Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency and molybdenum cofactor deficiencies.

Sulfite intoxication is the hallmark of four ultrarare disorders that are caused by impaired sulfite oxidase activity due to genetic defects in the synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor or of the apoenzyme sulfite oxidase. Delays on the diagnosis of these disorders are common and have been caused by their unspecific presentation of acute neonatal encephalopathy with high early mortality, followed by the evolution of dystonic cerebral palsy and also by the lack of easily available and reliable diagnostic tests. There is significant variation in survival and in the quality of symptomatic management of affected children. One of the four disorders, molybdenum cofactor deficiency type A (MoCD-A) has recently become amenable to causal treatment with synthetic cPMP (fosdenopterin). The evidence base for the rational use of cPMP is very limited. This prompted the formulation of these clinical guidelines to facilitate diagnosis and support the management of patients. The guidelines were developed by experts in diagnosis and treatment of sulfite intoxication disorders. It reflects expert consensus opinion and evidence from a systematic literature search.

Anticipatory banking of samples enables diagnosis of adenylosuccinase deficiency following molecular autopsy in an infant with vacuolating leukoencephalopathy.

Adenylosuccinase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism. We present a newborn who died at 52 days of age with clinical features suggestive of severe epileptic encephalopathy and leukodystrophy of unknown cause. Post-mortem examination showed an unusual vacuolar appearance of the brain. A molecular autopsy performed via singleton clinical exome analysis revealed a known pathogenic and a variant of uncertain significance in ADSL that encodes adenylosuccinase. Tests on previously stored plasma samples showed elevated succinyladenosine and succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide riboside levels. Adenylosuccinase activity in stored fibroblasts was only ~5% of control confirming the diagnosis of adenylosuccinase deficiency in the child. The parents opted for a chorionic villus biopsy in a subsequent pregnancy and had a child unaffected by adenylosuccinase deficiency. This report adds vacuolating leukodystrophy as a novel feature of adenylosuccinase deficiency and shows the power of biochemical investigations directed by genomic studies to achieve accurate diagnosis. Importantly, this case demonstrates the importance of anticipatory banking of biological samples for reverse biochemical phenotyping in individuals with undiagnosed disorders who may not survive.

Evaluation, in a highly specialised enzyme laboratory, of a digital microfluidics platform for rapid assessment of lysosomal enzyme activity in dried blood spots.

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are predominantly enzyme deficiencies leading to substrate accumulation, causing progressive damage to multiple organs. To date, a crucial part of diagnosing LSDs is measuring enzymatic activity in leucocytes, plasma, or dried blood spots (DBS). Here, we present results from a proof-of-principle study, evaluating an innovative digital microfluidics (DMF) platform, referred to as SEEKER®, that can measure the activity of the following four lysosomal enzymes from DBS: α-L-iduronidase (IDUA) for mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I), acid α-glucosidase (GAA) for Pompe disease, ß-glucosidase (GBA) for Gaucher disease, and α-galactosidase A (GLA) for Fabry disease. Over 900 DBS were analysed from newborns, children, and adults. DMF successfully detected known patients with MPS I, Pompe disease, and Gaucher disease, and known males with Fabry disease. This is the first demonstration of this multiplexed DMF platform for identification of patients with LSDs in a specialised diagnostic enzyme laboratory environment. We conclude that this DMF platform is relatively simple, high-throughput, and could be readily accommodated into a specialised laboratory as a first-tier test for MPS I, Pompe disease, and Gaucher disease for all patients, and Fabry disease for male patients only.

Mammalian class E vps proteins recognize ubiquitin and act in the removal of endosomal protein-ubiquitin conjugates.

There is increasing evidence that ubiquitination of receptors provides an important endosomal sorting signal. Here we report that mammalian class E vacuolar protein-sorting (vps) proteins recognize ubiquitin. Both tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101)/human VPS (hVPS)28 and hepatocyte growth factor receptor substrate (Hrs) cytosolic complexes bind ubiquitin-agarose. TSG101 and hVPS28 are localized to endosomes that contain internalized EGF receptor and label strongly for ubiquitinated proteins. Microinjection of anti-hVPS28 specifically retards EGF degradation and leads to endosomal accumulation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Likewise, depletion of TSG101 impairs EGF trafficking and causes dramatic relocalization of ubiquitin to endocytic compartments. Similar defects are found in cells overexpressing Hrs, further emphasizing the links between class E protein function, receptor trafficking, and endosomal ubiquitination.