. This study provided in-depth understanding of the anti-motion sickness bioactive chemical properties of fennel and its flavonoids, which will contribute to the new development and utilization of fennel.

Fabrication and release property of self-assembled garlic essential oil-amylose inclusion complex by pre-gelatinization coupling with high-speed shear.

Our aim was to investigate the preparation of self-assembled garlic essential oil-amylose inclusion complexes (SGAs) using garlic essential oil (GEO) and corn starch (CS), and evaluated their release properties. SGAs were fabricated by pre-gelatinization coupling with high-speed shear at different GEO-CS mass ratios. When the mass ratio of GEO to pre-gelatinized corn starch was set at 15 % (SGA-15 %), with a fixed shear rate of 9000 rpm and a shear time of 30 min, the allicin content was 0.573 ± 0.023 mg/g. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed a starch V-type crystalline structure in SGAs with peaks at 13.0°, 18.0°, and 20.0° (2θ). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of SGAs displayed a shift in the characteristic peak of diallyl trisulfide from 987.51 cm-1 to 991.45 cm-1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that SGAs exhibited lamellar structures covered with small granules. SGAs exhibited higher residual mass (approximately 12 %) than other samples. The resistant starch content of SGAs increased from 10.1 % to 18.4 % as GEO contents varied from 5 % to 15 %. In vitro digestion tests showed that about 53.21 % of allicin remained in SGA-15 % after 8 h. Therefore, this dual treatment can be a new method for fabricating controlled-release inclusion complexes of guest molecules.

Structural characterization of a glycoprotein from white jade snails (Achatina Fulica) and its wound healing activity.

Snail mucus is rich in proteins and polysaccharides, which has been proved to promote wound healing in mice in our previous research. The aim of this study was to investigate the effective component in snail mucus that can exert the wound healing potential and its structural characterization. Here, the glycoprotein from the snail mucus (SM1S) was obtained by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 columns. The structural characteristics of SM1S were investigated via chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. Results showed that SM1S was a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 3.8 kDa (83.23 %), consists of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fucose at a ratio of 13.180:4.875:1043.173:7.552:1:3.501:2.058. In addition, the periodic acid oxidation and NMR analysis showed that SM1S contained 1,6-glycosidic bonds, and might also contain 1 â†’ 4 and 1 â†’ 2 glycosidic or 1 â†’ 3 glycosidic bonds. Furthermore, the migration experiment of human skin fibroblasts in vitro suggested that SM1S had a good effect to accelerate the scratch healing of cells. This study suggested that SM1S may be a prospective candidate as a natural wound dressing for the development of snail mucus products.

Nanoparticles prepared by polysaccharides extracted from Biyang floral mushroom loaded with resveratrol: Characterization, bioactivity and release behavior under in vitro digestion.

Resveratrol (RES) is a common active factor in the functional food field, but poor water solubility and low bioavailability have limited its application. In the present study, the novel nanoparticles (RES-CBFMP NPs) using floral mushroom polysaccharide as the wall material have been developed for delivering RES, aiming to overcome its application shortcomings. After ratio optimization, RES-CBFMP NPs (RES-CBFMP,1:8 w/w), which combined through the hydrogen bonds between RES and CBFMP, showed the best overall performance, with the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 49.74 ± 0.16%, loading efficiency (LE) of 5.53 ± 0.02%, particle size of 158.56 ± 1.97 nm and zeta-potential of -17.56 ± 0.24 mV. In addition, RES-CBFMP NPs exhibited good physicochemical stabilities, sustained gastrointestinal digestive release property, as well as improved in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities. This study may contribute to the development of RES oral delivery systems and the application of hydrophobic active molecules in the functional food field.

Co-assembling nanoparticles of Asiatic acid and Caffeic acid phenethyl ester: Characterization, stability and bioactivity in vitro.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an efficient bioactive polyphenol ester derived from propolis. However, its poor water solubility, bioavailability, and stability significantly limit its application. Based on the assembly properties of some natural small molecules (NSMs), asiatic acid-caffeic acid phenethyl ester nanoparticles (ASA-CAPE NPs) were prepared to overcome the above defects. After proportion optimization, the encapsulation and loading efficiencies of ASA-CAPE NPs reached 47.72 ± 0.17 % and 11.62 ± 0.42 %, respectively. Characterization results showed that ASA-CAPE NPs, mainly assembled by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces, possessed regular spherical morphology with a diameter size of less than 300 nm. Additionally, ASA-CAPE NPs presented improved water solubility, stability, and bioactivities than free CAPE. Besides, ASA-CAPE NPs also exhibited good sustained release of CAPE during the gastrointestinal digestion in vitro. Above all, ASA-CAPE NPs provide a new idea for efficiently utilizing hydrophobic active compounds in the functional food field.

Protective effect of coix seed seedling extract on 60 Co-γ radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice.

Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) can cause oxidative damage to human body, leading to various diseases and even death. In this study, the potential radioprotective effect of coix seed seedling extract (CSS-E) was studied through a model of 60 Co-γ radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice. Overall radioprotective effect of CSS-E against radiation-induced damage was evaluated by biochemical analysis and histopathological analysis. The results showed that CSS-E could significantly reduce the IR-induced damage to the hematopoietic system. CSS-E-M (200 mg/kg BW) pretreatment could increase the activities of superoxide dismutase in serum, liver, and spleen increased by 31.68%, 45.10%, and 56.67%, respectively, and the glutathione peroxidase levels in serum, liver, and spleen of mice were improved by 19.17%, 41.97%, and 130.56%, respectively. Meanwhile, the glutathione levels of serum, liver, and spleen in CSS-E-M group were increased by 17.10%, 35.06%, and 40.71%, respectively. The contents of MDA in different tissues and serum could be reduced by CSS-E-M treatment to the normal level. Moreover, CSS-E could markedly reduce the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in radiation mice, among which CSS-E-M group showed maximum restoration with decreased AST and ALT levels by 20.13% and 32.76% as compared against IR group. In conclusion, these results indicated that CSS-E could be used as a potential natural radioprotectant against IR-induced damage.

Biochemical analysis reveals the systematic response of motion sickness mice to ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract's amelioration effect.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: As a common medicinal and edible plant, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) is often used for the prevention of motion sickness. However, the mechanism of its anti-motion sickness remains to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore novel treatment for motion sickness with less side effects, anti-motion sickness effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract (GE) and the possible molecular mechanisms were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-motion sickness effect of ginger was evaluated through mice animal experimental models. Components of ginger that might contribute to the anti-motion sickness effect were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Subsequently, biochemical analysis integrated with serum metabolomic profiling were performed to reveal the systematic response of motion sickness mice to ginger extract's amelioration effect. RESULTS: Exhaustive swimming time of mice in the GE group reached 8.9 min, which was 52.2% longer than that in the model group. Motion sickness index scores and time taken traversing balance beam of mice in the GE group were decreased by 53.2% and 38.5%, respectively. LC-MS/MS analysis suggested that various active ingredients in GE, such as gingerol, ginger oil and terpenoids, might contribute to its appealing anti-motion sickness activity. Biochemical analysis revealed that GE can relieve motion sickness through reducing histamine and acetylcholine release in vestibular system, regulating fatty acid oxidation, sugar metabolism and bile acid metabolism in mice. CONCLUSION: Gavage of mice with GE can effectively relieve the symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction, improve the balance and coordination ability and ameliorate the ability to complete complex work after rotation stimulation. GE has attractive potential for development and utilization as novel anti-motion sickness food or drugs.