Access and barriers to genomic classifiers for breast cancer and prostate cancer in India.

The incidence of cancer in general, including breast and prostate cancer specifically, is increasing in India. Breast and prostate cancers have genomic classifiers developed to guide therapy decisions. However, these genomic classifiers are often inaccessible in India due to high cost. These classifiers may also be less suitable to the Indian population, as data primarily from patients in wealthy Western countries were used in developing these genomic classifiers. In addition to the limitations in using these existing genomic classifiers, developing and validating new genomic classifiers for breast and prostate cancer in India is challenging due to the heterogeneity in the Indian population. However, there are steps that can be taken to address the various barriers that currently exist for accurate, accessible genomic classifiers for cancer in India.

Trends and Determinants of Location of Death Due to Colorectal Cancer in the United States : A Nationwide Study.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States (US); however, there are limited data on location of death in patients who die from CRC. We examined the trends in location of death and determinants in patients dying from CRC in the US. METHODS: We utilized the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database to extract nationwide data on underlying cause of death as CRC. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to assess associations between clinico-sociodemographic characteristics and location of death. RESULTS: There were 850,750 deaths due to CRC from 2003 to 2019. There was a gradual decrease in deaths in hospital, nursing home, or outpatient facility/emergency department over time and an increase in deaths at home and in hospice. Relative to White decedents, Black, Asian, and American Indian/Alaska Native decedents were less likely to die at home and in hospice compared with hospitals. Individuals with lower educational status also had a lower risk of dying at home or in hospice compared with in hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The gradual shift in location of death of patients who die of CRC from institutionalized settings to home and hospice is a promising trend and reflects the prioritization of patient goals for end-of-life care by healthcare providers. However, there are existing sociodemographic disparities in access to deaths at home and in hospice, which emphasizes the need for policy interventions to reduce health inequity in end-of-life care for CRC.

Culturally Tailored Strategies to Enhance Type 2 Diabetes Care for South Asians in the United States.

South Asian immigrants in the United States face an elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This phenomenon has been linked to lifestyle factors and social determinants of health (SDOH) such as high-carbohydrate diet, limited physical activity, and stress from assimilation and other life challenges. Unfortunately, barriers stemming from language discordance, low health literacy, and certain cultural practices can hinder effective clinical management of T2DM among South Asian immigrants. In this perspective, we address these sociocultural barriers and propose culturally informed recommendations to improve healthcare delivery for South Asian groups and empower South Asian patients to self-manage T2DM. Our recommendations include (1) considerations and support for SDOH in South Asian communities, (2) culturally tailored healthcare delivery for South Asians, (3) mHealth technologies for T2DM education and self-management; and (4) enhanced epidemiological and South Asian-centric research.

Cervical cancer disparities in stage at presentation for disaggregated Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders.

BACKGROUND: Over 20 million people in the United States identified as Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander in 2022. Despite the diversity of immigration histories, lived experiences, and health needs within the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander community, prior studies in cervical cancer have considered this group in aggregate. OBJECTIVE: We sought to analyze disparities in cervical cancer stage at presentation in the United States, focusing on disaggregated Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander groups. STUDY DESIGN: Data from the United States National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2020 of 122,926 patients newly diagnosed with cervical cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander patients were disaggregated by country of origin. Logistic regression, adjusted for clinical and sociodemographic factors, was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Higher adjusted odds ratios indicate an increased likelihood of metastatic versus nonmetastatic disease at diagnosis. RESULTS: Out of 122,926 patients with cervical cancer, 5142 (4.2%) identified as Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander. Compared to non-Hispanic White patients, pooled Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander patients presented at lower stages of cancer (non-Hispanic White: 58.7% diagnosed local/regional, Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander : 85.6% at local/regional, χ2 P<.001). The largest Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander subgroups included Filipino Americans (n=1051, 20.4% of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander), Chinese Americans (n=995, 19.4%), Asian Indian/Pakistani Americans (n=711, 13.8%), Vietnamese Americans (n=627, 12.2%), and Korean Americans (n=550, 10.7%) respectively. Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander disaggregation revealed that Pacific Islander American patients had higher odds of presenting with metastatic disease (adjusted odds ratio 1.58, 95% confidence interval 1.21-2.06, P=.001) relative to non-Hispanic White patients. Conversely, Chinese American (adjusted odds ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.37-0.59, P<.001), Vietnamese American (adjusted odds ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.41-0.70, P<.001), Hmong American (adjusted odds ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.22-0.97, P=.040), and Indian/Pakistani American (adjusted odds ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.61-0.94, P=.013) patients were less likely to present with metastatic disease. Compared to the largest Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander group (Chinese American), 9 other subgroups were more likely to present with metastatic disease. The largest differences were observed in Pacific Islander American (adjusted odds ratio 3.44, 95% confidence interval 2.41-4.91, P<.001), Thai American (adjusted odds ratio 2.79, 95% confidence interval 1.41-5.53, P=.003), Kampuchean American (adjusted odds ratio 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.29-4.42, P=.006), Native Hawaiian American (adjusted odds ratio 2.23, 95% confidence interval 1.37-3.63, P=.001), and Laotian American (adjusted odds ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.13-3.61, P=.017). In contrast, Vietnamese American (adjusted odds ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 0.85-1.71, P=.303), and Hmong American (adjusted odds ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval 0.50-2.37, P=.828) patients did not show a statistically significant difference in presenting with metastatic disease compared to Chinese American patients. CONCLUSION: Aggregated evaluation of the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander monolith masks disparities in outcomes for distinct populations at risk for equity gaps. This disaggregation study shows that marginalized groups within the larger Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander population-including Pacific Islander American and Thai American patients-may face different exposures and larger structural barriers to cancer screening and early-stage diagnosis. A future focus on community-based disaggregated research and tailored interventions is necessary to close these gaps.

Characterizing disparities in receipt of palliative care for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders with metastatic cancer in the United States.

PURPOSE: Palliative care plays essential roles in cancer care. However, differences in receipt among individuals identifying as Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Other Pacific Islanders (AA&NHPI) with cancer are not well-characterized, especially when these diverse groups are disaggregated. We characterized disparities in receipt of palliative care among AA&NHPI patients with AJCC Stage IV prostate, breast, or lung cancer. METHODS: We performed multivariable logistic regressions were performed in this retrospective cohort analysis, using deidentified data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) of patients diagnosed with AJCC analytic group stage IV breast, lung, or prostate cancer (2004-2018) who were White or of Asian Indian/Pakistani, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Hmong, Japanese, Kampuchean, Korean, Laotian, Other Pacific Islander, Thai, or Vietnamese descent. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses in a retrospective cohort study using deidentified data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). The study included patients diagnosed with AJCC analytic group Stage IV breast, lung, or prostate cancer between 2004 and 2018, who were White or identified as Asian Indian/Pakistani, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Hmong, Japanese, Kampuchean, Korean, Laotian, Other Pacific Islander, Thai, or Vietnamese descent. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of receiving palliative care were measured when comparing White vs. AA&NHPI patients as one cohort and White vs. disaggregated AA&NHPI patients, adjusting for clinical, socioeconomic, and demographic covariates. RESULTS: Among 775,289 individuals diagnosed with cancer (median age: 68 years), no significant differences in palliative care receipt were observed between White patients and aggregated AA&NHPI patients among patients with prostate, breast, or lung cancer. However, disaggregated analyses revealed reduced palliative care receipt for breast cancer patients of Asian Indian/Pakistani descent (AOR 0.75, 95% CI, 0.60-0.94, P = 0.011) and for lung cancer patients of Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, and Asian Indian/Pakistani descent compared to White patients (Chinese AOR 0.88, [0.81-0.94], P = 0.001; Vietnamese AOR 0.89, [0.80 to 0.99], P = 0.032; Thai AOR 0.64, [0.44-0.92], P = 0.016; Asian Indian/Pakistani AOR 0.83, [0.74-0.93], P = 0.001). Palliative care was greater for patients of Japanese and Hawaiian descent with prostate cancer (Japanese AOR 1.92, [1.32-2.75], P = 0.001; Hawaiian AOR 2.09, [1.20-3.66], P = 0.009), breast cancer (Japanese AOR 1.72, [1.21-2.43], P = 0.001; Hawaiian AOR 1.70, [1.08-2.67], P = 0.021), and lung cancer (Japanese AOR 1.92, [1.70-2.17], P < 0.001; Hawaiian AOR 2.95, [2.5-3.5], P < 0.001), as well as patients of Other Pacific Islander descent with lung cancer (AOR 1.62, [1.34-1.96], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our findings demonstrate disparities in receipt of palliative care upon disaggregation of diverse AA&NHPI groups, the need for disaggregated research and targeted interventions that address the unique cultural, socioeconomic, and healthcare system barriers to palliative care receipt.

Understanding and training for the impact of large language models and artificial intelligence in healthcare practice: a narrative review.

Reports of Large Language Models (LLMs) passing board examinations have spurred medical enthusiasm for their clinical integration. Through a narrative review, we reflect upon the skill shifts necessary for clinicians to succeed in an LLM-enabled world, achieving benefits while minimizing risks. We suggest how medical education must evolve to prepare clinicians capable of navigating human-AI systems.

Risk factors and operative risk of large vessel occlusion and stroke during cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Perioperative Large Vessel Occlusions (LVOs) occurring during and following surgery are of immense clinical importance. As such, we aim to present risk factors and test if the Society of Thoracic Surgery (STS) mortality and stroke risk scores can be used to assess operative risk. METHODS: Using data containing 7 index cardiac operations at a single tertiary referral center from 2010 to 2022, logistic and multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify factors that correlate to higher operative LVO and stroke rate. Odds ratios and confidence intervals were also obtained to test if the STS-Predicted Risk of Mortality (PROM) and -Predicted Risk of Stroke (PROS) scores were positively correlated to operative LVO and stroke rate. RESULTS: Multivariate modeling showed primary risk factors for an operative LVO were diabetes (OR: 1.727 [95 % CI: 1.060-2.815]), intracranial or extracranial carotid stenosis (OR: 3.661 [95 % CI: 2.126-6.305]), and heart failure as defined by NYHA class (Class 4, OR: 3.951 [95 % CI: 2.092-7.461]; compared to Class 1). As the STS-PROM increased, the relative rate of LVO occurrence increased (very high risk, OR: 6.576 [95 % CI: 2.92-14.812], high risk, OR: 2.667 [1.125-6.322], medium risk, OR: 2.858 [1.594-5.125]; all compared to low risk). STS-PROS quartiles showed a similar relation with LVO risk (quartile 4, OR: 7.768 [95 % CI: 2.740-22.027], quartile 3, OR: 5.249 [1.800-15.306], quartile 2, OR:2.980 [0.960-9.248]; all compared to quartile 1). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diabetes, carotid disease and heart failure are at high risk for operative LVO. Both STS-PROM and -PROS can be useful metrics for preoperative measuring of LVO risks.

Cost-benefit analysis of intraoperative neuromonitoring for cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) can detect large vessel occlusion (LVO) in real-time during surgery. The aim of this study was to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of utilizing IONM among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: A decision-analysis tree with terminal Markov nodes was constructed to model functional outcome, as measured via the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), among 65-year-old patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Our cost-benefit analysis compares the use of IONM (electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potential) against no IONM in preventing neurological complications from perioperative LVO during cardiac surgery. The study was performed over a lifetime horizon from a societal perspective in the United States. Base case and one-way probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: At a baseline LVO rate of 0.31%, the mean attributable lifetime expenditure for IONM-monitored cardiac surgeries relative to unmonitored cardiac surgeries was $1047.41 (95% CI, $742.12 - $1445.10). At a critical LVO rate of approximately 3.67%, the costs of both monitored and unmonitored cardiac surgeries were the same. Above this critical rate, implementing IONM became cost-saving. On one-way sensitivity analysis, variation in LVO rate from 0% - 10% caused lifetime costs attributable to receiving IONM to range from $1150.47 - $29404.61; variations in IONM cost, percentage of intervenable LVOs, IONM sensitivity, and mechanical thrombectomy cost exerted comparably minimal influence over lifetime costs. DISCUSSION: We find considerable cost savings favoring the use of IONM under certain parameters corresponding to high-risk patients. This study will provide financial perspective to policymakers, clinicians, and patients alike on the appropriate use of IONM during cardiac surgery.

Contemporary Patterns of Financial Toxicity Among Patients With Rheumatologic Disease in the United States.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Rheumatologic diseases encompass a group of disabling conditions that often require expensive clinical treatments and limit an individual's ability to work and maintain a steady income. The purpose of this study was to evaluate contemporary patterns of financial toxicity among patients with rheumatologic disease and assess for any associated demographic factors. METHODS: The cross-sectional National Health Interview Survey was queried from 2013 to 2018 for patients with rheumatologic disease. Patient demographics and self-reported financial metrics were collected or calculated including financial hardship from medical bills, financial distress, food insecurity, and cost-related medication (CRM) nonadherence. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess for factors associated with increased financial hardship. RESULTS: During the study period, 20.2% of 41,502 patients with rheumatologic disease faced some degree of financial hardship due to medical bills, 55.0% of whom could not pay those bills. Rheumatologic disease was associated with higher odds of financial hardship from medical bills (adjusted odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.36; p < 0.001) with similar trends for patients suffering from financial distress, food insecurity, and CRM nonadherence (p < 0.001 for all). Financial hardship among patients with rheumatologic disease was associated with being younger, male, Black, and uninsured ( p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION: In this nationally representative study, we found that a substantial proportion of adults with rheumatologic disease in the United States struggled with paying their medical bills and suffered from food insecurity and CRM nonadherence. National health care efforts and guided public policy should be pursued to help ease the burden of financial hardship for these patients.

Colon Cancer Disparities in Stage at Presentation and Time to Surgery for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: A Study with Disaggregated Ethnic Groups.

BACKGROUND: Vast differences in barriers to care exist among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) groups and may manifest as disparities in stage at presentation and access to treatment. Thus, we characterized AANHPI patients with stage 0-IV colon cancer and examined differences in (1) stage at presentation and (2) time to surgery relative to white patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We assessed all patients in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) with stage 0-IV colon cancer from 2004 to 2016 who identified as white, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Native Hawaiian, Korean, Vietnamese, Laotian, Hmong, Kampuchean, Thai, Asian Indian or Pakistani, and Pacific Islander. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression defined adjusted odds ratios (AORs), with 95% confidence intervals (CI), of (1) patients presenting with advanced stage colon cancer and (2) patients with stage 0-III colon cancer receiving surgery at ≥ 60 days versus 30-59 days versus < 30 days postdiagnosis, adjusting for sociodemographic/clinical factors. RESULTS: Among 694,876 patients, Japanese [AOR 1.08 (95% CI 1.01-1.15), p < 0.05], Filipino [AOR 1.17 (95% CI 1.09-1.25), p < 0.001], Korean [AOR 1.09 (95% CI 1.01-1.18), p < 0.05], Laotian [AOR 1.51 (95% CI 1.17-1.95), p < 0.01], Kampuchean [AOR 1.33 (95% CI 1.04-1.70), p < 0.01], Thai [AOR 1.60 (95% CI 1.22-2.10), p = 0.001], and Pacific Islander [AOR 1.41 (95% CI 1.20-1.67), p < 0.001] patients were more likely to present with more advanced colon cancer compared with white patients. Chinese [AOR 1.27 (95% CI 1.17-1.38), p < 0.001], Japanese [AOR 1.23 (95% CI 1.10-1.37], p < 0.001], Filipino [AOR 1.36 (95% CI 1.22-1.52), p < 0.001], Korean [AOR 1.16 (95% CI 1.02-1.32), p < 0.05], and Vietnamese [AOR 1.55 (95% CI 1.36-1.77), p < 0.001] patients were more likely to experience greater time to surgery than white patients. Disparities persisted when comparing among AANHPI subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal key disparities in stage at presentation and time to surgery by race/ethnicity among AANHPI subgroups. Heterogeneity upon disaggregation underscores the importance of examining and addressing access barriers and clinical disparities.

A burden shared: the financial, psychological, and health-related consequences borne by family members and caregivers of people with cancer in India.

In India, approximately 1.4 million new cases of cancer are recorded annually, with 26.7 million people living with cancer in 2021. Providing care for family members with cancer impacts caregivers' health and financial resources. Effects on caregivers' health and financial resources, understood as family and caregiver "financial toxicity" of cancer, are important to explore in the Indian context, where family members often serve as caregivers, in light of cultural attitudes towards family. This is reinforced by other structural issues such as grave disparities in socioeconomic status, barriers in access to care, and limited access to supportive care services for many patients. Effects on family caregivers' financial resources are particularly prevalent in India given the increased dependency on out-of-pocket financing for healthcare, disparate access to insurance coverage, and limitations in public expenditure on healthcare. In this paper, we explore family and caregiver financial toxicity of cancer in the Indian context, highlighting the multiple psychosocial aspects through which these factors may play out. We suggest steps forward, including future directions in (1) health services research, (2) community-level interventions, and (3) policy changes. We underscore that multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral efforts are needed to study and address family and caregiver financial toxicity in India.

Total Joint Arthroplasty Utilization After Orthopaedic Surgery Referral: Identifying Disparities Along the Care Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Although racial and ethnic disparities in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have been thoroughly described, only a few studies have sought to determine exactly where along the care pathway these disparities are perpetuated. The purpose of this study was to investigate disparities in TJA utilization occurring after patients who had diagnosed hip or knee osteoarthritis were referred to a group of orthopaedic providers within an integrated academic institution. METHODS: A retrospective, multi-institutional study evaluating patients with diagnosed hip or knee osteoarthritis was conducted between 2015 and 2019. Information pertaining to patient demographics, timing of clinic visits, and subsequent surgical intervention was collected. Utilization rates and time to surgery from the initial clinic visit were calculated by race, and logistic regressions were performed to control for various demographic as well as health related variables. RESULTS: White patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis were significantly more likely to receive total knee arthroplasty (TKA) than Black and Hispanic patients, even after adjusting for various demographic variables (Black patients: odds ratio [OR] = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.55-0.72, P = .002; Hispanic patients: OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.57-0.83, P = .039). Similar disparities were found among patients diagnosed with hip osteoarthritis who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA; Black patients: OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.60-0.89, P = <.001; Hispanic patients: OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.53-0.98, P <.001). There were no differences in time to surgery between races (P > .05 for all). CONCLUSION: In this study, racial and ethnic disparities in TJA utilization were found to exist even after referral to an orthopaedic surgeon, highlighting a critical point along the care pathway during which inequalities in TJA care can emerge. Similar time to surgery between White, Black, and Hispanic patients suggest that these disparities in TJA utilization may largely be perpetuated before surgical planning while patients are deciding whether to undergo surgery. Further studies are needed to better elucidate which patient and provider-specific factors may be preventing these patients from pursuing surgery during this part of the care pathway. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Socioeconomic disparities in healthcare utilization for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the social determinants of health on healthcare utilization for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains incompletely characterized. METHODS: We queried the National Health Interview Survey from 2000-2018 to examine disparities in healthcare utilization metrics by education, income-to-poverty ratio, and health insurance coverage for adults with self-reported ASCVD. RESULTS: We show that, while education and income-to-poverty ratios demonstrated significant disparities for provider visits and preventive screenings, the largest disparities were noted for health insurance coverage. CONCLUSIONS: These trends suggest that efforts to expand private or government insurance to improve coverage for patients with ASCVD may address healthcare utilization-based disparities.

Rural-Urban Differences in Influenza Vaccination Among Adults in the United States, 2018-2019.

Objectives. To provide adjusted rates of self-reported receipt of the influenza vaccine in the 2018-2019 flu season among adults in large metropolitan, medium and small metropolitan, and nonmetropolitan areas of the United States by age group, gender, and race. Methods. We queried the 2019 National Health Interview Survey for respondents aged 18 years and older. To provide national estimates of influenza vaccination coverage, we performed sample-weighted multivariable logistic regressions and predicted marginal modeling while adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and urban-rural household designation. Results. After weighting, 48.1%, 46.2%, and 43.6% of adults from large metropolitan, small and medium metropolitan, and nonmetropolitan areas, respectively, received the influenza vaccine. Additionally, there was a trend toward declining influenza vaccination status from large metropolitan to rural areas in all age groups, both genders, and multiple racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions. Self-reported influenza vaccination rates were lower in rural than in urban areas among adults of all age groups and both genders. Using community leaders for health promotion, augmentation of the community health care workforce, and provision of incentives for providers to integrate influenza vaccination in regular visits may expand influenza vaccine coverage. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(2):304-307. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306575).

Integrated practice units present an opportunity over siloed survivorship care settings.

Given the rapidly rising cancer burden in the USA, the need to innovate survivorship care for oncology patients is rising rapidly. The current body of empirical evidence in survivorship care has focused on care provided by general practitioners (GP) and specialists/surgeons (SS). In particular, current evaluations address cost of care, cancer recurrence, quality of life, and overall survival of patients, with results indicating no statistically significant differences in GP- and SS-led care models and little emphasis on the broader characteristics of care settings. We fill this gap in survivorship care by introducing a perspective on the potential for holistic care delivery with a multidisciplinary team approach at integrated practice units (IPUs). Additionally, we propose a comprehensive examination of survivorship care across GP-, SS-, and IPU-led settings to provide researchers and practitioners with solid ground to determine the optimal survivorship care model, considering four key characteristics: (1) operating mode and skills, (2) cost and accountability of care, (3) health outcome measurement, and (4) workflow and scheduling.

Shared burden: the association between cancer diagnosis, financial toxicity, and healthcare cost-related coping mechanisms by family members of non-elderly patients in the USA.

PURPOSE: There has been little research on the healthcare cost-related coping mechanisms of families of patients with cancer. Therefore, we assessed the association between a cancer diagnosis and the healthcare cost-related coping mechanisms of participant family members through their decision to forego or delay seeking medical care, one of the manifestations of financial toxicity. METHODS: Using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) between 2000 and 2018, sample weight-adjusted prevalence was calculated and multivariable logistic regressions defined adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for participant family members who needed but did not get medical care or who delayed seeking medical care due to cost in the past 12 months, adjusting for relevant sociodemographic covariates, including participant history of cancer (yes vs. no) and participant age (18-45 vs. 46-64 years old). The analysis of family members foregoing or delaying medical care was repeated using a cancer diagnosis * age interaction term. RESULTS: Participants with cancer were more likely than those without a history of cancer to report family members delaying (19.63% vs. 16.31%, P < 0.001) or foregoing (14.53% vs. 12.35%, P = 0.001) medical care. Participants with cancer in the 18 to 45 years old age range were more likely to report family members delaying (pinteraction = 0.028) or foregoing (pinteraction < 0.001) medical care. Other factors associated with cost-related coping mechanisms undertaken by the participants' family members included female sex, non-married status, poorer health status, lack of health insurance coverage, and lower household income. CONCLUSION: A cancer diagnosis may be associated with familial healthcare cost-related coping mechanisms, one of the manifestations of financial toxicity. This is seen through delayed/omitted medical care of family members of people with a history of cancer, an association that may be stronger among young adult cancer survivors. These findings underscore the need to further explore how financial toxicity associated with a cancer diagnosis can affect patients' family members and to design interventions to mitigate healthcare cost-related coping mechanisms.

Weight gain after in vitro fertilization: a potential consequence of controlled ovarian stimulation.

In the USA, 42% of adult women were estimated to have obesity, and 13% of women of childbearing age similarly have impaired fecundity. Obesity is associated with infertility such that patients with obesity often seek out in vitro fertilization (IVF) services. Here, we report on the case of a woman with childhood-onset class II obesity who had been undergoing treatment with phentermine and topiramate prior to undergoing 3 cycles of IVF. With each cycle, the patient temporarily gained 13-15 lbs. during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). Weight gain from COS may be clinically relevant and merits further study to optimize weight status across women's reproductive life and to better assist women who gain weight secondary to IVF. Incorporating weight monitoring into IVF protocols may also help better characterize the scope of weight gain from COS.