UB2/UB3/TSH4-anchored transcriptional networks regulate early maize inflorescence development in response to simulated shade.

Increasing planting density has been adopted as an effective means to increase maize (Zea mays) yield. Competition for light from neighbors can trigger plant shade avoidance syndrome, which includes accelerated flowering. However, the regulatory networks of maize inflorescence development in response to high-density planting remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that shade-mimicking treatments cause precocious development of the tassels and ears. Comparative transcriptome profiling analyses revealed the enrichment of phytohormone-related genes and transcriptional regulators among the genes co-regulated by developmental progression and simulated shade. Network analysis showed that three homologous Squamosa promoter binding protein (SBP)-like (SPL) transcription factors, Unbranched2 (UB2), Unbranched3 (UB3), and Tasselsheath4 (TSH4), individually exhibited connectivity to over 2,400 genes across the V3-to-V9 stages of tassel development. In addition, we showed that the ub2 ub3 double mutant and tsh4 single mutant were almost insensitive to simulated shade treatments. Moreover, we demonstrated that UB2/UB3/TSH4 could directly regulate the expression of Barren inflorescence2 (BIF2) and Zea mays teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor30 (ZmTCP30). Furthermore, we functionally verified a role of ZmTCP30 in regulating tassel branching and ear development. Our results reveal a UB2/UB3/TSH4-anchored transcriptional regulatory network of maize inflorescence development and provide valuable targets for breeding shade-tolerant maize cultivars.

The evening complex promotes maize flowering and adaptation to temperate regions.

Maize (Zea mays) originated in southern Mexico and has spread over a wide latitudinal range. Maize expansion from tropical to temperate regions has necessitated a reduction of its photoperiod sensitivity. In this study, we cloned a quantitative trait locus (QTL) regulating flowering time in maize and show that the maize ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY FLOWERING3, ZmELF3.1, is the causal locus. We demonstrate that ZmELF3.1 and ZmELF3.2 proteins can physically interact with ZmELF4.1/4.2 and ZmLUX1/2, to form evening complex(es; ECs) in the maize circadian clock. Loss-of-function mutants for ZmELF3.1/3.2 and ZmLUX1/2 exhibited delayed flowering under long-day and short-day conditions. We show that EC directly represses the expression of several flowering suppressor genes, such as the CONSTANS, CONSTANS-LIKE, TOC1 (CCT) genes ZmCCT9 and ZmCCT10, ZmCONSTANS-LIKE 3, and the PSEUDORESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes ZmPRR37a and ZmPRR73, thus alleviating their inhibition, allowing florigen gene expression and promoting flowering. Further, we identify two closely linked retrotransposons located in the ZmELF3.1 promoter that regulate the expression levels of ZmELF3.1 and may have been positively selected during postdomestication spread of maize from tropical to temperate regions during the pre-Columbian era. These findings provide insights into circadian clock-mediated regulation of photoperiodic flowering in maize and new targets of genetic improvement for breeding.

Learning with uncertainty to accelerate the discovery of histone lysine-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A/LSD1) inhibitors.

Machine learning including modern deep learning models has been extensively used in drug design and screening. However, reliable prediction of molecular properties is still challenging when exploring out-of-domain regimes, even for deep neural networks. Therefore, it is important to understand the uncertainty of model predictions, especially when the predictions are used to guide further experiments. In this study, we explored the utility and effectiveness of evidential uncertainty in compound screening. The evidential Graphormer model was proposed for uncertainty-guided discovery of KDM1A/LSD1 inhibitors. The benchmarking results illustrated that (i) Graphormer exhibited comparative predictive power to state-of-the-art models, and (ii) evidential regression enabled well-ranked uncertainty estimates and calibrated predictions. Subsequently, we leveraged time-splitting on the curated KDM1A/LSD1 dataset to simulate out-of-distribution predictions. The retrospective virtual screening showed that the evidential uncertainties helped reduce false positives among the top-acquired compounds and thus enabled higher experimental validation rates. The trained model was then used to virtually screen an independent in-house compound set. The top 50 compounds ranked by two different ranking strategies were experimentally validated, respectively. In general, our study highlighted the importance to understand the uncertainty in prediction, which can be recognized as an interpretable dimension to model predictions.

Lansoprazole (LPZ) reverses multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer through impeding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-mediated chemotherapeutic drug efflux and lysosomal sequestration.

AIMS: Lansoprazole is one of the many proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) that acts more strongly with ABCB1 and ABCG2. The present study is to investigate the potential of lansoprazole on reversal of ABCB1/G2-mediated MDR in cancer, in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Reversal studies and combination evaluation were conducted to determine the synergistic anti-MDR effects on lansoprazole. Lysosomal staining was used to determination of lansoprazole on ABCB1-mediated lysosomal sequestration. Substrate accumulation and efflux assays, ATPase activity, and molecular docking were conducted to evaluate lansoprazole on ABCB1/G2 functions. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect lansoprazole on ABCB1/G2 expression and subcellular localization. MDR nude mice models were established to evaluate the effects of lansoprazole on MDR in vivo. RESULTS: Lansoprazole attenuated ABCB1/G2-mediated MDR and exhibited synergistic effects with substrate drugs in MDR cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that lansoprazole attenuated ABCB1/G2-mediated MDR and exhibited synergistic effects that augmented the sensitivity of substrate anticancer drugs in ABCB1/G2-mediated settings without obvious toxicity. Lansoprazole impeded lysosomal sequestration mediated by ABCB1, leading to a substantial increase in intracellular accumulation of substrate drugs. The effects of lansoprazole were not attributable to downregulation or alterations in subcellular localization of ABCB1/G2. Lansoprazole promoted the ATPase activity of ABCB1/G2 and competitively bound to the substrate-binding region of ABCB1/G2. CONCLUSIONS: These findings present novel therapeutic avenues whereby the combination of lansoprazole and chemotherapeutic agents mitigates MDR mediated by ABCB1/G2 overexpression.

A novel pan-PI3K inhibitor KTC1101 synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy by targeting tumor suppression and immune activation.

BACKGROUND: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are critical regulators of diverse cellular functions and have emerged as promising targets in cancer therapy. Despite significant progress, existing PI3K inhibitors encounter various challenges such as suboptimal bioavailability, potential off-target effects, restricted therapeutic indices, and cancer-acquired resistance. Hence, novel inhibitors that overcome some of these challenges are needed. Here, we describe the characterization of KTC1101, a novel pan-PI3K inhibitor that simultaneously targets tumor cell proliferation and the tumor microenvironment. Our studies demonstrate that KTC1101 significantly increases the anti-PD-1 efficacy in multiple pre-clinical mouse models. METHODS: KTC1101 was synthesized and characterized employing chemical synthesis, molecular modeling, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry. Its target specificity was confirmed through the kinase assay, JFCR39 COMPARE analysis, and RNA-Seq analysis. Metabolic stability was verified via liver microsome and plasma assays, pharmacokinetics determined by LC-MS/MS, and safety profile established through acute toxicity assays to determine the LD50. The antiproliferative effects of KTC1101 were evaluated in a panel of cancer cell lines and further validated in diverse BALB/c nude mouse xenograft, NSG mouse xenograft and syngeneic mouse models. The KTC1101 treatment effect on the immune response was assessed through comprehensive RNA-Seq, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, with molecular pathways investigated via Western blot, ELISA, and qRT-PCR. RESULTS: KTC1101 demonstrated strong inhibition of cancer cell growth in vitro and significantly impeded tumor progression in vivo. It effectively modulated the Tumor Microenvironment (TME), characterized by increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells and innate immune cells. An intermittent dosing regimen of KTC1101 enhanced these effects. Notably, KTC1101 synergized with anti-PD-1 therapy, significantly boosting antitumor immunity and extending survival in preclinical models. CONCLUSION: KTC1101's dual mechanism of action-directly inhibiting tumor cell growth and dynamically enhancing the immune response- represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment strategies. These findings support incorporating KTC1101 into future oncologic regimens to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy combinations.

ZmELF3.1 integrates the RA2-TSH4 module to repress maize tassel branching.

Tassel branch number (TBN) is a key agronomic trait for adapting to high-density planting and grain yield in maize. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying tassel branching are still largely unknown. Here, we used molecular and genetic studies together to show that ZmELF3.1 plays a critical role in regulating TBN in maize. Previous studies showed that ZmELF3.1 forms the evening complex through interacting with ZmELF4 and ZmLUX to regulate flowering in maize and that RA2 and TSH4 (ZmSBP2) suppresses and promotes TBN in maize, respectively. In this study, we show that loss-of-function mutants of ZmELF3.1 exhibit a significant increase of TBN. We also show that RA2 directly binds to the promoter of TSH4 and represses its expression, thus leading to reduced TBN. We further demonstrate that ZmELF3.1 directly interacts with both RA2 and ZmELF4.2 to form tri-protein complexes that further enhance the binding of RA2 to the promoter of TSH4, leading to suppressed TSH4 expression and consequently decreased TBN. Our combined results establish a novel functional link between the ELF3-ELF4-RA2 complex and miR156-SPL regulatory module in regulating tassel branching and provide a valuable target for genetic improvement of tassel branching in maize.

A chemoinformatic analysis on natural glycosides with respect to biological origin and structural class.

Covering: up to 202216.19% of reported natural products (NPs) in the Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP) are glycosides. As one of the most important NPs' structural modifications, glycosylation can change the NPs' polarity, making the aglycones more amphipathic. However, until now, little is known about the general distribution profile of the natural glycosides in different biological sources or structural types. The reason, structural or species preferences of the natural glycosylation remain unclear. In this highlight, chemoinformatic methods were employed to analyze the natural glycosides from DNP, the most comprehensively annotated NP database. We found that the glycosylation ratios of NPs from plants, bacteria, animals and fungi decrease successively, which are 24.99%, 20.84%, 8.40% and 4.48%, respectively. Echinoderm-derived NPs (56.11%) are the most frequently glycosylated, while those produced by molluscs (1.55%), vertebrates (2.19%) and Rhodophyta (3.00%) are the opposite. Among the diverse structural types, a large proportion of steroids (45.19%), tannins (44.78%) and flavonoids (39.21%) are glycosides, yet aminoacids and peptides (5.16%), alkaloids (5.66%) are comparatively less glycosylated. Even within the same biological source or structural type, their glycosylation rates fluctuate drastically between sub- or cross-categories. The substitute patterns of flavonoid and terpenoid glycosides and the most frequently glycosylated scaffolds were identified. NPs with different glycosylation levels occupy different chemical spaces of physicochemical property and scaffold. These findings could help us to interpret the preference of NPs' glycosylation and investigate how NP glycosylation could aid NP-based drug discovery.

Developing a Two-Photon "AND" Logic Probe and Its Application in Alzheimer's Disease Differentiation.

In Alzheimer's disease, hypochlorous acid involved in the clearance of invading bacteria or pathogens and butyrylcholinesterase engaged in the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine are relatively significantly altered. However, there are few dual detection probes for hypochlorous acid and butyrylcholinesterase. In addition, single-response probes suffer from serious off-target effects and near-infrared probes do not easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier due to their excessive molecular weight. In this work, we constructed a two-photon fluorescent probe that recognizes hypochlorous acid and butyrylcholinesterase based on a dual-lock strategy. The thiocarbonyl group is oxidized in the presence of hypochlorous acid, and the hydrolysis occurs at the 7-position ester bond in the existence of butyrylcholinesterase, releasing a strongly fluorescent fluorophore, 4-methylumbelliferone. Excellent imaging was performed in PC12 cells using this probe, and deep two-photon imaging was observed in the brains of AD mice after tail vein injection with this probe. It indicates that the probe can provide a promising tool for the more precise diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Local auxin biosynthesis regulates brace root angle and lodging resistance in maize.

Root lodging poses a major threat to maize production, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality, and increased harvest costs. Here, we combined expressional, genetic, and cytological studies to demonstrate a role of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 in regulating gravitropic response of the brace root and lodging resistance in maize. We show that both ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are preferentially expressed in root tips with partially overlapping expression patterns, and the protein products of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are localized in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. The Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant exhibit enlarged brace root angle compared with the wild-type plants, with larger brace root angle being observed in the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant. Consistently, the brace root tips of the Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant accumulate less auxin and are defective in proper reallocation of auxin in response to gravi-stimuli. Furthermore, we show that the Zmyuc4 single mutant and the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant display obviously enhanced root lodging resistance. Our combined results demonstrate that ZmYUC2- and ZmYUC4-mediated local auxin biosynthesis is required for normal gravity response of the brace roots and provide effective targets for breeding root lodging resistant maize cultivars.

ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 act together to promote vegetative and reproductive transition in maize.

Flowering time is a key agronomic trait determining environmental adaptation and yield potential of crops. The regulatory mechanisms of flowering in maize still remain rudimentary. In this study, we combine expressional, genetic, and molecular studies to identify two homologous SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 as positive regulators of juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and floral transition in maize. We show that both ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 are preferentially expressed in leaf phloem, vegetative and reproductive meristem. We show that vegetative phase change and flowering time are moderately delayed in the Zmspl13 and Zmspl29 single knockout mutants and more significantly delayed in the Zmspl13/29 double mutants. Consistently, the ZmSPL29 overexpression plants display precocious vegetative phase transition and floral transition, thus early flowering. We demonstrate that ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 directly upregulate the expression of ZmMIR172C and ZCN8 in the leaf, and of ZMM3 and ZMM4 in the shoot apical meristem, to induce juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and floral transition. These findings establish a consecutive signaling cascade of the maize aging pathway by linking the miR156-SPL and the miR172-Gl15 regulatory modules and provide new targets for genetic improvement of flowering time in maize cultivars.

Binding Mechanism of CD47 with SIRPα Variants and Its Antibody: Elucidated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

The intricate complex system of the differentiation 47 (CD47) and the signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) cluster is a crucial target for cancer immunotherapy. Although the conformational state of the CD47-SIRPα complex has been revealed through crystallographic studies, further characterization is needed to fully understand the binding mechanism and to identify the hot spot residues involved. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for the complexes of CD47 with two SIRPα variants (SIRPαv1, SIRPαv2) and the commercially available anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody (B6H12.2). The calculated binding free energy of CD47-B6H12.2 is lower than that of CD47-SIRPαv1 and CD47-SIRPαv2 in all the three simulations, indicating that CD47-B6H12.2 has a higher binding affinity than the other two complexes. Moreover, the dynamical cross-correlation matrix reveals that the CD47 protein shows more correlated motions when it binds to B6H12.2. Significant effects were observed in the energy and structural analyses of the residues (Glu35, Tyr37, Leu101, Thr102, Arg103) in the C strand and FG region of CD47 when it binds to the SIRPα variants. The critical residues (Leu30, Val33, Gln52, Lys53, Thr67, Arg69, Arg95, and Lys96) were identified in SIRPαv1 and SIRPαv2, which surround the distinctive groove regions formed by the B2C, C'D, DE, and FG loops. Moreover, the crucial groove structures of the SIRPα variants shape into obvious druggable sites. The C'D loops on the binding interfaces undergo notable dynamical changes throughout the simulation. For B6H12.2, the residues Tyr32LC, His92LC, Arg96LC, Tyr32HC, Thr52HC, Ser53HC, Ala101HC, and Gly102HC in its initial half of the light and heavy chains exhibit obvious energetic and structural impacts upon binding with CD47. The elucidation of the binding mechanism of SIRPαv1, SIRPαv2, and B6H12.2 with CD47 could provide novel perspectives for the development of inhibitors targeting CD47-SIRPα.

Discovery of a Novel Ubenimex Derivative as a First-in-Class Dual CD13/Proteasome Inhibitor for the Treatment of Cancer.

The CD13 inhibitor ubenimex is used as an adjuvant drug with chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer due to its function as an immunoenhancer, but it has limitations in its cytotoxic efficacy. The proteasome inhibitor ixazomib is a landmark drug in the treatment of multiple myeloma with a high anti-cancer activity. Herein, we conjugated the pharmacophore of ubenimex and the boric acid of ixazomib to obtain a dual CD13 and proteasome inhibitor 7 (BC-05). BC-05 exhibited potent inhibitory activity on both human CD13 (IC50 = 0.13 µM) and the 20S proteasome (IC50 = 1.39 µM). Although BC-05 displayed lower anti-proliferative activity than that of ixazomib in vitro, an advantage was established in the in vivo anti-cancer efficacy and prolongation of survival time, which may be due to its anti-metastatic and immune-stimulating activity. A pharmacokinetic study revealed that BC-05 is a potentially orally active agent with an F% value of 24.9%. Moreover, BC-05 showed more favorable safety profiles than those of ixazomib in preliminary toxicity studies. Overall, the results indicate that BC-05 is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of multiple myeloma.

NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Oxygen Self-Sufficient Nano-Platform for Precise Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy.

Tumor hypoxia and systemic toxicity seriously affect the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and are considered as the "Achilles' heel" of PDT. Herein, to combat such limitations, an intelligent orthogonal emissions LDNP@SiO2 -CaO2 and folic acid-polyethylene glycol-Ce6 nanodrug is rationally designed and fabricated not only for relieving the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance PDT efficacy, but also for determining the optimal triggering time through second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging. The designed nanodrug continuously releases a large amount of O2 , H2 O2 , and Ca2+ ions when exposed to the acidic TME. Meanwhile, under downshifting NIR-II bioimaging guidance, chlorine e6 (Ce6) consumes oxygen to produce 1 O2 upon excitation of upconversion photon. Moreover, cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium overload can induce mitochondria injury and thus enhance the oxidative stress in tumor cells. As a result, the NIR-II bioimaging guided TME-responsive oxygen self-sufficient PDT nanosystem presents enhanced anti-tumor efficacy without obvious systemic toxicity. Thus, the fabricated nanodrug offers great potential for designing an accurate cancer theranostic system.

EnMCB: an R/bioconductor package for predicting disease progression based on methylation correlated blocks using ensemble models.

MOTIVATION: Based on the concept that contiguous cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG) sites in the same DNA strand may be modified by a methyltransferase or demethylase together, current study found that the combination of multiple CpGs into a single block may promote cancer diagnosis. However, there is no R package available for building models based on methylation correlated blocks. RESULTS: Here, we present a package named stacked ensemble of machine learning models for methylation correlated blocks (EnMCB) to build signatures based on DNA methylation correlated blocks for survival prediction. The Cox regression, support vector regression, mboost and elastic-net model were combined in the ensemble model. Methylation profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used as real datasets. The package automatically partitions the genome into blocks of tightly co-methylated CpG sites, termed methylation correlated blocks. After partitioning and modeling, the diagnostic capacities for predicting patients' survivals are given. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: EnMCB is freely available for download at GitHub (https://github.com/whirlsyu/EnMCB/) and Bioconductor (http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/EnMCB.html). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Arabidopsis FHY3 and FAR1 Regulate the Balance between Growth and Defense Responses under Shade Conditions.

Increasing crop yield per unit of area can be achieved by increasing planting density. However, high-density planting could trigger shade avoidance responses, which cause exaggerated growth and increased susceptibility to various diseases. Previous studies have shown that the rapid elongation of plants under shade (i.e., reduced red to far-red ratios) is regulated by phytochromes and various phytohormones. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms governing the interaction among these signaling pathways are not well understood. Here, we report that loss-of-function mutants of FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED-IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1), which encode two homologous transcription factors essential for phytochrome signaling, exhibit an exaggerated shade avoidance phenotype. We show that FHY3 and FAR1 repress plant growth through directly activating the expression of two atypical basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional cofactors, PHYTOCHROME RAPIDLY REGULATED1 (PAR1) and PAR2, and that this process is antagonized by a group of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN proteins, key repressors of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, through physical interactions. Furthermore, we show that FHY3 interacts with MYC2, a key transcriptional regulator of JA responses, coordinately regulating JA-responsive defense gene expression. Our results unveil a previously unrecognized mechanism whereby plants balance their growth and defense responses through convergence of the phytochrome signaling pathway and JA signaling pathway under shade conditions.

Discovery of Novel PI3Kδ Inhibitors Based on the p110δ Crystal Structure.

PI3Kδ is a key mediator of B-cell receptor signaling and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of certain hematological malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Idelalisib, which targets PI3Kδ specifically, is the first approved PI3K inhibitor for cancer therapy. Recently, we carried out virtual screening, cell-based assays, adapta kinase assays, and molecular dynamic analysis to discover novel PI3Kδ inhibitors and identified NSC348884 as a lead PI3Kδ inhibitor. NSC348884 had an excellent docking score, potent PI3Kδ-inhibitory activity, antitumor effects on various cancer cell lines, and a favorable binding mode with the active site of PI3Kδ. Moreover, through the structural modification of NSC348884, we further discovered comp#1, which forms H-bonds with both Val828 and Lys779 in the ATP binding pocket of PI3Kδ, with a more favorable conformation binding to PI3Kδ. In addition, we found that N1, N1, N2-trimethyl-N2-((6-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) methyl) ethane-1,2-diamine might be a potential scaffold structure. Thus, the result of this study provides a far more efficient approach for discovering novel inhibitors targeting PI3Kδ.

Chronic restraint stress promotes the mobilization and recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells through ß-adrenergic-activated CXCL5-CXCR2-Erk signaling cascades.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play an important role in tumor immune escape. Recent studies have shown that MDSCs contribute to tumor progression under psychological stress, but the underlying mechanism of MDSCs mobilization and recruitment remains largely unknown. In the present study, a chronic restraint stress paradigm was applied to the H22 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) bearing mice to mimic the psychological stress. We observed that chronic restraint stress significantly promoted HCC growth, as well as the mobilization of MDSCs to spleen and tumor sites from bone marrow. Meanwhile, chronic restraint stress enhanced the expression of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and pErk1/2 in bone marrow MDSCs, together with elevated chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (CXCL5) expression in tumor tissues. In vitro, the treatments of MDSCs with epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) but not corticosterone (CORT)-treated H22 conditioned medium obviously inhibited T-cell proliferation, as well as enhanced CXCR2 expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation. In vivo, ß-adrenergic blockade with propranolol almost completely reversed the accelerated tumor growth induced by chronic restraint stress and inactivated CXCL5-CXCR2-Erk signaling pathway. Our findings support the crucial role of ß-adrenergic signaling cascade in the mobilization and recruitment of MDSCs under chronic restraint stress.

ZmSPL10/14/26 are required for epidermal hair cell fate specification on maize leaf.

The epidermal hair and stomata are two types of specialized structures on the surface of plant leaves. On mature maize leaves, stomatal complexes and three types of hairs are distributed in a stereotyped pattern on the adaxial epidermis. However, the spatiotemporal relationship between epidermal hair and stomata development and the regulatory mechanisms governing their formation in maize remain largely unknown. Here, we report that three homologous ZmSPL transcription factors, ZmSPL10, ZmSPL14 and ZmSPL26, act in concert to promote epidermal hair fate on maize leaf. Cytological analyses revealed that Zmspl10/14/26 triple mutants are completely glabrous, but possess ectopic stomatal files. Strikingly, the precursor cells for prickle and bicellular hairs are transdifferentiated into ectopic stomatal complexes in the Zmspl10/14/26 mutants. Molecular analyses demonstrated that ZmSPL10/14/26 bind directly to the promoter of a WUSCHEL-related homeobox gene, ZmWOX3A, and upregulate its expression in the hair precursor cells. Moreover, several auxin-related genes are downregulated in the Zmspl10/14/26 triple mutants. Our results suggest that ZmSPL10/14/26 play a key role in promoting epidermal hair fate on maize leaves, possibly through regulating ZmWOX3A and auxin-related gene expression, and that the fates of epidermal hairs and stomata are switchable.

Phytohormones and their crosstalk in regulating stomatal development and patterning.

Phytohormones play important roles in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Stomata are openings on the surface of land plants that control gas exchange with the environment. Accumulating evidence shows that various phytohormones, including abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellic acid, play many roles in the regulation of stomatal development and patterning, and that the cotyledons/leaves and hypocotyls/stems of Arabidopsis exhibit differential responsiveness to phytohormones. In this review, we first discuss the shared regulatory mechanisms controlling stomatal development and patterning in Arabidopsis cotyledons and hypocotyls and those that are distinct. We then summarize current knowledge of how distinct hormonal signaling circuits are integrated into the core stomatal development pathways and how different phytohormones crosstalk to tailor stomatal density and spacing patterns. Knowledge obtained from Arabidopsis may pave the way for future research to elucidate the effects of phytohormones in regulating stomatal development and patterning in cereal grasses for the purpose of increasing crop adaptive responses.

Accelerating the identification of subtype selective inhibitors via Three-Dimensional Biologically Relevant Spectrum (BRS-3D): The monoamine oxidase subtypes as a case study.

Subtype-selective drugs are of great therapeutic importance as they are expected to be more effective and with less side-effects. However, discovery of subtype selective inhibitors was hampered by the high similarity of the binding sites within subfamilies. In this study, we further evaluated the applicability of "Three-Dimensional Biologically Relevant Spectrum (BRS-3D)" for the identification of subtype-selective inhibitors. A case study was performed on monoamine oxidase, which has two subtypes related to distinct diseases. The inhibitory activity against MAO-A/B of 347 compounds experimentally tested in this research was reported. Compound M124 (5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one) with IC50 less than 100 nM (SI = 23) was selected as a probe to investigate the structure selectivity relationship. Similarity search led to the identification of compound M229 and M249 with IC50 values of 7.4 nM, 4 nM and acceptable selectivity index over MAO-A (M229 SI > 1351, M249 SI > 2500). The molecular basis for subtype selectivity was explored through docking study and attention based DNN model. Additionally, in silico ADME properties were characterized. Accordingly, it is found that BRS-3D is a robust method for subtype selectivity in the early stage of drug discovery and the compounds reported here can be promising leads for further experimental analysis.