Temporal and spatial variations of air pollution across China from 2015 to 2018.

This study investigated concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and O3, and air quality index (AQI) values across 368 cities in mainland China during 2015-2018. The study further examined relationships of air pollution status with local industrial capacities and vehicle possessions. Strong correlations were found between industrial capacities (coal, pig iron, crude steel and rolled steel) and air pollution levels. Although statistical and significant reductions of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and AQI values were observed in response to various laws and regulations in industrial sectors, both particle and gaseous pollutants still had annual average concentrations above recommended limits. In order to further reduce air pollution, more efforts can be done to control traffic emissions caused by minicars and heavy trucks, which was revealed after investigating 16 vehicle types. This was also consistent with the apparent air quality improvement during the COVID-19 lockdown period in China in 2020, despite industrial operations being still active at full capacities.

Modeling and Experimental Study of the Electron Transfer Kinetics for Non-ideal Electrodes Using Variable-Frequency Square Wave Voltammetry.

The knowledge of nonequilibrium electron transfer rates is paramount for the design of modern hybrid electrocatalysts. Herein, we propose a general simulation-based approach to interpret variable-frequency square wave voltammetry (VF-SWV) for heterogeneous materials featuring reversible redox behavior. The resistive and capacitive corrections, inclusion of the frequency domain, and statistical treatment of the surface redox kinetics are used to account for the non-ideal nature of electrodes. This approach has been validated in our study of CoII/CoI redox transformation for Co tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) immobilized on carbon cloth and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) - one of the most active heterogeneous molecular catalysts in carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction. It is demonstrated that the modeling of experimental data furnishes the capacitance of the surface double layer C, uncompensated resistance Ru, symmetry coefficients α, kinetic constants k0, and equilibrium redox potentials E0 in one experiment. Moreover, the proposed method yields a stochastic map of the redox kinetics rather than a single value, thus exposing the inhomogeneous nature of the electrochemically active layer. The computed parameters are in excellent agreement with the results of the classic methods such as cyclic voltammetry and fall in line with the reported CoTPP catalytic activity. Thus, VF-SWV is suitable for the study of high-level composites such as covalent organic frameworks and organometallic-CNT mixtures. The resulting insights into the electron transfer mechanisms are especially useful for the rational development of the catalyst-support interfaces and immobilization methods.

Pentacoordinated Aluminum Species: New Frontier for Tailoring Acidity-Enhanced Silica-Alumina Catalysts.

Silica-alumina catalysts, including zeolites and amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs), are among the most widely used solid acid catalysts and supports to produce petrochemicals, fine chemicals, and renewable energy. The coordination, distribution, and interactions of aluminum in ASAs have an enormous impact on their acidic properties and catalytic performance. Unsaturated tetracoordinated aluminum (AlIV) species are commonly accepted as the key sites in generating catalytically active Brønsted acid sites (BASs) in silica-alumina catalysts. Extensive efforts focus on increasing the concentration of AlIV as the main route to enhance their Brønsted acidity for efficient catalysis. However, increasing the AlIV concentration either weakens the acid strength in zeolites or lowers Brønsted acidity in ASAs at high Al/Si ratios, impeding acidity enhancement of these popular catalysts."Pentacoordinated aluminum (AlV) species" are potential unsaturated Al species like AlIV but rarely observed in silica-aluminas, and thus, are widely considered unavailable for BAS formation or surface reactions. In this Account, we will describe novel strategies for the controlled synthesis of AlV-enriched ASAs using flame-spray pyrolysis (FSP) techniques and highlight the contribution of AlV species in acidity enhancement, together with their structure-activity relationship in the conversion of biomass-derived compounds into valuable chemicals. Using various in situ and advanced 2D solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments, the studies of the acidic properties and local structure of AlV-enriched ASAs reveal that AlV species can highly populate on ASA surfaces, promote BASs formation, and facilitate adaptable tuning of BASs from moderate to zeolitic strength by synergy with neighboring Al sites. Moreover, the BASs with enhanced acidity can work jointly with surface Lewis acid sites or metal active species for bifunctional catalysis on AlV-enriched ASAs. Compared to zeolites, these AlV-enriched ASAs are highly active in acid-catalyzed biomass conversion, including alcohol dehydration and sugar conversion reactions, as well as in promoting the performance of supported metal catalysts in chemoselective hydrogenation of aromatic ketones. These new insights provide a state-of-the-art strategy for strongly enhancing the acidity of these popular silica-alumina catalysts, which offers an interesting potential for a wide range of acid and multifunctional catalysis.

Insight into Three-Coordinate Aluminum Species on Ethanol-to-Olefin Conversion over ZSM-5 Zeolites.

Commercial bioethanol can be readily converted into ethylene by a dehydration process using solid acids, such as Brønsted acidic H-ZSM-5 zeolites, and thus, it is an ideal candidate to replace petroleum and coal for the sustainable production of ethylene. Now, strong Lewis acidic extra-framework three-coordinate Al3+ species were introduced into H-ZSM-5 zeolites to improve their catalytic activity. Remarkably, Al3+ species working with Brønsted acid sites can accelerate ethanol dehydration at a much lower reaction temperature and shorten the unsteady-state period within 1-2 h, compared to >9 h for those without Al3+ species, which can significantly enhance the ethanol dehydration efficiency and reduce the cost. The reaction mechanism, studied by solid-state NMR, shows that strong Lewis acidic EFAl-Al3+ species can collaborate with Brønsted acid sites and promote ethanol dehydration either directly or indirectly via an aromatics-based cycle to produce ethylene.

Co-upcycling of Plastic Waste and Biowaste via Tandem Transesterification Reactions.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and glycerol are prevalent forms of plastic and biowaste, necessitating facile and effective strategies for their upcycling treatment. Herein, we present an innovative one-pot reaction system for the concurrent depolymerization of PET plastics and the transesterification of glycerol into dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), a valuable feedstock in polymer manufacturing. This process occurs in the presence of methyl acetate (MA), a byproduct of the industrial production of acetic acid. The upcycling of biowaste glycerol into glycerol acetates renders them valuable additives for application in both the biofuel and chemical industries. This integrated reaction system enhances the conversion of glycerol to acetins compared with the singular transesterification of glycerol. In this approach, cost-effective catalysts, based on perovskite-structured CaMnO3, were employed. The catalyst undergoes in situ reconstruction in the tandem PET/glycerol/MA system due to glycerolation between the metal oxides and glycerol/acetins. This process results in the formation of small metal oxide nanoparticles confined in amorphous metal glycerolates, thereby enhancing the PET depolymerization efficiency. The optimized coupled reaction system can achieve a product yield exceeding 70% for glycerol acetates and 68% for PET monomers. This research introduces a tandem pathway for the simultaneous upcycling of PET plastic waste and biowaste glycerol with minimal feedstock input and maximal reactant utilization efficiency, promising both economic advantages and positive environmental impacts.

Copper/Polyaniline Interfaces Confined CO2 Electroreduction for Selective Hydrocarbon Production.

Polyaniline (PANI) provides an attractive organic platform for CO2 electrochemical reduction due to the ability to adsorb CO2 molecules and in providing means to interact with metal nanostructures. In this work, a novel PANI supported copper catalyst has been developed by coupling the interfacial polymerization of PANI and Cu. The hybrid catalyst demonstrates excellent activity towards production of hydrocarbon products including CH4 and C2H4, compared with the use of bare Cu. A Faradaic efficiency of 71.8 % and a current density of 16.9 mA/cm2 were achieved at -0.86 V vs. RHE, in contrast to only 22.2 % and 1.0 mA/cm2 from the counterpart Cu catalysts. The remarkably enhanced catalytic performance of the hybrid PANI/Cu catalyst can be attributed to the synergistic interaction between the PANI underlayer and copper. The PANI favours the adsorption and binding of CO2 molecules via its nitrogen sites to form *CO intermediates, while the Cu/PANI interfaces confine the diffusion or desorption of the *CO intermediates favouring their further hydrogenation or carbon-carbon coupling to form hydrocarbon products. This work provides insights into the formation of hydrocarbon products on PANI-modified Cu catalysts, which may guide the development of conducting polymer-metal catalysts for CO2 electroreduction.

Boosting the Formation of Brønsted Acids on Flame-made WOx/ZrO2 for Glucose Conversion.

WOx/ZrO2 with a higher concentration of Brønsted acid sites (BAS) and a bigger ratio of Brønsted to Lewis acid sites (B/L) than achievable by conventional impregnation (IM) were synthesized using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP). The rapid quenching and short residence time inherent to FSP prevent the accumulation of W atoms on the ZrO2 support and thus provide an excellent surface dispersion of WOx species. As a result, FSP-made WOx/ZrO2 (FSP-WOx/ZrO2) has a much higher surface concentration of three-dimensional Zr-WOx clusters than corresponding materials prepared by conventional impregnation (IM-WOx/ZrO2). The coordination of W-OH to the unsaturated Zr4+ sites in these clusters results in a remarkable decrease of the concentration of Lewis acid sites (LAS) on the surface of ZrO2 and promotes the formation of bridging W-O(H)-Zr hydroxyl groups acting as BAS. FSP-WOx/ZrO2 possesses ~80% of BAS and a B/L ratio of around 4, while IM-WOx/ZrO2 exhibits ~50% BAS and a B/L ratio of around 1. These catalysts were evaluated in the dehydration of glucose to HMF. The catalytic study demonstrated that B/L ratio plays a crucial role in glucose conversion. The best catalyst, FSP-WOx/ZrO2 with a W/Zr ratio of 1/10 affords nearly 100% glucose conversion and an HMF selectivity of 56-69%.

Atomic Layer Deposition of the Geometry Separated Lewis and Brønsted Acid Sites for Cascade Glucose Conversion.

Solid acid catalysts with bi-acidity are promising as workhouse catalysts in biorefining to produce high-quality chemicals and fuels. Herein, we report a new strategy to develop bi-acidic cascade catalysts by separating both acid sites in geometry via the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Lewis acidic alumina on Brønsted acidic supports. Visualized by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy mapping, the ALD-deposited alumina forms a conformal alumina domain with a thickness of around 3 nm on the outermost surface of mesoporous silica-alumina. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance investigation shows that the dominant Lewis acid sites distribute on the outermost surface, whereas intrinsic Brønsted acid sites locate inside the nanopores within the silica-rich substrate. In comparison to other bi-acidic solid catalyst counterparts, the special geometric distance of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites minimized the synergetic effect, leading to a cascade reaction environment. For cascade glucose conversion, the designed ALD catalyst showed a highly enhanced catalytic performance.

Tailoring and Identifying Brønsted Acid Sites on Metal Oxo-Clusters of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Catalytic Transformation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with Brønsted acidity are an alternative solid acid catalyst for many important chemical and fuel processes. However, the nature of the Brønsted acidity on the MOF's metal cluster or center is underexplored. To design and optimize the acid strength and density in these MOFs, it is important to understand the origin of their acidity at the molecular level. In the present work, isoreticular MOFs, ZrNDI and HfNDI (NDI = N,N'-bis(5-isophthalate)naphthalenediimide), were prepared as a prototypical system to unravel and compare their Brønsted and Lewis acid sites through an array of spectroscopic, computational, and catalytic characterization techniques. With the aid of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and density functional calculations, Hf6 oxo-clusters on HfNDI are quantitatively proved to possess a higher density Brønsted acid site, while ZrNDI-based MOFs display stronger and higher-population Lewis acidity. HfNDI-based MOFs exhibit a superior catalytic performance in activating dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and converting DHA to ethyl lactate, with 71.1% selectivity at 54.7% conversion after 6 h. The turnover frequency of BAS-dominated Hf-MOF in DHA conversion is over 50 times higher than that of ZSM-5, a strong BAS-based zeolite. It is worth noting that HfNDI is reported for the first time in the literature, which is an alternative platform catalyst for biorefining and green chemistry. The present study furthermore highlights the uniqueness of Hf-based MOFs in this important biomass-to-chemical transformation.

Promoting Aromatic C-H Activation through Reactive Brønsted Acid-Base Pairs on Penta-Coordinated Al-Enriched Amorphous Silica-Alumina.

The surface acidity and local coordination environment of zeolites and amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs) can promote acid-catalyzed C-H activation in many important hydrocarbon conversion reactions. Acid sites generated by penta-coordinated Al species (AlV) can lead to enhanced acidity and changes in the surface coordination. We evaluated the potential of flame-derived ASAs with enriched AlV for C-H activation using hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange with benzene-d6. With increasing Al content of ASAs, the exchange rate increased, whereas the activation energy (Ea) slightly decreased due to the enhanced Brønsted acidity. The ASAs exhibited significantly higher exchange rates and lower Ea values than the sol-gel-derived ASAs and zeolite H-ZSM-5. The superior activity is attributed to the fact that more oxygen coordinated with AlV species on flame-made ASAs, which can act as acceptors for D+, enhancing the deuterium displacement. These findings could offer a valuable alternative strategy for tailoring high-performance solid acids to promote hydrocarbon conversion reactions.

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of the nature, property, and activity of acid sites on solid catalysts.

Further progress in the field of heterogeneous catalysis depends on our knowledge of the nature and behavior of surface sites on solid catalysts and of the mechanisms of chemical reactions catalyzed by these materials. In the past decades, solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been developed to an important tool for routine characterization of solid catalysts. The present work gives a review on experimental approaches and applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy for investigating Brønsted and Lewis sites on solid acids. Studies focusing on the generation of surface sites via post-synthesis modification routes of microporous and mesoporous materials support the development of new and the improvement of existing catalyst systems. High-temperature and flow techniques of in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy allow a deeper insight into the mechanisms of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions and open the way for studying the activity of acidic surface sites. They help to clarify the activation of reactants on Brønsted and Lewis acid sites and improve our understanding of mechanisms affecting the selectivity of acid-catalyzed reactions.

Near-Infrared-Triggered Nitrogen Fixation over Upconversion Nanoparticles Assembled Carbon Nitride Nanotubes with Nitrogen Vacancies.

Photocatalytic artificial fixation of N2 to NH3 occurs over NaYF4:Yb,Tm (NYF) upconversion nanoparticles (NPs) decorated carbon nitride nanotubes with nitrogen vacancies (NYF/NV-CNNTs) in water under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. NYF NPs with a particle size of ca. 20 nm were uniformly distributed on the surface of NV-CNNTs. The NYF/NV-CNNTs with 15 wt % NYF exhibited the highest NH3 production yield of 1.72 mmol L-1 gcat-1, corresponding to an apparent quantum efficiency of 0.50% under NIR light illumination, and about three times higher the activity of the bare CNNTs under UV-filtered solar light. 15N isotope-labeling NMR results confirm that the N source of ammonia originates from the photochemical N2 reduction. The spectroelectrochemical measurements reveal that NVs can greatly facilitate the photogenerated electron transfer without energy loss, while the presence of NYF NPs shifts both the deep trap state and the edge of conduction band toward a lower potential. Moreover, NYF NPs endow the photocatalyst with a NIR light absorption via the fluorescence resonance energy transfer process, and NVs have the ability to enhance the active sites for a stronger adsorption of N2 and decrease the surface quenching effect of NYF NPs, which thus can promote the energy migration within the heterojunctions. This work opens the way toward full solar spectrum photocatalysis for sustainable ammonia synthesis under aqueous system.

Formation and Location of Pt Single Sites Induced by Pentacoordinated Al Species on Amorphous Silica-Alumina.

Alumina and its mixed oxides are popular industrial supports for emerging supported metal catalysts. Pentacoordinated Al (AlV) species are identified as key surface sites for anchoring and stabilizing metal single-site catalysts; however, AlV is rare in conventional amorphous silica-alumina (ASA). Recently, we have developed AlV-enriched ASA, which was applied as a support for the synthesis of Pt single-site catalysts in this work. Each preparation stage and the interaction between Pt and surface Al species were explored by 1H and 27Al solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the formation of the dominant Pt single sites on the surface of AlV-enriched ASA was confirmed by high-angle annular dark-field imaging scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy line scanning. On the surface of supports without a significant AlV population (Pt/Al2O3 and Pt/SiO2), mainly Pt nanoparticles were formed. This indicates that AlV contributes to the strong metal-support interaction to stabilize the Pt single sites on Pt/ASA, which was characterized by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy combined with CO adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Pt single sites supported on AlV-enriched ASA exhibit excellent chemoselectivity in the hydrogenation of C═O groups, affording 2-3-fold higher yields compared to those of Pt nanoparticles supported on Al2O3 and SiO2.

Revealing Brønsted Acidic Bridging SiOHAl Groups on Amorphous Silica-Alumina by Ultrahigh Field Solid-State NMR.

Amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs) are important acidic catalysts and supports for many industrially essential and sustainable processes. The identification of surface acid sites with their local structures on ASAs is of critical importance for tuning their catalytic properties but still remains a great challenge and is under debate. Here, ultrahigh magnetic field (35.2 T) 27Al-{1H} D-HMQC (dipolar-mediated heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation) two-dimensional NMR experiments demonstrate two types of Brønsted acid sites in ASA catalysts. In addition to the known pseudobridging silanol acid sites, the use of ultrahigh field NMR provides the first direct experimental evidence for the existence of bridging silanol (BS: SiOHAl) acid sites in ASAs, which has been hotly debated in the past few decades. This discovery provides new opportunities for scientists and engineers to develop and apply ASAs in various reaction processes due to the significance of BS in chemical and fuel productions based on its strong Brønsted acidity.

Insights into the Interaction between Immobilized Biocatalysts and Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Case Study of PCN-333.

The immobilization of enzymes in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with preserved biofunctionality paves a promising way to solve problems regarding the stability and reusability of enzymes. However, the rational design of MOF-based biocomposites remains a considerable challenge as very little is known about the state of the enzyme, the MOF support, and their host-guest interactions upon immobilization. In this study, we elucidate the detailed host-guest interaction for MOF immobilized enzymes in the biointerface. Two enzymes with different sizes, lipase and insulin, have been immobilized in a mesoporous PCN-333(Al) MOF. The dynamic changes of local structures of the MOF host and enzyme guests have been experimentally revealed for the existence of the confinement effect to enzymes and van der Waals interaction in the biointerface between the aluminum oxo-cluster of the PCN-333 and the -NH2 species of enzymes. This kind of host-guest interaction renders the immobilization of enzymes in PCN-333 with high affinity and highly preserved enzymatic bioactivity.

Engineering the Distinct Structure Interface of Subnano-alumina Domains on Silica for Acidic Amorphous Silica-Alumina toward Biorefining.

Amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs) are important solid catalysts and supports for many industrially essential and sustainable processes, such as hydrocarbon transformation and biorefining. However, the wide distribution of acid strength on ASAs often results in undesired side reactions, lowering the product selectivity. Here we developed a strategy for the synthesis of a unique class of ASAs with unvarying strength of Brønsted acid sites (BAS) and Lewis acid sites (LAS) using double-flame-spray pyrolysis. Structural characterization using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that the uniform acidity is due to a distinct nanostructure, characterized by a uniform interface of silica-alumina and homogeneously dispersed alumina domains. The BAS population density of as-prepared ASAs is up to 6 times higher than that obtained by classical methods. The BAS/LAS ratio, as well as the population densities of BAS and LAS of these ASAs, could be tuned in a broad range. In cyclohexanol dehydration, the uniform Brønsted acid strength provides a high selectivity to cyclohexene and a nearly linear correlation between acid site densities and cyclohexanol conversion. Moreover, the concerted action of these BAS and LAS leads to an excellent bifunctional Brønsted-Lewis acid catalyst for glucose dehydration, affording a superior 5-hydroxymethylfurfural yield.

Contamination identification, source apportionment and health risk assessment of trace elements at different fractions of atmospheric particles at iron and steelmaking areas in China.

China has the largest share of global iron and steel production, which is considered to play a significant contribution to air pollution. This study aims to investigate trace element contamination at different fractions of particulate matter (PM) at industrial areas in China. Three PM fractions, PM2.1-9.0, PM1.1-2.1 and PM1.1, were collected from areas surrounding iron and steelmaking plants at Kunming, Wuhan, Nanjing and Ningbo in China. Multiple trace elements and their bioavailability, as well as Pb isotopic compositions, were analysed for identification of contaminants, health risk assessment and source apportionment. Results showed that PM particles in the sites near industrial areas were associated with a range of toxic trace elements, specifically As, Cr(VI), Cd and Mn, and posed significant health risks to humans. The isotopic Pb compositions identified that coal and high temperature metallurgical processes in the steelmaking process were the dominant contributors to local air pollution in these sites. In addition to iron and steelmaking activities, traffic emissions and remote pollution also played a contributing role in PM contamination, confirmed by the differences of Pb isotopic compositions at each PM fraction and statistical results from Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) and Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid (GAIA). The results presented in this study provide a comprehensive understanding of PM emissions at iron and steelmaking areas, which helps to guide subsequent updates of air pollution control guidelines to efficiently minimise environmental footprint and ensure long term sustainability of the industries.

Acidity enhancement through synergy of penta- and tetra-coordinated aluminum species in amorphous silica networks.

Amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs) are widely used in acid-catalyzed C-H activation reactions and biomass conversions in large scale, which can be promoted by increasing the strength of surface Brønsted acid sites (BAS). Here, we demonstrate the first observation on a synergistic effect caused by two neighboring Al centers interacting with the same silanol group in flame-made ASAs with high Al content. The two close Al centers decrease the electron density on the silanol oxygen and thereby enhance its acidity, which is comparable to that of dealuminated zeolites, while ASAs with small or moderate Al contents provide mainly moderate acidity, much lower than that of zeolites. The ASAs with enhanced acidity exhibit outstanding performances in C-H bond activation of benzene and glucose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, simultaneously with an excellent calcination stability and resistance to leaching, and they offer an interesting potential for a wide range of acid and multifunctional catalysis.

Adsorption-desorption induced structural changes of Cu-MOF evidenced by solid state NMR and EPR spectroscopy.

Adsorption-desorption induced structural changes of Cu(bpy)(H(2)O)(2)(BF(4)),(bpy) (bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine) [Cu-MOF] have been evidenced by combined NMR and EPR spectroscopy. Upon adsorption of probe molecules even at a few mbar, EPR spectra show that they are activated to form complexes at Cu(II) sites, which results in a change of the Cu-MOF's structure as indicated by a high-field shift of the (11)B MAS NMR. After desorption, both EPR and (11)B MAS NMR spectra evidenced that the structure of the Cu-MOF reversibly shifted to the original state. This observation indicates that MOFs can undergo structural changes during processes where adsorption-desorption steps are involved such as gas storage, separation, and catalysis.

Proximate determinants of particulate matter (PM2.5) emission, mortality and life expectancy in Europe, Central Asia, Australia, Canada and the US.

BACKGROUND: The growing concern with environmental related impacts on mortality and morbidity means that the conceptual framework of environment-health-economic policy nexus is salient in the global debate on air pollution. OBJECTIVES: With time series data spanning 2000-2016, this study explored the proximate determinants of ambient air pollution, mortality, and life expectancy in North America, Europe & Central Asia, and East Asia & Pacific regions. METHODS: The study applied historical data on urban population, total pollution, energy consumption, GDP per capita, life expectancy, mortality rate and industrial PM2.5 emissions to develop six parsimonious models using the generalized least squares (GLS) random-effects model estimation with first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] disturbance across 54 countries. RESULTS: An increase in income level by 1% declined mortality rate by 0.01% and increased longevity by ~0.02% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) in the long-run. An increase in industrial PM2.5 emissions per capita by 1% decreased life expectancy by 0.004% and mortality rate by 0.02% (95% CI). Intensification of energy consumption and its related services by 1% were found to increase industrial PM2.5 emissions by 0.42-0.45% (95% CI). An inversed-U shaped curve between PM2.5 emissions per capita and income levels was found at a turning point of US$ 48,061. The validity of an environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis between ambient air pollution and urbanization was confirmed, while a rapid increase in population had a significant positive impact on ambient air pollution. CONCLUSION: Ambient air pollution contributes significantly in reducing life expectancy and increasing mortality. However, sustained economic development, along with energy efficiency, and sustainable urban settlement planning and management are potential options for reducing ambient air pollution while improving quality of life and environmental sustainability.