ABSTRACT
Immune cells need to sustain a state of constant alertness over a lifetime. Yet, little is known about the regulatory processes that control the fluent and fragile balance that is called homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that JAK-STAT signaling, beyond its role in immune responses, is a major regulator of immune cell homeostasis. We investigated JAK-STAT-mediated transcription and chromatin accessibility across 12 mouse models, including knockouts of all STAT transcription factors and of the TYK2 kinase. Baseline JAK-STAT signaling was detected in CD8+ T cells and macrophages of unperturbed mice-but abrogated in the knockouts and in unstimulated immune cells deprived of their normal tissue context. We observed diverse gene-regulatory programs, including effects of STAT2 and IRF9 that were independent of STAT1. In summary, our large-scale dataset and integrative analysis of JAK-STAT mutant and wild-type mice uncovered a crucial role of JAK-STAT signaling in unstimulated immune cells, where it contributes to a poised epigenetic and transcriptional state and helps prepare these cells for rapid response to immune stimuli.
Subject(s)
Homeostasis , Janus Kinases , Macrophages , Mice, Knockout , STAT Transcription Factors , Signal Transduction , Animals , Mice , Macrophages/immunology , Macrophages/metabolism , Janus Kinases/metabolism , STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism , STAT1 Transcription Factor/genetics , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit/metabolism , Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit/genetics , TYK2 Kinase/metabolism , TYK2 Kinase/genetics , Gene Expression RegulationABSTRACT
Lung development and function arises from the interactions between diverse cell types and lineages. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we characterize the cellular composition of the lung during development and identify vast dynamics in cell composition and their molecular characteristics. Analyzing 818 ligand-receptor interaction pairs within and between cell lineages, we identify broadly interacting cells, including AT2, innate lymphocytes (ILCs), and basophils. Using interleukin (IL)-33 receptor knockout mice and in vitro experiments, we show that basophils establish a lung-specific function imprinted by IL-33 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), characterized by unique signaling of cytokines and growth factors important for stromal, epithelial, and myeloid cell fates. Antibody-depletion strategies, diphtheria toxin-mediated selective depletion of basophils, and co-culture studies show that lung resident basophils are important regulators of alveolar macrophage development and function. Together, our study demonstrates how whole-tissue signaling interaction map on the single-cell level can broaden our understanding of cellular networks in health and disease.
Subject(s)
Basophils/metabolism , Cell Communication , Genomic Imprinting , Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism , Transcriptome , Animals , Cell Differentiation , Cell Line, Tumor , Cells, Cultured , Female , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism , Interleukin-33/metabolism , Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Signal Transduction , Single-Cell AnalysisABSTRACT
Complement factor H (CFH) negatively regulates consumption of complement component 3 (C3), thereby restricting complement activation. Genetic variants in CFH predispose to chronic inflammatory disease. Here, we examined the impact of CFH on atherosclerosis development. In a mouse model of atherosclerosis, CFH deficiency limited plaque necrosis in a C3-dependent manner. Deletion of CFH in monocyte-derived inflammatory macrophages propagated uncontrolled cell-autonomous C3 consumption without downstream C5 activation and heightened efferocytotic capacity. Among leukocytes, Cfh expression was restricted to monocytes and macrophages, increased during inflammation, and coincided with the accumulation of intracellular C3. Macrophage-derived CFH was sufficient to dampen resolution of inflammation, and hematopoietic deletion of CFH in atherosclerosis-prone mice promoted lesional efferocytosis and reduced plaque size. Furthermore, we identified monocyte-derived inflammatory macrophages expressing C3 and CFH in human atherosclerotic plaques. Our findings reveal a regulatory axis wherein CFH controls intracellular C3 levels of macrophages in a cell-autonomous manner, evidencing the importance of on-site complement regulation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
Subject(s)
Atherosclerosis , Complement C3 , Animals , Humans , Mice , Atherosclerosis/metabolism , Complement C3/genetics , Complement C3/metabolism , Complement Factor H/genetics , Complement Factor H/metabolism , Inflammation , Macrophages/metabolismABSTRACT
Allergies are considered to represent mal-directed type 2 immune responses against mostly innocuous exogenous compounds. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are a characteristic feature of allergies and mediate hypersensitivity against allergens through activation of effector cells, particularly mast cells (MCs). Although the physiological functions of this dangerous branch of immunity have remained enigmatic, recent evidence shows that allergic immune reactions can help to protect against the toxicity of venoms. Because bacteria are a potent alternative source of toxins, we assessed the possible role of allergy-like type 2 immunity in antibacterial host defense. We discovered that the adaptive immune response against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) skin infection substantially improved systemic host defense against secondary SA infections in mice. Moreover, this acquired protection depended on IgE effector mechanisms and MCs. Importantly, our results reveal a previously unknown physiological function of allergic immune responses, IgE antibodies, and MCs in host defense against a pathogenic bacterium.
Subject(s)
Adaptive Immunity/immunology , Immunoglobulin E/immunology , Mast Cells/immunology , Staphylococcal Infections/immunology , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/immunology , Staphylococcus aureus/immunology , Allergens/immunology , Animals , Female , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Hypersensitivity/microbiology , Mast Cells/microbiology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Skin/immunology , Skin/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/microbiologyABSTRACT
Hemolysis drives susceptibility to bacterial infections and predicts poor outcome from sepsis. These detrimental effects are commonly considered to be a consequence of heme-iron serving as a nutrient for bacteria. We employed a Gram-negative sepsis model and found that elevated heme levels impaired the control of bacterial proliferation independently of heme-iron acquisition by pathogens. Heme strongly inhibited phagocytosis and the migration of human and mouse phagocytes by disrupting actin cytoskeletal dynamics via activation of the GTP-binding Rho family protein Cdc42 by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK8. A chemical screening approach revealed that quinine effectively prevented heme effects on the cytoskeleton, restored phagocytosis and improved survival in sepsis. These mechanistic insights provide potential therapeutic targets for patients with sepsis or hemolytic disorders.
Subject(s)
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/immunology , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism , Heme/metabolism , Hemolysis/immunology , Macrophages/immunology , Phagocytosis , Sepsis/immunology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cytoskeleton/metabolism , Female , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics , Heme Oxygenase-1/genetics , Hemolysis/drug effects , Humans , Immune Evasion , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/microbiology , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Quinine/therapeutic use , RAW 264.7 Cells , Sepsis/drug therapy , cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
Immune responses are tightly regulated to ensure efficient pathogen clearance while avoiding tissue damage. Here we report that Setdb2 was the only protein lysine methyltransferase induced during infection with influenza virus. Setdb2 expression depended on signaling via type I interferons, and Setdb2 repressed expression of the gene encoding the neutrophil attractant CXCL1 and other genes that are targets of the transcription factor NF-κB. This coincided with occupancy by Setdb2 at the Cxcl1 promoter, which in the absence of Setdb2 displayed diminished trimethylation of histone H3 Lys9 (H3K9me3). Mice with a hypomorphic gene-trap construct of Setdb2 exhibited increased infiltration of neutrophils during sterile lung inflammation and were less sensitive to bacterial superinfection after infection with influenza virus. This suggested that a Setdb2-mediated regulatory crosstalk between the type I interferons and NF-κB pathways represents an important mechanism for virus-induced susceptibility to bacterial superinfection.
Subject(s)
Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/immunology , NF-kappa B/immunology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology , Orthomyxoviridae/immunology , Pneumonia/immunology , Superinfection/immunology , Animals , Chemokine CXCL1/immunology , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Interferon Type I/immunology , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/enzymology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Pneumonia/enzymology , Pneumonia/virology , RNA/chemistry , RNA/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms , Superinfection/enzymology , Superinfection/microbiologyABSTRACT
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein with roles in multiple biological processes. It contributes to host defense by interference with bacterial iron uptake and exerts immunomodulatory functions in various diseases. Here, we aimed to characterize the function of LCN2 in lung macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) using Lcn2-/- mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed strong LCN2-related effects in CD103+ DCs during homeostasis, with differential regulation of antigen processing and presentation and antiviral immunity pathways. We next validated the relevance of LCN2 in a mouse model of influenza infection, wherein LCN2 protected from excessive weight loss and improved survival. LCN2-deficiency was associated with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and increased lung T cell numbers, indicating a dysregulated immune response to influenza infection. Depletion of CD8+ T cells equalized weight loss between WT and Lcn2-/- mice, proving that LCN2 protects from excessive disease morbidity by dampening CD8+ T cell responses. In vivo T cell chimerism and in vitro T cell proliferation assays indicated that improved antigen processing by CD103+ DCs, rather than T cell intrinsic effects of LCN2, contribute to the exacerbated T cell response. Considering the antibacterial potential of LCN2 and that commensal microbes can modulate antiviral immune responses, we speculated that LCN2 might cause the observed influenza phenotype via the microbiome. Comparing the lung and gut microbiome of WT and Lcn2-/- mice by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we observed profound effects of LCN2 on gut microbial composition. Interestingly, antibiotic treatment or co-housing of WT and Lcn2-/- mice prior to influenza infection equalized lung CD8+ T cell counts, suggesting that the LCN2-related effects are mediated by the microbiome. In summary, our results highlight a novel regulatory function of LCN2 in the modulation of antiviral immunity.
Subject(s)
Influenza, Human/immunology , Lipocalin-2/metabolism , Microbiota/immunology , Transcriptome , Animals , Antigen Presentation , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Dendritic Cells/virology , Female , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Homeostasis , Humans , Immunity , Influenza, Human/virology , Lipocalin-2/genetics , Lung/immunology , Lung/virology , Lymphocyte Activation , Macrophages/immunology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Specific Pathogen-Free OrganismsABSTRACT
Tissue-resident macrophages are of vital importance as they preserve tissue homeostasis in all mammalian organs. Nevertheless, appropriate cell culture models are still limited. Here, we propose a novel culture model to study and expand murine primary alveolar macrophages (AMs), the tissue-resident macrophages of the lung, in vitro over several months. By providing a combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, TGFß, and the PPARγ activator rosiglitazone, we maintain and expand mouse ex vivo cultured AMs (mexAMs) over several months. MexAMs maintain typical morphologic features and stably express primary AM surface markers throughout in vitro culture. They respond to microbial ligands and exhibit an AM-like transcriptional profile, including the expression of AM-specific transcription factors. Furthermore, when transferred into AM-deficient mice, mexAMs efficiently engraft in the lung and fulfill key macrophage functions, leading to a significantly reduced surfactant load in those mice. Altogether, mexAMs provide a novel, simple, and versatile tool to study AM behavior in homeostasis and disease settings.
Subject(s)
Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Cells, Cultured , Disease Models, Animal , Liver/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Lung/physiopathology , Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Phenotype , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/metabolism , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/pathology , Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis/physiopathology , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Previous single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses have shown that Trem2-expressing macrophages are present in the liver during obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Herein, we aimed to functionally characterize the role of bone marrow-derived TREM2-expressing macrophage populations in NASH. METHODS: We used bulk RNA sequencing to assess the hepatic molecular response to lipid-dependent dietary intervention in mice. Spatial mapping, bone marrow transplantation in two complementary murine models and single-cell sequencing were applied to functionally characterize the role of TREM2+ macrophage populations in NASH. RESULTS: We found that the hepatic transcriptomic profile during steatohepatitis mirrors the dynamics of recruited bone marrow-derived monocytes that already acquire increased expression of Trem2 in the circulation. Increased Trem2 expression was reflected by elevated levels of systemic soluble TREM2 in mice and humans with NASH. In addition, soluble TREM2 levels were superior to traditionally used laboratory parameters for distinguishing between different fatty liver disease stages in two separate clinical cohorts. Spatial transcriptomics revealed that TREM2+ macrophages localize to sites of hepatocellular damage, inflammation and fibrosis in the steatotic liver. Finally, using multiple murine models and in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that hematopoietic Trem2 deficiency causes defective lipid handling and extracellular matrix remodeling, resulting in exacerbated steatohepatitis, cell death and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the functional properties of bone marrow-derived TREM2+ macrophages and implies the clinical relevance of systemic soluble TREM2 levels in the context of NASH. LAY SUMMARY: Our study defines the origin and function of macrophages (a type of immune cell) that are present in the liver and express a specific protein called TREM2. We find that these cells have an important role in protecting against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (a progressive form of fatty liver disease). We also show that the levels of soluble TREM2 in the blood could serve as a circulating marker of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Subject(s)
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Lipids , Liver/pathology , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Macrophages/metabolism , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism , RNA/metabolism , Receptors, Immunologic/genetics , Receptors, Immunologic/metabolismABSTRACT
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) represents a chronic T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease. Studies have shown that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) represent one important group of epigenetic regulators. However, the role of individual HDAC members for the pathogenesis of arthritis is still unknown. In this study we demonstrate that mice with a T cell-specific deletion of HDAC1 (HDAC1-cKO) are resistant to the development of Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), whereas the antibody response to collagen type II was undisturbed, indicating an unaltered T cell-mediated B cell activation. The inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-6 were significantly decreased in sera of HDAC1-cKO mice. IL-6 treated HDAC1-deficient CD4+ T cells showed an impaired upregulation of CCR6. Selective inhibition of class I HDACs with the HDAC inhibitor MS-275 under Th17-skewing conditions inhibited the upregulation of chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) in mouse and human CD4+ T cells. Accordingly, analysis of human RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data and histological analysis of synovial tissue samples from human RA patients revealed the existence of CD4+CCR6+ cells with enhanced HDAC1 expression. Our data indicate a key role for HDAC1 for the pathogenesis of CIA and suggest that HDAC1 and other class I HDACs might be promising targets of selective HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) for the treatment of RA.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism , Disease Susceptibility , Histone Deacetylase 1/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Animals , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology , Biomarkers , Collagen/adverse effects , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Expression Regulation , Histone Deacetylase 1/genetics , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Knockout , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolismABSTRACT
Diet-related health issues such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disorders are known to have a major inflammatory component. However, the exact pathways linking diet-induced changes (e.g., hyperlipidemia) and the ensuing inflammation have remained elusive so far. We identified biological processes related to innate immunity and oxidative stress as prime response pathways in livers of low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice on a Western-type diet using RNA sequencing and in silico functional analyses of transcriptome data. The observed changes were independent of the presence of microbiota and thus indicative of a role for sterile triggers. We further show that malondialdehyde (MDA) epitopes, products of lipid peroxidation and markers for enhanced oxidative stress, are detectable in hepatic inflammation predominantly on dying cells and stimulate cytokine secretion as well as leukocyte recruitment in vitro and in vivo. MDA-induced cytokine secretion in vitro was dependent on the presence of the scavenger receptors CD36 and MSR1. Moreover, in vivo neutralization of endogenously generated MDA epitopes by intravenous injection of a specific MDA antibody results in decreased hepatic inflammation in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice on a Western-type diet. CONCLUSION: Accumulation of MDA epitopes plays a major role during diet-induced hepatic inflammation and can be ameliorated by administration of an anti-MDA antibody. (Hepatology 2017;65:1181-1195).
Subject(s)
Diet, Western , Epitopes/metabolism , Fatty Liver/metabolism , Fatty Liver/pathology , Hypercholesterolemia/pathology , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Biopsy, Needle , Cytokines/immunology , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Epitopes/immunology , Fatty Liver/immunology , Female , Hypercholesterolemia/physiopathology , Immunity, Innate , Immunohistochemistry , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Obese , Microbiota , Oxidative Stress , Random AllocationABSTRACT
Proper development of the immune system is an intricate process dependent on many factors, including an intact DNA damage response. The DNA double-strand break signaling kinase ATM and its cofactor NBS1 are required during T cell development and for the maintenance of genomic stability. The role of a second ATM cofactor, ATMIN (also known as ASCIZ) in T cells is much less clear, and whether ATMIN and NBS1 function in synergy in T cells is unknown. Here, we investigate the roles of ATMIN and NBS1, either alone or in combination, using murine models. We show loss of NBS1 led to a developmental block at the double-positive stage of T cell development, as well as reduced TCRα recombination, that was unexpectedly neither exacerbated nor alleviated by concomitant loss of ATMIN. In contrast, loss of both ATMIN and NBS1 enhanced DNA damage that drove spontaneous peripheral T cell hyperactivation, proliferation as well as excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to a highly inflammatory environment. Intriguingly, the disease causing T cells were largely proficient for both ATMIN and NBS1. In vivo this resulted in severe intestinal inflammation, colitis and premature death. Our findings reveal a novel model for an intestinal bowel disease phenotype that occurs upon combined loss of the DNA repair cofactors ATMIN and NBS1.
Subject(s)
Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology , DNA Repair , Lymphocyte Activation/physiology , Nuclear Proteins/physiology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Transcription Factors/physiology , Animals , Colitis/immunology , DNA Damage , DNA-Binding Proteins , Immunophenotyping , Mice , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics , Recombination, Genetic , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/metabolismABSTRACT
Protecting the integrity of the lung epithelial barrier is essential to ensure respiration and proper oxygenation in patients suffering from various types of lung inflammation. Type I interferon (IFN-I) has been associated with pulmonary epithelial barrier function, however, the mechanisms and involved cell types remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the importance of IFN-I with respect to its epithelial barrier strengthening function to better understand immune-modulating effects in the lung with potential medical implications. Using a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia, we revealed that IFN-I selectively protects alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECII) from inflammation-induced cell death. Mechanistically, signaling via the IFN-I receptor on AECII is sufficient to promote AECII survival. The net effects of IFN-I are barrier protection, together with diminished tissue damage, inflammation, and bacterial loads. Importantly, we found that the protective role of IFN-I can also apply to sterile acute lung injury, in which loss of IFN-I signaling leads to a significant reduction in barrier function caused by AECII cell death. Our data suggest that IFN-I is an important mediator in lung inflammation that plays a protective role by antagonizing inflammation-associated cell obstruction, thereby strengthening the integrity of the epithelial barrier.
Subject(s)
Alveolar Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Cell Survival , Interferon Type I/metabolism , Lung Injury/etiology , Lung Injury/metabolism , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/etiology , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/metabolism , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Immunomodulation , Lung Injury/pathology , Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology , Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/pathology , Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Streptococcus pneumoniaeABSTRACT
A large subset of mammalian imprinted genes show extra-embryonic lineage (EXEL) specific imprinted expression that is restricted to placental trophectoderm lineages and to visceral yolk sac endoderm (ysE). Isolated ysE provides a homogenous in vivo model of a mid-gestation extra-embryonic tissue to examine the mechanism of EXEL-specific imprinted gene silencing, but an in vitro model of ysE to facilitate more rapid and cost-effective experiments is not available. Reports indicate that ES cells differentiated into cystic embryoid bodies (EBs) contain ysE, so here we investigate if cystic EBs model ysE imprinted expression. The imprinted expression pattern of cystic EBs is shown to resemble fetal liver and not ysE. To investigate the reason for this we characterized the methylome and transcriptome of cystic EBs in comparison to fetal liver and ysE, by whole genome bisulphite sequencing and RNA-seq. Cystic EBs show a fetal liver pattern of global hypermethylation and low expression of repeats, while ysE shows global hypomethylation and high expression of IAPEz retroviral repeats, as reported for placenta. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that cystic EBs are more similar to fetal liver than ysE and express markers of early embryonic endoderm. Genome-wide analysis shows that ysE shares epigenetic and repeat expression features with placenta. Contrary to previous reports, we show that cystic EBs do not contain ysE, but are more similar to the embryonic endoderm of fetal liver. This explains why cystic EBs reproduce the imprinted expression seen in the embryo but not that seen in the ysE.
Subject(s)
DNA Methylation , Embryoid Bodies/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics , Genomic Imprinting/genetics , Models, Biological , Animals , Base Sequence , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Chromatin Immunoprecipitation , Computational Biology , Endoderm/metabolism , Gene Expression Profiling , Histological Techniques , In Situ Hybridization , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Yolk Sac/cytology , Yolk Sac/metabolismABSTRACT
Phagocytosis and inflammation within the lungs is crucial for host defense during bacterial pneumonia. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2 was proposed to negatively regulate TLR-mediated responses and enhance phagocytosis by macrophages, but the role of TREM-2 in respiratory tract infections is unknown. Here, we established the presence of TREM-2 on alveolar macrophages (AM) and explored the function of TREM-2 in the innate immune response to pneumococcal infection in vivo. Unexpectedly, we found Trem-2(-/-) AM to display augmented bacterial phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo compared to WT AM. Mechanistically, we detected that in the absence of TREM-2, pulmonary macrophages selectively produced elevated complement component 1q (C1q) levels. We found that these increased C1q levels depended on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPAR-δ) activity and were responsible for the enhanced phagocytosis of bacteria. Upon infection with S. pneumoniae, Trem-2(-/-) mice exhibited an augmented bacterial clearance from lungs, decreased bacteremia and improved survival compared to their WT counterparts. This work is the first to disclose a role for TREM-2 in clinically relevant respiratory tract infections and demonstrates a previously unknown link between TREM-2 and opsonin production within the lungs.
Subject(s)
Complement C1q/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Lung/immunology , Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology , Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/immunology , Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism , Respiratory Mucosa/immunology , Animals , Apoptosis , Cell Line, Transformed , Cells, Cultured , Complement C1q/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Female , Lung/cytology , Lung/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism , Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology , Male , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Neutrophil Infiltration , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Phagocytosis , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/metabolism , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/pathology , Receptors, Immunologic/genetics , Respiratory Mucosa/cytology , Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism , Respiratory Mucosa/pathology , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
During inflammation, neutrophils are rapidly mobilized from the bone marrow storage pool into peripheral blood (PB) to enter lesional sites, where most rapidly undergo apoptosis. Monocytes constitute a second wave of inflammatory immigrates, giving rise to long-lived macrophages and dendritic cell subsets. According to descriptive immunophenotypic and cell culture studies, neutrophils may directly "transdifferentiate" into monocytes/macrophages. We provide mechanistic data in human and murine models supporting the existence of this cellular pathway. First, the inflammatory signal-induced MKK6-p38MAPK cascade activates a monocyte differentiation program in human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-dependent neutrophils. Second, adoptively transferred neutrophils isolated from G-CSF-pretreated mice rapidly acquired monocyte characteristics in response to inflammatory signals in vivo. Consistently, inflammatory signals led to the recruitment of osteoclast progenitor cell potential from ex vivo-isolated G-CSF-mobilized human blood neutrophils. Monocytic cell differentiation potential was retained in left-shifted band-stage neutrophils but lost in neutrophils from steady-state PB. MKK6-p38MAPK signaling in HL60 model cells led to diminishment of the transcription factor C/EBPα, which enabled the induction of a monocytic cell differentiation program. Gene profiling confirmed lineage conversion from band-stage neutrophils to monocytic cells. Therefore, inflammatory signals relayed by the MKK6-p38MAPK cascade induce monocytic cell differentiation from band-stage neutrophils.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/immunology , Inflammation/immunology , MAP Kinase Kinase 6/immunology , Monocytes/immunology , Neutrophils/immunology , Animals , Blotting, Western , CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/genetics , CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/immunology , CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Enzyme Activation/immunology , Flow Cytometry , Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology , HL-60 Cells , Humans , Inflammation/genetics , Inflammation/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology , MAP Kinase Kinase 6/genetics , MAP Kinase Kinase 6/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Monocytes/metabolism , Neutrophils/metabolism , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Osteoblasts/immunology , Osteoblasts/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/genetics , Signal Transduction/immunology , Transcriptome/drug effects , Transcriptome/immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the vascular wall driven by lipid accumulation and inflammation in the intimal layer of arteries, and its main complications, myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of mortality worldwide [1], [2]. Recent studies have identified Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a lipid-sensing receptor regulating myeloid cell functions [3], to be highly expressed in macrophage foam cells in experimental and human atherosclerosis [4]. However, the role of TREM2 in atherosclerosis is not fully known. Here, we show that hematopoietic or global TREM2 deficiency increased, whereas TREM2 agonism decreased necrotic core formation in early atherosclerosis. We demonstrate that TREM2 is essential for the efferocytosis capacities of macrophages, and to the survival of lipid-laden macrophages, indicating a crucial role of TREM2 in maintaining the balance between foam cell death and clearance of dead cells in atherosclerotic lesions, thereby controlling plaque necrosis.
ABSTRACT
The application of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), targeting tumor-associated (TAAs) or tumor-specific antigens or immune checkpoints (ICs), has shown tremendous success in cancer therapy. However, the application of mAbs suffers from a series of limitations, including the necessity of frequent administration, the limited duration of clinical response and the emergence of frequently pronounced immune-related adverse events. However, the introduction of mAbs has also resulted in a multitude of novel developments for the treatment of cancers, including vaccinations against various tumor cell-associated epitopes. Here, we reviewed recent clinical trials involving combination therapies with mAbs targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and Her-2/neu, which was chosen as a paradigm for a clinically highly relevant TAA. Our recent findings from murine immunizations against the PD-1 pathway and Her-2/neu with peptides representing the mimotopes/B cell peptides of therapeutic antibodies targeting these molecules are an important focus of the present review. Moreover, concerns regarding the safety of vaccination approaches targeting PD-1, in the context of the continuing immune response, as a result of induced immunological memory, are also addressed. Hence, we describe a new frontier of cancer treatment by active immunization using combined mimotopes/B cell peptides aimed at various targets relevant to cancer biology.
ABSTRACT
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by uncontrolled systemic inflammation and coagulation, leading to multiorgan failure. Therapeutic options to prevent sepsis-associated immunopathology remain scarce. Here, we established a mouse model of long-lasting disease tolerance during severe sepsis, manifested by diminished immunothrombosis and organ damage in spite of a high pathogen burden. We found that both neutrophils and B cells emerged as key regulators of tissue integrity. Enduring changes in the transcriptional profile of neutrophils include upregulated Cxcr4 expression in protected, tolerant hosts. Neutrophil Cxcr4 upregulation required the presence of B cells, suggesting that B cells promoted disease tolerance by improving tissue damage control via the suppression of neutrophils' tissue-damaging properties. Finally, therapeutic administration of a Cxcr4 agonist successfully promoted tissue damage control and prevented liver damage during sepsis. Our findings highlight the importance of a critical B-cell/neutrophil interaction during sepsis and establish neutrophil Cxcr4 activation as a potential means to promote disease tolerance during sepsis.