SpliceAPP: an interactive web server to predict splicing errors arising from human mutations.

BACKGROUND: Splicing variants are a major class of pathogenic mutations, with their severity equivalent to nonsense mutations. However, redundant and degenerate splicing signals hinder functional assessments of sequence variations within introns, particularly at branch sites. We have established a massively parallel splicing assay to assess the impact on splicing of 11,191 disease-relevant variants. Based on the experimental results, we then applied regression-based methods to identify factors determining splicing decisions and their respective weights. RESULTS: Our statistical modeling is highly sensitive, accurately annotating the splicing defects of near-exon intronic variants, outperforming state-of-the-art predictive tools. We have incorporated the algorithm and branchpoint information into a web-based tool, SpliceAPP, to provide an interactive application. This user-friendly website allows users to upload any genetic variants with genome coordinates (e.g., chr15 74,687,208 A G), and the tool will output predictions for splicing error scores and evaluate the impact on nearby splice sites. Additionally, users can query branch site information within the region of interest. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, SpliceAPP represents a pioneering approach to screening pathogenic intronic variants, contributing to the development of precision medicine. It also facilitates the annotation of splicing motifs. SpliceAPP is freely accessible using the link https://bc.imb.sinica.edu.tw/SpliceAPP . Source code can be downloaded at https://github.com/hsinnan75/SpliceAPP .

An optimized short-term steroid therapy for chronic drug-induced liver injury: A prospective randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The use of corticosteroids in chronic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important issue. Our previous randomized controlled trial showed that patients with chronic DILI benefited from a 48-week steroid stepwise reduction (SSR) regimen. However, it remains unclear whether a shorter course of therapy can achieve similar efficacy. In this study, we aimed to assess whether a 36-week SSR can achieve efficacy similar to that of 48-week SSR. METHODS: A randomized open-label trial was performed. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to the 36- or 48-week (1:1) SSR group. Liver biopsies were performed at baseline and at the end of treatment. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with relapse rate (RR). The secondary outcomes were improvement in liver histology and safety. RESULTS: Of the 90 participants enrolled, 84 (87.5%) completed the trial, and 62 patients (68.9%) were women. Hepatocellular damage was observed in 53.4% of the cohort. The RR was 7.1% in the 36-week SSR group but 4.8% in the 48-week SSR group, as determined by per-protocol set analysis (p = 1.000). Significant histological improvements in histological activity (93.1% vs. 92.9%, p = 1.000) and fibrosis (41.4% vs. 46.4%, p = .701) were observed in both the groups. Biochemical normalization time did not differ between the two groups. No severe adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Both the 36- and 48-week SSR regimens demonstrated similar biochemical response and histological improvements with good safety, supporting 36-week SSR as a preferable therapeutic choice (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03266146).

Prediction of biochemical nonresolution in patients with chronic drug-induced liver injury: A large multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To clarify high-risk factors and develop a nomogram model to predict biochemical resolution or biochemical nonresolution (BNR) in patients with chronic DILI. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Retrospectively, 3655 of 5326 patients with chronic DILI were enrolled from nine participating hospitals, of whom 2866 underwent liver biopsy. All of these patients were followed up for over 1 year and their clinical characteristics were retrieved from electronic medical records. The endpoint was BNR, defined as alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase >1.5× upper limit of normal or alkaline phosphatase >1.1× ULN, at 12 months from chronic DILI diagnosis. The noninvasive high-risk factors for BNR identified by multivariable logistic regression were used to establish a nomogram, which was validated in an independent external cohort. Finally, 19.3% (707 of 3655) patients presented with BNR. Histologically, with the increase in liver inflammation grades and fibrosis stages, the proportion of BNR significantly increased. The risk of BNR was increased by 21.3-fold in patients with significant inflammation compared to none or mild inflammation (p < 0.001). Biochemically, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin, platelets, prothrombin time, sex, and age were associated with BNR and incorporated to construct a nomogram model (BNR-6) with a concordance index of 0.824 (95% CI, 0.798-0.849), which was highly consistent with liver histology. These results were successfully validated both in the internal cohort and external cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Significant liver inflammation is a robust predictor associated with biochemical nonresolution. The established BNR-6 model provides an easy-to-use approach to assess the outcome of chronic DILI.

Simultaneous telemetry of temperature and vibration by laser dispersion spectroscopy.

In many industrial applications, temperature and mechanical vibration are closely coupled but measured separately. A novel, to the best of our knowledge, method for simultaneous telemetry of temperature and vibration parameters was proposed in this work from laser dispersion spectroscopy profiles at two different central wavelengths. The temperature was extracted from the peak-to-peak ratio of these two absorption spectra. The vibration amplitude as well as its frequency were derived from the time-varying baselines of the two spectra. A telemetry sensor was designed and evaluated on a thermal vibration coupled experiment platform. The extracted temperatures agree well with the readings of a reference thermocouple, and the signal-to-noise ratio is at least 18 dB higher than those by classical direct laser absorption spectroscopy (DLAS). The extracted vibration frequencies are the same as the outputs of a commercial laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), and the sensitivity of the extracted vibration amplitudes is 3.64 micrometers, in terms of the Allan variance.

Hepatic Histopathology Among Excessive Drinkers Without Advanced Liver Disease.

AIMS: Alcohol-associated liver disease represents a spectrum of histopathological changes from steatosis to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. The major goals of this retrospective study were to characterize the histologic features in patients with excessive alcohol use who presented with an abnormal hepatic panel and/or abnormal radiographic imaging and did not meet the clinical diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study to describe hepatic histology of 62 and 83 excessive drinkers with normal and abnormal serum aspartate transaminase, respectively. The types of inflammatory cells in the liver were characterized by immunohistochemistry for CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68 and myeloperoxidase. RESULTS: Among 62 patients with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 50 U/L, 37% had histological evidence of steatosis. Of these, we found evidence of hepatocyte ballooning (21%), lobular inflammation (50%), portal inflammation (52%) and fibrosis (14%). For those with AST > 50 U/L, the presence of hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation and portal inflammation was observed in 29, 60 and 69% of patients, respectively. Fibrosis was found in 33%, four with bridging fibrosis, and one with cirrhosis. We observed the aggregation of CD68+ macrophages, rather than normally distributed with minimal neutrophilic infiltration. Lobular and portal lymphocytic infiltrations are primarily CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION: Abnormal hepatic histopathology occurs in excessive drinkers with normal transaminase activity. Future studies to determine the diagnostic modalities to detect such abnormalities and to better understand its clinical implications and long-term outcome are needed.

Huagan tongluo Fang improves liver fibrosis via down-regulating miR-184 and up-regulating FOXO1 to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this research is to reveal the improvement effect and potential mechanism of Huagan tongluo Fang (HGTLF) on liver fibrosis. METHODS: A mouse model of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 was established to analyze the effect of HGTLF on liver fibrosis. The expression changes of miRNA after HGTLF stimulation were detected by qRT-PCR. After interference with miR-184 in Th17 cells, the concentration of IL-17A in cell culture supernatants was detected by ELISA and the proportion of Th17 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. The relationship between miR-184 and FOXO1 was verified by online software and dual-luciferase reporter system. After HGTLF treatment of Th17 cells overexpressing miR-184, the protein level of FOXO1 was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: HGTLF could significantly improve liver fibrosis in mice. By qRT-PCR, miR-184 was most significantly expressed after HGTLF drug stimulation, and miR-184 was considered to be the major RNA involved in Th17 cell differentiation. Interference with miR-184 in Th17 cells inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells. By online software and dual-luciferase reporter system assay, the direct interaction of miR-184 with FOXO1 was confirmed. After HGTLF treatment of Th17 cells overexpressing miR-184, FOXO1 protein levels were significantly up-regulated and inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells, which was reversed by miR-184 inhibitors. The Vivo experiments also confirmed the improvement effect of HGTLF on liver fibrosis in mice. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that HGTLF could improve liver fibrosis via down-regulating miR-184 and up-regulating of FOXO1 to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation.

Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell population increases with the severity of alcoholic liver disease.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a progressive liver disease that can cause a series of complications, including cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (gMDSC) populations have been observed to expand in various liver diseases and to inhibit innate and adaptive immunity in patients with liver disease. However, the characteristics of gMDSCs in patients with ALD have not been studied. We studied 24 healthy controls (HCs) and 107 patients with ALD and found an accumulation of gMDSCs in the peripheral blood of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC). Furthermore, ALC patients with a poor prognosis displayed a significant increase in peripheral gMDSCs and showed an increased capacity for arginase I production compared to HCs. In contrast, plasma arginase I levels in ALC patients were negatively correlated with total bilirubin and international normalized ratio, two key parameters of liver damage. Importantly, gMDSCs accumulated in the livers of ALC patients, and the frequency of liver gMDSCs significantly correlated with that of peripheral gMDSCs. In addition, gMDSC enrichment in vitro significantly inhibited the function of natural killer (NK) cells, perhaps preventing the NK-induced apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. In summary, increased peripheral and intrahepatic gMDSC populations are present in patients with ALC and may contribute to enhancing the severity of liver cirrhosis.

Plasma levels of soluble ST2, but not IL-33, correlate with the severity of alcoholic liver disease.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a complication that is a burden on global health and economy. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a newly identified member of the IL-1 cytokine family and is released as an "alarmin" during inflammation. Soluble suppression of tumourigenicity 2 (sST2), an IL-33 decoy receptor, has been reported as a new biomarker for the severity of systemic and highly inflammatory diseases. Here, we found the levels of plasma sST2, increased with the disease severity from mild to severe ALD. Importantly, the plasma sST2 levels in ALD patients not only correlated with scores for prognostic models (Maddrey's discriminant function, model for end-stage liver disease and Child-Pugh scores) and indexes for liver function (total bilirubin, international normalized ratio, albumin, and cholinesterase) but also correlated with neutrophil-associated factors as well as some proinflammatory cytokines. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes down-regulated transmembrane ST2 receptor but up-regulated sST2 mRNA and protein expression and produced higher levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). By contrast, monocytes pretreated with recombinant sST2 showed decreased TNF-α production. In addition, although plasma IL-33 levels were comparable between healthy controls and ALD patients, we found the IL-33 expression in liver tissues from ALD patients was down-regulated at both RNA and protein levels. Immunohistochemical staining further showed that the decreased of IL-33-positive cells were mainly located in liver lobule area. These results suggested that sST2, but not IL-33, is closely related to the severity of ALD. Consequently, sST2 could be used as a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis of ALD.

Activated γδ T cells exhibit cytotoxicity and the capacity for viral clearance in patients with acute hepatitis B.

γδ T cells are a unique population of lymphocytes that have regulatory roles in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB); however, their role in acute hepatitis B (AHB) infection remains unclear. Phenotype and function of γδ T cells were analyzed in 29 AHB patients, 28 CHB patients, and 30 healthy controls (HCs) using immunofunctional assays. Compared with HCs and CHB patients, decreased peripheral and increased hepatic γδ T cells were found in AHB patients. Increased hepatic γδ T cells in AHB patients were attributed to elevated hepatic chemokine levels. Peripheral γδ T cells exhibited highly activated and terminally differentiated memory phenotype in AHB patients. Consistently, peripheral γδ T cells in AHB patients showed increased cytotoxic capacity and enhanced antiviral activity which was further proved in longitudinal study. Activated γδ T cells in AHB patients exhibited increased cytotoxicity and capacity for viral clearance associated with liver injury and the control of infection.

MiR-29a and miR-652 Attenuate Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Differentiation of CD4+ T Cells.

BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis is the response of liver diseases that puzzles patients. MiRNAs were involved in the regulating processes of liver fibrosis. This study aims to investigate the effects of ARRB1 mediated by miR-29a and miR-652 on liver fibrosis and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Liver fibrosis of mice was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. Liver function was observed by the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). Flow cytometry was used to detect the percent of T helper17 (Th17). ELISA (Enzyme linked immunoassay) was used to detect the levels of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Interleukin-22 (IL-22). Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of IL-17A, IL-22, miR-29a, miR-652 and ß-Arrestin 1 Gene (ARRB1). Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of ARRB1. RESULTS: CCl4 supplementation significantly increased the level of ALT and AST, the percent of Th17, the level of IL-17A, IL-22, miR-29a and miR-652, but decreased ARRB1. Overexpression of miR-29a/miR-652 prominently decreased Th17, IL-17A, IL-22 and ARRB1 in the normal CD4+ T cells. Both miR-29a and miR-652 targeted ARRB1 to regulate its expression. The effects of miR-29a/miR-652 overexpression on CD4+ T cells were reversed by ARRB1 overexpression. In vivo experiments demonstrated the protective role of miR-29a/miR-652 overexpression on liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION: ARRB1 mediated by miR-29a and miR-652 probably involved in the CD4+ T cells differentiation in patients with liver fibrosis, and functioned as a biomarker of fibrosis liver.Key words: liver fibrosis, miR-29a, miR-652, ARRB1, CD4+ T cells.

Changes in Etiologies of Hospitalized Patients with Liver Cirrhosis in Beijing 302 Hospital from 2002 to 2013.

BACKGROUND: Over the last 20 years, the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China has decreased gradually due to the application of a national HBV vaccination program. In contrast, the prevalence of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury has markedly increased. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 82,562 hospitalized patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis in Beijing 302 Hospital from 2002 to 2013. RESULTS: The top four etiologies of cirrhosis were HBV, HCV, ALD, and autoimmune liver disease. The percentage of HBV cirrhosis decreased from 81.53% in 2002 to 66.0% in 2013, whereas the frequency of alcoholic cirrhosis increased from 3.34% in 2002 to 8.40% in 2013. Females (84.34%) accounted for the majority of cirrhotic patients with autoimmune liver diseases. Males accounted for 80.16% of HBV cirrhosis patients and 98.02% of alcoholic cirrhosis patients. CONCLUSION: In Beijing 302 Hospital, the top four etiologies of cirrhosis were HBV, HCV, ALD, and autoimmune liver disease. Over the last 12 years, the prevalence of HBV cirrhosis has decreased gradually, whereas that of alcoholic cirrhosis has increased significantly.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate immune response in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection through PD-1-induced IL-10.

Although myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are well known for their immunosuppressive function in several pathological conditions, the role of MDSCs in hepatitis B virus infection remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the frequency and function of MDSCs in the peripheral blood and liver of 91 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. A higher percentage of MDSCs, defined as CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low), was detected in peripheral blood of CHB patients than that of the healthy controls. Moreover, high expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and secretion of IL-10 in this population were determined. The frequency of MDSCs was positively correlated with serum viral load, but it was negatively correlated with liver inflammatory injury. These cells were also abundant in liver tissue of CHB patients and were related to necroinflammatory activity. Furthermore, we found that these cells could suppress hepatitis B virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response, including reduced proliferation and IFN-γ production, and inhibit degranulation of CD8(+) T cells, including reduced production of granzyme B and perforin. Importantly, PD-1-induced IL-10 production by MDSCs was responsible for the suppressive activity. To our knowledge, for the first time our study proved that CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low)PD-1(+) MDSCs in CHB patients contribute to an inadequate immune response against the virus and lead to chronic infection, which represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention.

Decreased Vδ2 γδ T cells associated with liver damage by regulation of Th17 response in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND: γδ T cells comprise a small subset of T cells and play a protective role against cancer and viral infections; however, their precise role in patients with chronic hepatitis B remains unclear. METHODS: Flow cytometry and immunofunctional assays were performed to analyze the impact of Vδ2 γδ (Vδ2) T cells in 64 immune-activated patients, 22 immune-tolerant carriers, and 30 healthy controls. RESULTS: The frequencies of peripheral and hepatic Vδ2 T cells decreased with disease progression from immune tolerant to immune activated. In the latter group of patients, the decreases in peripheral and intrahepatic frequencies of Vδ2 T cells reversely correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels and histological activity index. These activated terminally differentiated memory phenotypic Vδ2 T cells exhibited impaired abilities in proliferation and chemotaxis, while maintained a relative intact interferon (IFN) γ production. Importantly, Vδ2 T cells, in vitro, significantly suppressed the production of cytokines associated with interleukin 17-producing CD4+ T (Th17) cells through both cell contact-dependent and IFN-γ-dependent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory microenvironment in IA patients result in decreased numbers of Vδ2 T cells, which play a novel role by regulating the pathogenic Th17 response to protect the liver in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of non-APAP drug-induced acute liver failure: a large multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition of natural history, complications, and outcomes of patients who develop non-acetaminophen (APAP) drug-induced acute liver failure (ALF). To clarify high-risk factors and develop a nomogram model to predict transplant-free survival (TFS) in patients with non-APAP drug-induced ALF. METHODS: Patients with non-APAP drug-induced ALF from 5 participating centers were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was 21-day TFS. Total sample size was 482 patients. RESULTS: Regarding causative agents, the most common implicated drugs were herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) (57.0%). The hepatocellular type (R ≥ 5) was the main liver injury pattern (69.0%). International normalized ratio, hepatic encephalopathy grades, the use of vasopressor, N-acetylcysteine, or artificial liver support system were associated with TFS and incorporated to construct a nomogram model (drug-induced acute liver failure-5, DIALF-5). The AUROC of DIALF-5 for 7-day, 21-day, 60-day, and 90-day TFS in the internal cohort were 0.886, 0.915, 0.920, and 0.912, respectively. Moreover, the AUROC of DIALF-5 for 21-day TFS had the highest AUROC, which was significantly higher than 0.725 of MELD and 0.519 of KCC (p < 0.05), numerically higher than 0.905 of ALFSG-PI but without statistical difference (p > 0.05). These results were successfully validated in the external cohort (147 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Based on easily identifiable clinical data, the novel DIALF-5 model was developed to predict transplant-free survival in non-APAP drug-induced ALF, which was superior to KCC, MELD and had a similar prediction performance to ALFSG-PI but is more convenient, which can directly calculate TFS at multiple time points.

Increased CD14(+)HLA-DR (-/low) myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with extrathoracic metastasis and poor response to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a heterogeneous population of cells, play an important role in the subversion, inhibition, and downregulation of the immune response to cancer. However, the characteristics of these cells, particularly clinical relevance, in malignant tumors remain unclear due to a lack of specific markers. In this study, we characterized peripheral CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells, a new human MDSC subpopulation, in 89 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As expected, both frequency and absolute number of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells were significantly increased in the peripheral blood of NSCLC patients compared with that of the healthy controls and indicated an association with metastasis, response to chemotherapy, and progression-free survival. These cells showed decreased expression of CD16 and CD86 compared with HLA-DR(+) monocytes. Unlike classical monocytes, these populations showed significantly decreased allostimulatory activity and showed the ability to inhibit autologous T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in a cell-contact-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells expressed the NADPH oxidase component gp91(phox) and generated high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, inactivation of ROS reversed their immunosuppressive capacity on T cell response. These results prove, for the first time, the existence of ROS-producing CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) myeloid-derived suppressor cells in NSCLC patients, which mediate tumor immunosuppression and might thus represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention.

Alanine Aminotransferase and Bilirubin Dynamic Evolution Pattern as a Novel Model for the Prediction of Acute Liver Failure in Drug-Induced Liver Injury.

Aims: To develop, optimize, and validate a novel model using alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TB) dynamic evolution patterns in predicting acute liver failure (ALF) in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) patients. Methods: The demographics, clinical data, liver biopsy, and outcomes of DILI patients were collected from two hospitals. According to the dynamic evolution of ALT and TB after DILI onset, the enrolled patients were divided into ALT-mono-peak, TB-mono-peak, double-overlap-peak, and double-separate-peak (DSP) patterns and compared. Logistic regression was used to develop this predictive model in both discovery and validation cohorts. Results: The proportion of ALF was significantly higher in patients with the DSP pattern than in the ALT-mono-peak pattern and DOP pattern (10.0 vs. 0.0% vs. 1.8%,p < 0.05). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the DSP pattern model was 0.720 (95% CI: 0.682-0.756) in the discovery cohort and 0.828 (95% CI: 0.788-0.864) in the validation cohort in predicting ALF, being further improved by combining with international normalized ratio (INR) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (AUROC in the discovery cohort: 0.899; validation cohort: 0.958). Histopathologically, patients with the DSP pattern exhibited a predominantly cholestatic hepatitis pattern (75.0%, p < 0.05) with a higher degree of necrosis (29.2%, p = 0.084). Conclusion: DILI patients with the DSP pattern are more likely to progress to ALF. The predictive potency of the model for ALF can be improved by incorporating INR and ALP. This novel model allows for better identification of high-risk DILI patients, enabling timely measures to be instituted for better outcome.

Corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin therapy for chronic drug- or herb-induced liver injury achieves biochemical and histological improvements: a randomised open-label trial.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) or herb-induced liver injury(HILI) is an important and unresolved challenge. There is no consensus regarding the indications for corticosteroids for chronic DILI/HILI. AIMS: To investigate the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin for patients with chronic DILI/HILI. METHODS: This was a randomised open-label trial. Eligible patients with causality assessment using the updated RUCAM were randomly assigned (1:1) either to the steroid treatment group (48-week stepwise dose reduction of methylprednisolone plus glycyrrhizin) or control group (glycyrrhizin alone). Liver biopsies were performed at baseline and at the end of the 48-week treatment period. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with sustained biochemical response (SBR). The secondary outcomes were improvement in liver histology, time to biochemical normalisation and safety. RESULTS: Of 80 participants, 70 (87.5%) completed the trial. The patients were predominantly female (77.5%), aged >40 years (77.5%) and had a hepatocellular injury pattern of DILI (71.2%). Compared to the control group, the treatment group showed a higher proportion of SBR (94.3% vs. 71.4%, p = 0.023), shorter biochemical normalisation time and histological improvements in both histological activity and fibrosis. The DILI and HILI subgroups, as well as the autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)-like DILI and non-AIH-like subgroups, showed comparable responses. No severe adverse events were observed during the trial. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first clinical evidence that corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin therapy for chronic DILI with or without AIH-like features can achieve both biochemical response and histological improvements with good safety. (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02651350).

[Expressions of CD34 and CD117 in human hepatocellular carcinomas and the clinical significance].

To study the expressions of CD34 and CD117 in the tissues of hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) and to explore the relationship with clinical pathology and it's evaluation on the prognosis of HCC patients. The expressions of CD34 and CD117 were examined by two-step methods of PV-9000 of immunohistochemistry in 55 HCC cases, 10 liver cirrhotic specimens and 6 normal liver specimens. Clinical-pathological data, tumor recurrent rate and survival rate after hepatectomy were recorded and analyzed with Fisher's Exact Test, Pearson X2 Test, Kaplan-Meier, Log-Rank Test and Cox Regression. The positive expression of CD34 was found in 65.4% of HCC, 20% of cirrhostic liver specimens and 16.7% of normal liver specimens, respectively. Significant differences found among the three groups, and the CD34 expression was significantly associated with vessel embolus (X2 = 4.000, P = 0.046) and the histological grades (X2 = 11.008, P = 0.001). The positive expression of CD117 was 47.3%, 10% and 0% in HCC, cirrhotic liver specimens and normal liver tissues, respectively, and statistical differences esxisted among the three groups. The CD117 expression was dramatically related to the histological grades (X2 = 5.115, P = 0.024) and clinical stages (X2 = 15.459, P = 0.000). Median disease free survival time after hepatectomy was significantly shorter in the group with positive-expression of CD34 (X2 = 4.105, P = 0.043) and CD117 (X2 = 28.023, P = 0.000) than the negative-expressed groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that CD117 expression status, serum AFP levels and the size of tumor were independently prognostic factors for HCC patients. Tthe results demonstrated that CD34 and CD117 might play an important role in liver carcinogenesis and the progression of HCC, and they might potentially serve as markers for HCC prognosis.

Chronic Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Updates and Future Challenges.

Chronic drug-induced liver injury (DILI), defined as DILI with persistent liver injury more than one year after the first onset by the latest European guidelines, is a notable challenge globally with big issues of defining causality and establishing effective treatment. About 20% of patients with DILI develop into chronic DILI. Chronic DILI manifests as persistent or repeated inflammatory or diminishing bile ducts, even progresses to cirrhosis and needs liver transplantation eventually. However, research on chronic DILI over the last decades is still lacking, and the incidence, phenotypes, mechanisms, risk factors, and treatment have not been fully understood. In this paper, we reviewed the definition of chronic DILI, updated clinical studies in terms of incidence, special manifestations, and promising risk factors of chronic DILI, along with the recent progress and challenges in glucocorticoid therapy.

Metabolomic Analysis Uncovers Energy Supply Disturbance as an Underlying Mechanism of the Development of Alcohol-Associated Liver Cirrhosis.

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is caused by alcohol metabolism's effects on the liver. The underlying mechanisms from a metabolic view in the development of alcohol-associated liver cirrhosis (ALC) are still elusive. We performed an untargeted serum metabolomic analysis in 14 controls, 16 patients with ALD without cirrhosis (NC), 27 patients with compensated cirrhosis, and 79 patients with decompensated ALC. We identified two metabolic fingerprints associated with ALC development (38 metabolites) and those associated with hepatic decompensation (64 metabolites) in ALC. The cirrhosis-associated fingerprint (eigenmetabolite) showed a better capability to differentiate ALC from NC than the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index score. The eigenmetabolite associated with hepatic decompensation showed an increasing trend during the disease progression and was positively correlated with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. These metabolic fingerprints belong to the metabolites in lipid metabolism, amino acid pathway, and intermediary metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Conclusion: The metabolomic fingerprints suggest the disturbance of the metabolites associated with cellular energy supply as an underlying mechanism in the development and progression of alcoholic cirrhosis.