A peptidomimetic modulator of the CaV2.2 N-type calcium channel for chronic pain.

Transmembrane Cav2.2 (N-type) voltage-gated calcium channels are genetically and pharmacologically validated, clinically relevant pain targets. Clinical block of Cav2.2 (e.g., with Prialt/Ziconotide) or indirect modulation [e.g., with gabapentinoids such as Gabapentin (GBP)] mitigates chronic pain but is encumbered by side effects and abuse liability. The cytosolic auxiliary subunit collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) targets Cav2.2 to the sensory neuron membrane and regulates their function via an intrinsically disordered motif. A CRMP2-derived peptide (CBD3) uncouples the Cav2.2-CRMP2 interaction to inhibit calcium influx, transmitter release, and pain. We developed and applied a molecular dynamics approach to identify the A1R2 dipeptide in CBD3 as the anchoring Cav2.2 motif and designed pharmacophore models to screen 27 million compounds on the open-access server ZincPharmer. Of 200 curated hits, 77 compounds were assessed using depolarization-evoked calcium influx in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Nine small molecules were tested electrophysiologically, while one (CBD3063) was also evaluated biochemically and behaviorally. CBD3063 uncoupled Cav2.2 from CRMP2, reduced membrane Cav2.2 expression and Ca2+ currents, decreased neurotransmission, reduced fiber photometry-based calcium responses in response to mechanical stimulation, and reversed neuropathic and inflammatory pain across sexes in two different species without changes in sensory, sedative, depressive, and cognitive behaviors. CBD3063 is a selective, first-in-class, CRMP2-based peptidomimetic small molecule, which allosterically regulates Cav2.2 to achieve analgesia and pain relief without negative side effect profiles. In summary, CBD3063 could potentially be a more effective alternative to GBP for pain relief.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Consequences of Cytochrome P450 3A Inhibition on Mitragynine Metabolism in Rats.

Mitragynine, an opioidergic alkaloid present in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) to 7-hydroxymitragynine, a more potent opioid receptor agonist. The extent to which conversion to 7-hydroxymitragynine mediates the in vivo effects of mitragynine is unclear. The current study examined how CYP3A inhibition (ketoconazole) modifies the pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in rat liver microsomes in vitro. The study further examined how ketoconazole modifies the discriminative stimulus and antinociceptive effects of mitragynine in rats. Ketoconazole [30 mg/kg, oral gavage (o.g.)] increased systemic exposure to mitragynine (13.3 mg/kg, o.g.) by 120% and 7-hydroxymitragynine exposure by 130%. The unexpected increase in exposure to 7-hydroxymitragynine suggested that ketoconazole inhibits metabolism of both mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, a finding confirmed in rat liver microsomes. In rats discriminating 3.2 mg/kg morphine from vehicle under a fixed-ratio schedule of food delivery, ketoconazole pretreatment increased the potency of both mitragynine (4.7-fold) and 7-hydroxymitragynine (9.7-fold). Ketoconazole did not affect morphine's potency. Ketoconazole increased the antinociceptive potency of 7-hydroxymitragynine by 4.1-fold. Mitragynine (up to 56 mg/kg, i.p.) lacked antinociceptive effects both in the presence and absence of ketoconazole. These results suggest that both mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are cleared via CYP3A and that 7-hydroxymitragynine is formed as a metabolite of mitragynine by other routes. These results have implications for kratom use in combination with numerous medications and citrus juices that inhibit CYP3A. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mitragynine is an abundant kratom alkaloid that exhibits low efficacy at the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). Its metabolite, 7-hydroxymitragynine, is also an MOR agonist but with higher affinity and efficacy than mitragynine. Our results in rats demonstrate that cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibition can increase the systematic exposure of both mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine and their potency to produce MOR-mediated behavioral effects. These data highlight potential interactions between kratom and CYP3A inhibitors, which include numerous medications and citrus juices.

Results of the patient report of intermittent catheterization experience (PRICE) study.

AIMS: Patient satisfaction is paramount to health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) outcomes. High quality, quantitative data from the US describing patients' actual experiences, difficulties, and HR-QoL while on an intermittent self-catheterization (ISC) regimen is very scarce. Our objective was to better understand patient practices with and attitudes towards ISC. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, multi-centered, clinical study of adult men and women performing ISC in the United States. Data collected included demographics, medical history, catheter characteristics, specific self-catheterization habits and two validated HR-QoL questionnaires: The Intermittent Self-Catheterization Questionnaire (ISC-Q) and the Intermittent Catheterization Difficulty Questionnaire (ICDQ). RESULTS: Two hundred participants were recruited from six sites; 70.0% were male, 73.5% were Caucasian with a median age was 51.0 years (range 19-90 years). The ISC-Q showed that the vast majority of participants reported ease with ISC (82.0% satisfaction score) had confidence in their ability to perform ISC (91.9% satisfaction score); yet, many felt self-conscious about doing so (58.3% satisfaction score) and had concerns about long-term adverse effects (58.1% satisfaction score). The ICDQ indicated little to no difficulty for most participants with all routine ISC practices. A small minority of participants reported some difficulty with a "blocking sensation" during initiation of catheterization, leg spasticity, and painful catheterization. Multivariate linear regression results are also reported. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Participants are confident with ISC and have little overall difficulty, which may be a product of successful education and/or catheter design. urinary tract infections (UTIs) were common (yet variable) and may contribute to the noted long-term ISC concerns. Limitations exist including various selection biases leading to concerns of external validity. Future educational interventions in this population may further improve HR-QoL, optimize UTIs prevention, and diminish concerns with long-term ISC.

Pharmacokinetics of Eleven Kratom Alkaloids Following an Oral Dose of Either Traditional or Commercial Kratom Products in Rats.

Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa Korth., is being widely consumed in the United States for pain management and the reduction of opioid withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system (CNS) active alkaloids of kratom, including mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and numerous additional compounds, are believed to derive their effects through opioid receptor activity. There is no literature describing the systemic exposure of many of these alkaloids after the consumption of kratom. Therefore, we have developed and validated a bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of 11 kratom alkaloids (mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, corynantheidine, speciogynine, speciociliatine, paynantheine, corynoxine, corynoxine-B, mitraphylline, ajmalicine, and isospeciofoline) in rat plasma. The validated method was used to analyze oral pharmacokinetic study samples of lyophilized kratom tea (LKT) and a marketed product, OPMS liquid shot, in rats. Among the 11 alkaloids, only mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, speciociliatine, and corynantheidine showed systemic exposure 8 h postdose, and the dose-normalized systemic exposure of these four alkaloids was higher (1.6-2.4-fold) following the administration of the commercial OPMS liquid. Paynantheine and speciogynine levels were quantifiable up to 1 h postdose, whereas none of the other alkaloids were detected. In summary, the method was successfully applied to quantify the exposure of individual kratom alkaloids after an oral dose of traditional or commercial products. This information will contribute to understanding the role of each alkaloid in the overall pharmacology of kratom and elucidating the pharmacokinetic differences between traditional and commercial kratom products.

Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Mitragynine in Beagle Dogs.

Mitragynine is the most abundant psychoactive alkaloid derived from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a tropical plant indigenous to regions of Southeast Asia. Mitragynine displays a moderate affinity to opioid receptors, and kratom is often self-prescribed to treat pain and/or opioid addiction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of mitragynine in the dog. Single dose oral (5 mg/kg) and intravenous (0.1 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic studies of mitragynine were performed in female beagle dogs. The plasma concentrations of mitragynine were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer, and the pharmacokinetic properties were analyzed using non-compartmental analysis. Following intravenous administration, mitragynine showed a large volume of distribution (Vd, 6.3 ± 0.6 L/kg) and high clearance (Cl, 1.8 ± 0.4 L/h/kg). Following oral mitragynine dosing, first peak plasma (Cmax, 278.0 ± 47.4 ng/mL) concentrations were observed within 0.5 h. A potent mu-opioid receptor agonist and active metabolite of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, was also observed with a Cmax of 31.5 ± 3.3 ng/mL and a Tmax of 1.7 ± 0.6 h in orally dosed dogs while its plasma concentrations were below the lower limit of quantification (1 ng/mL) for the intravenous study. The absolute oral bioavailability of mitragynine was 69.6%. Administration of mitragynine was well tolerated, although mild sedation and anxiolytic effects were observed. These results provide the first detailed pharmacokinetic information for mitragynine in a non-rodent species (the dog) and therefore also provide significant information for allometric scaling and dose predictions when designing clinical studies.

Polymicrobial abscess following ovariectomy in a mouse.

BACKGROUND: Ovariectomy is a common procedure in laboratory rodents used to create a post-menopausal state. Complications including post-surgical abscess are rarely reported, but merit consideration for the health and safety of experimental animals. CASE PRESENTATION: A female C57/black6 mouse was ovariectomized as part of a cohort study. At Day 14 post-surgery, she developed a visible swelling on the right side, which 7 days later increased in size over 24 h, leading to euthanasia of the animal. Gross pathology was consistent with abscess. A core of necrotic tissue was present in the uterine horn. Abscess fluid and affected tissue were collected for Gram stain and bacteriological culture. The abscess core and fluid yielded three distinct types of bacterial colonies identified by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing as Streptococcus acidominimus, Pasteurella caecimuris, and a novel species in the genus Gemella. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of polymicrobial abscess in a rodent as a complication of ovariectomy, and the first description of a novel Gemella species for which we have proposed the epithet Gemella muriseptica. This presentation represents a potential complication of ovariectomy in laboratory animals.

Metabolite profiling and identification of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of mitragynine, the major alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom).

1. Mitragynine is the major indole-based alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom). Decoctions (teas) of the plant leaves have been used traditionally for cough, diarrhoea, pain, hypertension and for the treatment of opioid addiction. In the West, kratom has become increasingly utilized for mood elevation, pain treatment and as a means of self-treating opioid addiction. 2. Metabolic pathways of mitragynine were identified in human liver microsomes (HLM) and S9 fractions. A total of thirteen metabolites were identified, four oxidative metabolites and a metabolite formed by demethylation at the 9-methoxy group were the major metabolites of mitragynine. 3. The cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of mitragynine were identified using selective chemical inhibitors of HLM and recombinant cytochrome P450. The metabolism of mitragynine was predominantly carried out through the CYP3A4 with minor contributions by CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. The formation of five oxidative metabolites (Met2, Met4, Met6, Met8 and Met11) was catalyzed by the CYP3A4. 4. In summary, mitragynine was extensively metabolized in HLM primarily to O-demethylated and mono-oxidative metabolites. The CYP3A4 enzyme plays a predominant role in the metabolic clearance of mitragynine and also in the formation of 7-hydroxymitragynine (Met2), a known active minor alkaloid identified in the leaf material.

Mediation of Movement-Induced Breakthrough Cancer Pain by IB4-Binding Nociceptors in Rats.

Cancer-induced bone pain is characterized by moderate to severe ongoing pain that commonly requires the use of opiates. Even when ongoing pain is well controlled, patients can suffer breakthrough pain (BTP), episodic severe pain that "breaks through" the medication. We developed a novel model of cancer-induced BTP using female rats with mammary adenocarcinoma cells sealed within the tibia. We demonstrated previously that rats with bone cancer learn to prefer a context paired with saphenous nerve block to elicit pain relief (i.e., conditioned place preference, CPP), revealing the presence of ongoing pain. Treatment with systemic morphine abolished CPP to saphenous nerve block, demonstrating control of ongoing pain. Here, we show that pairing BTP induced by experimenter-induced movement of the tumor-bearing hindlimb with a context produces conditioned place avoidance (CPA) in rats treated with morphine to control ongoing pain, consistent with clinical observation of BTP. Preventing movement-induced afferent input by saphenous nerve block before, but not after, hindlimb movement blocked movement-induced BTP. Ablation of isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding, but not TRPV1+, sensory afferents eliminated movement-induced BTP, suggesting that input from IB4-binding fibers mediates BTP. Identification of potential molecular targets specific to this population of fibers may allow for the development of peripherally restricted analgesics that control BTP and improve quality of life in patients with skeletal metastases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We present a novel preclinical measure of movement-induced breakthrough pain (BTP) that is observed in the presence of morphine controlling ongoing pain. Blockade of sensory input before movement prevented BTP, whereas nerve block after movement failed to reverse BTP. These observations indicate that blocking peripheral sensory input may prevent BTP and targeting central sites may be required for pain relief once BTP has been initiated. Preventing sensory input from TRPV1-expressing fibers failed to alter movement-induced BTP. In contrast, preventing sensory input from isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding fibers blocked movement-induced BTP. Therefore, examining molecular targets on this population of nociceptive fibers may prove useful for developing an improved strategy for preventing BTP in cancer patients with skeletal metastases.

Mechanisms Underlying Bone and Joint Pain.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the current understanding of mechanisms underlying bone and joint pain. RECENT FINDINGS: Bone or joint pathology is generally accompanied by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and neurotransmitters that activate and sensitize sensory nerves resulting in an amplified pain signal. Modulation of the pain signal within the spinal cord and brain that result in net increased facilitation is proposed to contribute to the development of chronic pain. Great strides have been made in our understanding of mechanisms underlying bone and joint pain that will guide development of improved therapeutic options for these patients. Continued research is required for improved understanding of mechanistic differences driving different components of bone and/or joint pain such as movement related pain compared to persistent background pain. Advances will guide development of more individualized and comprehensive therapeutic options.

Neonatal pain and stress disrupts later-life pavlovian fear conditioning and sensory function in rats: Evidence for a two-hit model.

Early life trauma has been linked to increased risks for anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. We used rodent models of acute and inflammatory neonatal pain to explore effects on fear conditioning and somatosensory function. Hindpaw needle pricks or handling on postnatal days (PNDs) 1-7 caused lasting impacts on affective and somatosensory function when assessed at later ages, PNDs 24 (postweaning), 45 (adolescence), or 66 (adulthood). First, auditory, but not contextual, freezing was mildly disrupted regardless of age. Second, a profound postfear conditioning tactile hypersensitivity was observed in neonatally stressed, postweaning rats. In the absence of fear conditioning, the mechanical hypersensitivity was not observed, consistent with a two-hit model of psychopathology. Injections of 2% α-carrageenan did not have the same lasting impact but was slightly protective against observed effects of neonatal vehicle injections. Basal and elicited corticosterone levels postweaning were not altered by neonatal pain or handling. These data demonstrate that neonatal adversity can have lasting impacts on affective and somatosensory function that differs regardless of age.

Photostability Issues in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Photostabilization.

Photodegradation is one of the major pathways of the degradation of drugs. Some therapeutic agents and excipients are highly sensitive to light and undergo significant degradation, challenging the quality and the stability of the final product. The adequate knowledge of photodegradation mechanisms and kinetics of photosensitive therapeutic entities or excipients is a pivotal aspect in the product development phase. Hence, various pharmaceutical regulatory agencies, across the world, mandated the industries to assess the photodegradation of pharmaceutical products from manufacturing stage till storage, as per the guidelines given in the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). Recently, numerous formulation and/or manufacturing strategies has been investigated for preventing the photodegradation and enhancing the photostability of photolabile components in the pharmaceutical dosage forms. The primary focus of this review is to discuss various photodegradation mechanisms, rate kinetics, and the factors that influence the rate of photodegradation. We also discuss light-induced degradation of photosensitive lipids and polymers. We conclude with a brief note on different approaches to improve the photostability of photosensitive products.

Kappa opioid receptor antagonists: A possible new class of therapeutics for migraine prevention.

Background Stress is the most commonly reported migraine trigger. Dynorphin, an endogenous opioid peptide acting preferentially at kappa opioid receptors (KORs), is a key mediator of stress responses. The aim of this study was to use an injury-free rat model of functional cephalic pain with features of migraine and medication overuse headache (MOH) to test the possible preventive benefit of KOR blockade on stress-induced cephalic pain. Methods Following sumatriptan priming to model MOH, rats were hyper-responsive to environmental stress, demonstrating delayed cephalic and extracephalic allodynia and increased levels of CGRP in the jugular blood, consistent with commonly observed clinical outcomes during migraine. Nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a long-acting KOR antagonist or CYM51317, a novel short-acting KOR antagonist, were given systemically either during sumatriptan priming or immediately before environmental stress challenge. The effects of KOR blockade in the amygdala on stress-induced allodynia was determined by administration of nor-BNI into the right or left central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Results KOR blockade prevented both stress-induced allodynia and increased plasma CGRP. Stress increased dynorphin content and phosphorylated KOR in both the left and right CeA in sumatriptan-primed rats. However, KOR blockade only in the right CeA prevented stress-induced cephalic allodynia as well as extracephalic allodynia, measured in either the right or left hindpaws. U69,593, a KOR agonist, given into the right, but not the left, CeA, produced allodynia selectively in sumatriptan-primed rats. Both stress and U69,593-induced allodynia were prevented by right CeA U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, presumably acting downstream of KOR. Conclusions Our data reveal a novel lateralized KOR circuit that mediated stress-induced cutaneous allodynia and increased plasma CGRP in an injury-free model of functional cephalic pain with features of migraine and medication overuse headache. Selective, small molecule, orally available, and reversible KOR antagonists are currently in development and may represent a novel class of preventive therapeutics for migraine.

Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of mesolimbic reward-valuation circuitry.

Relief of pain is rewarding. Using a model of experimental postsurgical pain we show that blockade of afferent input from the injury with local anesthetic elicits conditioned place preference, activates ventral tegmental dopaminergic cells, and increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Importantly, place preference is associated with increased activity in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and blocked by dopamine antagonists injected into the nucleus accumbens. The data directly support the hypothesis that relief of pain produces negative reinforcement through activation of the mesolimbic reward-valuation circuitry.

Evaluation of a Postoperative Pain-Like State on Motivated Behavior in Rats: Effects of Plantar Incision on Progressive-Ratio Food-Maintained Responding.

There has been recent interest in characterizing the effects of pain-like states on motivated behaviors in order to quantify how pain modulates goal-directed behavior and the persistence of that behavior. The current set of experiments assessed the effects of an incisional postoperative pain manipulation on food-maintained responding under a progressive-ratio (PR) operant schedule. Independent variables included injury state (plantar incision or anesthesia control) and reinforcer type (grain pellet or sugar pellet); dependent variables were tactile sensory thresholds and response breakpoint. Once responding stabilized on the PR schedule, separate groups of rats received a single ventral hind paw incision or anesthesia (control condition). Incision significantly reduced breakpoints in rats responding for grain, but not sugar. In rats responding for sugar, tactile hypersensitivity recovered within 24 hr, indicating a faster recovery of incision-induced tactile hypersensitivity compared to rats responding for grain, which demonstrated recovery at PD2. The NSAID analgesic, diclofenac (5.6 mg/kg) completely restored incision-depressed PR operant responding and tactile sensitivity at 3 hr following incision. The PR schedule differentiated between sucrose and grain, suggesting that relative reinforcing efficacy may be an important determinant in detecting pain-induced changes in motivated behavior.

Formation of multiple ion types during MALDI imaging mass spectrometry analysis of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloids in dosed rat brain tissue.

Mitragyna speciosa, more commonly known as kratom, has emerged as an alternative to treat chronic pain and addiction. However, the alkaloid components of kratom, which are the major contributors to kratom's pharmaceutical properties, have not yet been fully investigated. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry was used to map the biodistribution of three alkaloids (corynantheidine, mitragynine, and speciogynine) in rat brain tissues. The alkaloids produced three main ion types during MALDI analysis: [M + H]+, [M - H]+, and [M - 3H]+. Contrary to previous reports suggesting that the [M - H]+ and [M - 3H]+ ion types form during laser ablation, these ion types can also be produced during the MALDI matrix application process. Several strategies are proposed to accurately map the biodistribution of the alkaloids. Due to differences in the relative abundances of the ions in different biological regions of the tissue, differences in ionization efficiencies of the ions, and potential overlap of the [M - H]+ and [M - 3H]+ ion types with endogenous metabolites of the same empirical formula, a matrix that mainly produces the [M + H]+ ion type is optimal for accurate mapping of the alkaloids. Alternatively, the most abundant ion type can be mapped or the intensities of all ion types can be summed together to generate a composite image. The accuracy of each of these approaches is explored and validated.

Persistent restoration of sensory function by immediate or delayed systemic artemin after dorsal root injury.

Dorsal root injury results in substantial and often irreversible loss of sensory functions as a result of the limited regenerative capacity of sensory axons and the inhibitory barriers that prevent both axonal entry into and regeneration in the spinal cord. Here, we describe previously unknown effects of the growth factor artemin after crush injury of the dorsal spinal nerve roots in rats. Artemin not only promoted re-entry of multiple classes of sensory fibers into the spinal cord and re-establishment of synaptic function and simple behavior, but it also, surprisingly, promoted the recovery of complex behavior. These effects occurred after a 2-week schedule of intermittent, systemic administration of artemin and persisted for at least 6 months following treatment, suggesting a substantial translational advantage. Systemic artemin administration produced essentially complete and persistent restoration of nociceptive and sensorimotor functions, and could represent a promising therapy that may effectively promote sensory neuronal regeneration and functional recovery after injury.

Voluntary exercise blocks ongoing pain and diminishes bone remodeling while sparing protective mechanical pain in a rat model of advanced osteoarthritis pain.

ABSTRACT: Exercise is the most common treatment recommended by healthcare providers for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. We examined whether voluntary running wheel exercise improves pain and bone remodeling in rats with monosodium iodoacetate-induced unilateral knee joint pain. During acquisition of wheel running before osteoarthritis (OA) treatment, rats separated into 2 groups characterized by either high or low levels of voluntary wheel running as indicated by distance and peak speed. After the induction of knee joint OA, all rats showed diminished voluntary wheel running throughout the study. Voluntary wheel running failed to alter evoked nociceptive responses evaluated as weight asymmetry or hind paw tactile thresholds at any timepoint of the study. By contrast, relief of ongoing pain was demonstrated by conditioned place preference produced by lidocaine injection into the monosodium iodoacetate-treated knee in high but not low-running rats. Both high and low voluntary runners showed diminished trabecular bone loss compared with sedentary controls. These observations indicate that both high-intensity and low-intensity exercise is beneficial in protecting against bone remodeling in advanced OA. The data suggest that similar to clinical observation, bone remodeling does not correlate with pain. In addition, these results suggest that higher intensity exercise may relieve persistent ongoing OA pain while maintaining movement-evoked nociception. The relief of ongoing pain can potentially offer significant improvement in quality of life, whereas preservation of responses to movement-evoked pain may be especially important in protecting the joint from damage because of overuse.

UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of MCI-77, a novel sigma-1 receptor ligand, and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.

Sigma-1 receptors are involved in pain modulation, particularly in cases of nerve injury and neuropathic pain. High-affinity ligands with improved pharmacokinetic profiles are needed to further investigate the properties of these receptors and their potential as a therapeutic target. The novel compound MCI-77 is one such selective sigma-1 receptor ligand, and the purpose of this study was to characterize its preclinical pharmacokinetic parameters. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to quantify MCI-77 in mouse plasma and brain homogenate. The method was validated for sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and dilution integrity. The method has a linearity range of 2-200 ng/mL, a short run-time of 3.2 min, and requires a low sample volume of 25 µL. A simple protein precipitation procedure was used for compound extraction. Samples were run on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 µm, 2.1 × 50 mm) following a gradient elution method using a mobile phase consisting of water containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and acetonitrile. The method was applied to the analysis of plasma and brain homogenate samples from preclinical pharmacokinetic studies in CD-1 mice. MCI-77 exhibited high systemic clearance (8.5 ± 0.3 L/h/kg) and extensive tissue distribution indicated by a high volume of distribution (20.1 ± 0.3 L/kg). The concentration levels were consistently higher in brain samples than in plasma (brain/plasma AUC ratio 2.9), indicating its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Determination of five positive control drugs in hERG external solution (buffer) by LC-MS/MS to support in vitro hERG assay as recommended by ICH S7B.

ICH S7B recommends screening for hERG channel block using patch clamp recordings to assess a drug's proarrhythmic risk. Block of the hERG channel has been associated with clinical QTC prolongation as well as the rare, but potentially fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmia Torsade de Pointes (TdP). During recording, drug concentrations perfused to the cells can deviate from nominal concentrations due to molecule-specific properties (such as non-specific binding), thereby introducing error when assessing drug potency. To account for this potential source of error, both the original ICH S7B and the newly released ICH E14/S7B Q&As guidelines call for verifying drug solutions' concentrations. Dofetilide, cisapride, terfenadine, sotalol and E-4031 are hERG blockers commonly used as positive controls to illustrate hERG assay sensitivity. The first four compounds are also clinical drugs associated with high TdP risk; therefore, their safety margins may be useful comparators to better understand an investigational product's TdP risk. Having analytical methods to quantify these five compounds in the hERG external solution that will be used for patch clamp recordings is important from a regulatory science research perspective. However, a literature search revealed no analytical methods or stability information for these molecules in the high salt, serum-free matrix that constitutes the hERG external solution. This study was conducted to develop and validate LC-MS/MS methods to quantify these 5 molecules in hERG external solution. The bioanalytical methods for these positive controls were validated as per the FDA's bioanalytical method validation guidance along with various stabilities.

Metabolism of Speciociliatine, an Overlooked Kratom Alkaloid for its Potential Pharmacological Effects.

Speciociliatine, a diastereomer of mitragynine, is an indole-based alkaloid found in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). Kratom has been widely used for the mitigation of pain and opioid dependence, as a mood enhancer, and/or as an energy booster. Speciociliatine is a partial µ-opioid agonist with a 3-fold higher binding affinity than mitragynine. Speciociliatine has been found to be a major circulating alkaloid in humans following oral administration of a kratom product. In this report, we have characterized the metabolism of speciociliatine in human and preclinical species (mouse, rat, dog, and cynomolgus monkey) liver microsomes and hepatocytes. Speciociliatine metabolized rapidly in monkey, rat, and mouse hepatocytes (in vitro half-life was 6.6 ± 0.2, 8.3 ± 1.1, 11.2 ± 0.7 min, respectively), while a slower metabolism was observed in human and dog hepatocytes (91.7 ± 12.8 and > 120 min, respectively). Speciociliatine underwent extensive metabolism, primarily through monooxidation and O-demethylation metabolic pathways in liver microsomes and hepatocytes across species. No human-specific or disproportionate metabolites of speciociliatine were found in human liver microsomes. The metabolism of speciociliatine was predominantly mediated by CYP3A4 with minor contributions by CYP2D6.