ABSTRACT
The expression of IL-2RA and IL-2RB was correlated with breast cancer (BC) progression. However, there is no literature investigating the association of IL-2RA and IL-2RB polymorphisms with BC predisposition among Chinese Han Women. Seven SNPs in IL-2RA and IL-2RB were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY platform among 553 BC patients and 550 healthy controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) adjusted for age were calculated for the effect of IL-2RA and IL-2RB variants on BC susceptibility. IL-2RA rs12722498 was a protective factor for BC occurrence (OR = 0.70, p = 0.019), especially in subjects with age ≤ 52 years (OR = 0.55, p = 0.004). IL-2RA rs12569923 (OR = 9.07, p = 0.033), IL-2RB rs2281089 (OR = 0.67, p = 0.043) and rs9607418 (OR = 0.59, p = 0.012) were related to the incidence of estrogen receptor positive (ER +) BC. IL-2RB rs3218264 (OR = 1.38, p = 0.010) and rs9607418 (OR = 0.56, p = 0.009) were associated with the risk of developing progesterone receptor positive (PR +) BC. Rs2281089 (OR = 1.54, p = 0.012) and rs1573673 (OR = 0.72, p = 0.035) were correlated to Ki-67 level. Moreover, IL-2RB rs2281089 (OR = 0.72, p = 0.022) showed a reduced risk of BC metastasis, and IL-2RA rs12722498 (OR = 0.54, p = 0.030) had a lower frequency in BC patients with tumor size > 2 cm. Our study identified the potential effect of genetic variations in IL-2RA and IL-2RB on BC susceptibility and/or BC clinicopathologic indicators among Chinese Han Women.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Ethnicity/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics , Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/genetics , Adult , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/ethnology , Case-Control Studies , China , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , MutationABSTRACT
As a Chinese traditional patent medicine, Tripterygium wilfordii glycosides (TWG) have been approved by the China State Food and Drug Administration (Z32021007) for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Application of TWG leads to significant decrease of the inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α. However, little is known whether TWG could regulate the anti-inflammatory cytokines and what the mechanism is. Here, we found that TWG could induce the upregulation of IL-37 which is a new anti-inflammatory cytokine. Furthermore, the inhibitors of ERK1/2 and/or p38 MAPK pathways suppressed IL-37 expression induced by TWG, indicating that the two pathways took part in this process. In conclusion, TWG could upregulate the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37 and ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signal pathways were involved in the upregulation of IL-37 induced by TWG. The results showed that TWG had a potent activity on promoting the expression of IL-37, a new anti-inflammatory cytokine, which help further understanding the anti-inflammatory mechanism for the clinical application of TWG in therapy of diseases.
ABSTRACT
IL-37 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that was only recently identified, and it is highly expressed in tissues from patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory stimuli can induce the upregulation of IL-37. However, it has not been reported whether anti-inflammatory medications induce the expression of IL-37. In this work, we uncovered, for the first time, that two main bioactive components, triptolide and triptonide, from the herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. (TwHF), which possess anti-inflammatory activity, upregulate the expression of IL-37, and this expression was suppressed by ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK inhibitors. Overall, our research demonstrated, for the first time, that anti-inflammatory active components (triptolide and triptonide) upregulated the expression of IL-37 most likely via activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 6 October 2014; doi:10.1038/cmi.2014.92.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Diterpenes/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Interleukin-1/immunology , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , Phenanthrenes/pharmacology , Triterpenes/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Diterpenes/chemistry , Epoxy Compounds/chemistry , Epoxy Compounds/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation/immunology , Humans , Interleukin-1/biosynthesis , MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/immunology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/immunology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism , Phenanthrenes/chemistry , Tripterygium/chemistry , Triterpenes/chemistry , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To construct a prokaryotic expression system for interleukin-37 (IL-37) and prepare its polyclonal antibody. METHODS: The gene encoding mature interleukin-37 (IL-37m) was amplified by PCR and subcloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET28a. Then the recombinant plasmid pET28a/IL-37m was transformed into E.coli Rosetta and expressed under IPTG induction. The recombinant IL-37m was purified through Ni²âº;-NT agarose gel column and the purified recombinant IL-37m was used as immunogen to immunize the BALB/c mouse. The titer and specificity of the mouse anti-IL-37 antibody were analyzed by ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. RESULTS: The recombinant IL-37 was successfully expressed and purified, and the mouse anit-IL-37 antibody was successfully prepared. ELISA showed that the titer of the antiserum was 1:128 000. Western blot analysis revealed that the antibody reacted with IL-37 specifically. Immunohistochemical staining detection manifested the antibody could recognize the native IL-37. CONCLUSION: The mouse anti-IL-37 antibody with high titer and specificity was successfully prepared.